Lesson plan Russian language 8th grade
Subject: Types simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences
Goal: to promote the acquisition of knowledge abouttypes of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences.
Objectives: 1. Introducetypes of simple sentences according to the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences
2. develop spelling skills, develop speech and thinking;
3. instill interest in the Russian language.
Type: combined lesson.
Visualization: cards, educational games.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Greeting, checking attendance, writing down numbers and great job, setting the goals and objectives of the lesson.
2. Updating previous knowledge
Define the view one-part sentences
1. Definitely personal. I love winter forest. I contemplate the stormy sea.
2. Vaguely personal. A new store is being built in the village. Songs are sung on the outskirts.
3. Impersonal. It's getting light. It's getting dark. I wish I could get some sleep. I'm cold.
4. Nominal. Summer. It's hot.
5. Generally personal. You never know where you will find your true happiness.
3. Explanation of new material
From the point of view of completeness of the structure, sentences are divided intofull Andincomplete .
Full sentences that contain all the members necessary to express a thought are called.
Incomplete are called sentences in which any member of the sentence that is necessary in meaning and structure (main or secondary) is missing.
Two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences can be incomplete.
The possibility of omitting members of a sentence is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restoredfrom context .
She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river. (A.S. Pushkin.)(Context - previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatyana walked alone for a long time.)
Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.
He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous! (A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject isHe orDon Guan .
– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb! (A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist “ Stone Guest": Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate person, a victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows:“You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin! ».
May be missed:
subject: How firmly she stepped into her role! (A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence:How Tatyana has changed! );
He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name! (N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored using the addition from the previous sentence:Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain had not arrived, I might not have been able to look at the light of God again!” ) (N.V. Gogol);
addition: And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread! (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences:How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you? );
predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence:Run! );
several members of a sentence at once , including grammatical basis:How long ago? (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence:Are you composing Requiem? )
Incomplete sentences are commonas part of complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder... (A.S. Pushkin)You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing. (A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main sentence.
Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech , in particular, in dialogue, where usually initial offer is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.
– I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For an evil crime.
(A.S. Pushkin)
Among dialogical sentences, a distinction is made between sentences that are replicas and sentences that are answers to questions.
1. Reply sentences represent links in a common chain of replicas replacing each other. In a dialogue remark, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated. Replies that begin a dialogue are usually more complete in composition and independent than subsequent ones, which are lexically and grammatically based on the first replicas.
For example:
- Go get a bandage.
- Will kill.
- Crawling.
- You won’t be saved anyway (Nov.-Pr.).
2. Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.
They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence is highlighted:
- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Are you spending the night or living?
- I'll take a look there...
(M.G.);
4. Consolidation
Write down incomplete sentences, put a dash in place of the missing parts of the sentence. 1) The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge. 2) A lie stands on one leg, the truth on two. 3) The wise man blames himself, the ignorant others. 4) A snake changes its skin once, but a traitor changes its skin every day. 5) A writer needs courage in handling words and stock of his observations, a sculptor with clay and marble, an artist with paints and lines. (K.G. Paustovsky.)6) Behind was a fast, clear river that the detachment had just crossed, in front were cultivated fields and meadows with shallow ravines, still ahead were mysterious black mountains covered with forest, behind the black mountains there were still protruding rocks, and on the highest horizon were ever-beautiful, ever-changing, playing with light like diamonds, snowy mountains. (L. Tolstoy.)
5. Summing up, commenting on assessments, making incomplete sentences
By the presence or absence of the necessary members of the proposal distinguish between complete and incomplete simple sentences.
Complete sentences- these are simple sentences that contain all the members necessary for the semantic completeness of the sentence. Being strong is good, being smart is twice as good.
Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which any member of the sentence (main or secondary) or several members of the sentence are missing. Missed sentence members are easily restored from previous sentences or from the speech situation. The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge . Compare: ... and a person is illuminated by knowledge.
Incomplete two-part proposals should be distinguished from one-part complete, in which there is only one main member sentences, but the second is not and cannot be in the structure.
Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete. Sentences in dialogue are often incomplete.
- What's your name?
- Alexei.
- What about your father?
- Nikolaich.
An incomplete sentence can be the second part of a complex sentence. Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. The predicate in the second part of the complex sentence is omitted. You received the letters, but I did not. Addendum omitted.
The omission of sentence members in pronunciation can be expressed by a pause, and in writing it is indicated by a dash. It dawns early in summer, and late in winter.
In the so-called situational incomplete sentences missing members are not restored. They are not named anywhere in the text by words, but are inferred from the speech situation, that is, their meaning is revealed by extra-speech circumstances, gestures, and facial expressions. Behind me! Cheers! Bon Voyage!
Both one-part and two-part sentences are considered complete if all the necessary members of a given sentence structure are present, and incomplete if one or more necessary members of a given sentence structure are omitted due to the conditions of the context or situation.
Incomplete sentence? in which one or another member of the sentence is missing, clear from the context or situation. This kind of incompleteness? speech phenomenon, which does not affect the structure. We distinguish: 1. contextual 2. situational.
Contextual? clear from the context. There are: 1) Simple sentences with unnamed main or secondary members (separately or in groups). There may be no subject, predicate, subject and predicate, predicate and adverbial, predicate and addition, a minor member of the sentence (addition, adverbial) if there is a definition relating to the missing member. (Mother gave my father carrots, but forgot to give him gloves. I handed mine to my father.) 2) Complex sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause. (- Well, where are your Near Mills? - Where are we going). 3) Incomplete sentences that form part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member present in another part of the complex sentence. a) In a complex sentence (In one hand he held a fishing rod, and in the other - a kukan with a fish (the main members present in the 1st part are not named)). b) In a complex sentence (Lopakhin jumped into a trench and, when he raised his head (the subject common to main part), I saw how the leading plane began to fall obliquely). c) In a non-union complex sentence (So we go: on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - like a jog (the predicate mentioned in the explained part is not named)).
Situational? minor member, clear from the situation (Knock on the door. May I?)
Lines of dialogue? incomplete sentences.
Elliptical sentences? These are also incomplete sentences, but their incompleteness is linguistic, not speech. Elliptical sentences represent a special structural type simple sentences. These are sentences in which there is no verbal predicate that is understandable to us based on the content of the sentence itself. (I'm going to the city. I'm away from him).
Types of elliptical sentences: 1) A sentence with an omitted verb of movement, movement. 2) With an omitted verb of speech, thought. 3) A sentence with an omitted intensive verb. 4) Sentence with omitted verb of location meaning.
Often a dash is placed in place of the missing predicate.
Incomplete sentences are common in complex sentences. (It was nice to see how the straw flies upward like a golden fleece and [how] pink dust swirls above it).
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More on topic 16. Complete and incomplete sentences. Types of incomplete sentences:
- 22. Indivisible sentences. Complete and incomplete sentences.
- 12. Predicative basis of the sentence. The concept of complete and incomplete paradigms.
- 30. Booms are accompanied by demand inflation, crises of overproduction are accompanied by underemployment of resources (in particular labor) due to the excess of supply over demand.
- The concept of a complex sentence. The place of a complex sentence in the system of syntactic units of language. Grammatical meaning complex sentence as its main distinguishing feature. A complex sentence as a structural-semantic union of predicative parts and as a special independent unit of syntax. Differential features complex sentence.
- 10. Supply: law of supply, supply curve, supply factors.
- The sentence as the basic unit of syntax. Signs of an offer. Actual division of a sentence and ways of expressing it
- 17. Grammar rules modern Russian literary language. Syntax as a branch of linguistics. Main categories of the section. Variability of norms in the supply system. Coordination of the main members of the proposal. Coordination homogeneous members offers. The use of participial and participial phrases in a sentence.
1. The concept of an incomplete sentence.
2. Types of incomplete sentences.
3. Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech.
4. Elliptical sentences.
5. Use of incomplete and elliptical sentences.
In the Russian language, taking into account the structure of sentences, there are incomplete sentences.
Incomplete is a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure. Certain formally organizing members (main or secondary) are clear from the context or speech situation without being named.
The functioning of incomplete sentences is associated with the laws of text construction.
For example, in the sentence: The linden tree needs this juice, the lily of the valley needs this juice, the pine tree needs this juice, and the fern or wild raspberry needs this juice. (Kuprin).
Only the 1st part is characterized by the completeness of the grammatical structure, and all the rest are incomplete, the omission of the main members in them is constricted - determined by the context, i.e. their presence in the 1st part of the sentence.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of these sentences is manifested in the use of words as dependent members: form of definition That(m.r., singular, i.p.) is determined by the form of the unnamed juice, form of additions lily of the valley, pine, fern, raspberry(D. p.) - unnamed controlling predicate needed.
Thus, despite their absence, these members participate in the formation of incomplete sentences. The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, because the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In their structure, incomplete sentences belong to the same types as complete ones. They can be common and uncommon, two-part and, as some linguists believe, one-part. But we take as a basis the point of view of linguists who believe that all one-part sentences are complete.
The monocomposition and incompleteness of the sentence are completely different concepts. Incomplete sentences have missing members in their structure, single-component sentences do not have any one main member at all. In incomplete ones, missing members are, as a rule, restored. This cannot happen in single-component ones. In addition, in incomplete sentences, not only the main members, but also the secondary ones can be omitted. Several members can be skipped at once, for example:
1) Here roads first time divided:
2) one went up the river,
3) another - somewhere right. (The 3rd sentence is incomplete, the subject and predicate are missing.)
Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual And situational.
Contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in nearby sentences or in the same sentence, if it is complex.
Ex: On one side of the gap, with his arms crossed, in a woman’s crimson beret, is a figure with blue eyes and a small black mustache above thin, serpentine lips curved into a Mephistophelian smile. On the other side stood the boss, and everyone knew that the boss now stood for the truth and would not waver for a single minute (Prishvin).
In 1 sentence the predicate is omitted stood(in sentence 2 it is present), and in sentence 2 - part of the circumstance side(in sentence 1, the same type of circumstance is given entirely on one side).
Situational called incomplete sentences with unnamed members that are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation.
For example: offer It's coming! supplemented by the subject-actor depending on the situation of speech (train, teacher, bus, etc.)
-Vania! - came faintly from the stage.
-Give me yellow(the situation of speech suggests that yellow light is meant).
- I'm going to the shop - I need flour and salt. “No need for flour, no need for salt,” he said, “it’s damp and slushy outside.”
- I put on rubber ones, - said the young woman(meaning boots).
It should be noted that the division of sentences into situational and contextual is to a certain extent arbitrary, since the word context often denotes the situation of speech. Besides, in writing situational sentences acquire some properties of contextual sentences, since the speech situation is described and receives verbal expression, for example:
-How sweet! - said Countess Marya, looking at the child and playing with him (L. Tolstoy)
Depending on the type of speech, incomplete ones differ dialogical And monologue sentences, which can be both oral and written.
Dialogical incomplete sentences are interconnected replicas of dialogue (dialogical unity).
For example:
-Go get a bandage.
-Will kill...
-Crawling…
- You won’t be saved anyway.
In a dialogue remark, as a rule, those parts of the sentence are used that add something new to the message and the parts of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated.
In monologue speech, incomplete sentences can be distinguished, taking into account level differences in syntactic units:
a) incomplete sentences in which a part is not repeated complex shape words or part of a whole phrase that make up one member of a sentence, for example:
I decided to take up songbird hunting; it seemed to me that this would feed me well: I I'll catch, A grandmaselling(M. Gorky).
b) incomplete sentences that are part of complex sentences of different types, for example:
Youth is rich in hopes, and old age is rich in experience.
Elliptical are called independently used sentences of a special type, the specific structure of which is the absence verb predicate, not mentioned in the context, i.e. V semantically not necessary for transmission of this message. The predicate, which is absent and does not need to be restored, however, participates in the formation of the structure of these sentences, because they contain secondary members of the predicate composition. In this respect, elliptical sentences are closer to incomplete ones.
It should be noted that these sentences require neither context nor situation in order to form an idea of an action or state. It is expressed by the entire construction as a whole, the purpose of which is to communicate about the place, time, method that characterizes an action or state, or to indicate the object of the action.
Ex: Behind the house there is a garden filled with sun.
The native expanses are wide. In the depths of coal, gold and copper.
The lexical limitation of the missing predicate verbs is manifested in the uniformity of the construction of elliptical sentences: the members, their components, are few.
Minor members in them either circumstances of place and less often of time or cause.
Ex: Steppe everywhere; Check in at five o'clock.
or an addition with the value of a replacement item:
Ex: Instead of an answer, silence.
Elliptical sentences are sometimes classified as incomplete. However, some linguists consider such sentences to be incomplete only in historically and do not classify them as incomplete in the modern Russian language (Gvozdev A.N.)
Such sentences cannot really qualify as incomplete, because their incompleteness is a structural norm. These are typified constructions that do not need to restore any members of the sentence; they are quite complete (even out of context) from the point of view of their communicative task.
Incomplete and elliptic sentences are used mainly in the field conversational styles. They are widely used as a sign of colloquialism in fiction or when conveying dialogue, and in descriptions. Different types incomplete and elliptical sentences also have a specific stylistic fixation.
For example, the dialogue is dominated by incomplete situational and elliptical sentences with an object extender:
They began to administer justice: some by the hair, some by the ears (G.).
Descriptions tend to be more elliptical sentences. Particularly characteristic of stage directions in dramatic works. We can give an example of how Gorky constructs a description-remark: the description contains brief description action conditions:
Ex: In the left corner there is a large Russian stove, in the left - stone wall - the door to the kitchen where Kvashnya, Baron, Nastya live... There are couples everywhere on the walls. In the middle of the shelter - big table, two benches, a stool, everything is unpainted and dirty.
Some types of contextual incomplete sentences can be reproduced in scientific speech. Different types incomplete and elliptical sentences as a fact of living conversational speech in last years widely used in newspaper language. These designs provide rich material for developing the structure of headings; numerous ellipses here are already a kind of standard. The language of the newspaper tends to be dynamic and catchy. Ex: (examples from newspaper headlines) Scientists to the Motherland.
Peace to Earth.
Radio for schoolchildren.
1. What sentences are called incomplete?
In Russian there are different principles classification of sentences, and one of them is based on the completeness and incompleteness of a given syntactic unit. What exactly this means is explained in Russian language lessons in 8th grade. This topic very important for understanding the principles of sentence composition and syntax in general.
Incomplete sentences: what they are and their varieties
Incomplete sentences are those in which one or more members are missing that are necessary for the syntactic unit to be complete in terms of meaning and structure. You can restore missing parts of a sentence based on the surrounding context or knowledge of the situation about which we're talking about, if this is oral communication.
Examples of incomplete sentences will help you understand better what is meant.
Is your class on school duty tomorrow? - Our.– in this dialogue the response will be an incomplete sentence, full meaning which (yes, our class is on duty at school tomorrow) is clear from the context.
Most often, incomplete sentences are used in conversational speech, and often an incomplete sentence will be one of the parts of a complex syntactic unit.
Here is an example of such a sentence: Everyone is subject to me, I am subject to no one(the second part in its entirety would sound like “I am not subject to anyone”).
The main feature of an incomplete sentence is that outside the context or communication situation its meaning is unclear. Based on the principle of where the listener or reader learns the missing information, they are divided into the following types:
- Situationally incomplete- sentences that are understandable only to the participants in the situation, to those who communicate or observe the communication.
- Context-incomplete– understandable to the reader who read the previous replica/part of the sentence.
If an incomplete sentence consists of more than one word, then a dash is usually placed in place of the missing word or words. IN oral speech At this point there is a short pause to highlight the gap.
It is necessary to distinguish incomplete sentences from single-part ones, since this various phenomena. Thus, in a one-part sentence, despite the absence of one of the main members, the meaning is clear even without it.
Elliptical sentences as a special type of incomplete sentences
In the Russian language, however, there are such incomplete sentences that are understandable in all situations of communication or context; in addition, only one member of the sentence is always missing in them - the predicate, expressed by a verb. Such syntactic units are called elliptic. They also differ in that a dash is not placed at the place where such a predicate is missing. As a rule, the standard structure of such a sentence is subject + object.
For example: Lunch on the table- This elliptical sentence, in which the predicate verb “worth” is missing. Usually, restoring such a verb is not difficult.
What have we learned?
In the Russian language there is a special type of sentences - incomplete. that is, those whose meaning is incomprehensible without context or knowledge of the situation due to the omission of one or more meaning-forming members. Depending on where the meaning of a sentence can be restored from, they are divided into contextually incomplete and situationally incomplete. However, they should be distinguished from one-part sentences. Special type an incomplete sentence is elliptical. in which only the predicate verb is always missing, which is easy to restore even without knowledge of the situation or surrounding context. If in ordinary incomplete sentences a dash is placed in place of missing words, then in elliptical sentences it is usually not required.