LEXICAL HOMONYMY IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Literature:
1. On the issue of distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy // Russian language at school, 1956, No. 3.
2. On homonymy and related phenomena // Questions of linguistics, 1960, No. 5.
3. Vishnyakova 0. V. Paronyms of the modern Russian language. – M., 1981.
4. Kovalev, the use of polysemy, homonymy and paronymy in fiction // Russian language at school, 1980, No. 6.
5. Mikhnevich A. E. Paralexes // Russian language: Interdepartmental collection, vol. 1. – Mn., 1981.
Lexical homonyms(Greek homos"same" and onyma“name”) are two or more words with different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design. For example: outfit1"clothing" and outfit2"document"; block1"union, agreement of states" and block2“device for lifting weights”; bar1"musical time signature" and measure2"knowing of limits".
There are two types of lexical homonyms – complete and incomplete. Full lexical homonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, in which the entire system of grammatical forms coincides. So, the words given earlier outfit1"clothing" and outfit2“document” are complete lexical homonyms, since they coincide in all case forms of the singular and plural. This type of homonyms includes: key1"master key" and key2"spring"; shop1"bench" and shop2“small trading establishment”; motive1"melody" and motive2"cause"; braid1"type of hairstyle" braid2"agricultural implement" braid3"sandbank"; neck1"bird", vulture2"the long narrow part of a stringed instrument" vulture3"seal, stamp."
Incomplete lexical homonyms also refer to one part of speech, but do not coincide in all grammatical forms. Yes, words boron1"coniferous forest" and boron2"chemical element"; bar1"musical time signature" and measure2"knowing of limits"; boom1"gymnastic apparatus" and boom2“Azhiotazh” are incomplete lexical homonyms, since the second member of each homonymic pair is not used in the plural form, since it refers to real ( boron2) or distracted ( beat2, boom2) nouns. Verbs are incomplete homonyms insist1“to strive hard to achieve something” and insist2“to prepare a tincture” (the first of them is an intransitive verb, and the second is a transitive verb); force1“furnish” and force2“force” (the second homonym does not have participle passive forms).
Lexical homonyms are characterized primarily by the fact that they correlate with different phenomena of reality, therefore there is no semantic connection between them, characteristic of the meanings of polysemic words.
Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is observed not only in vocabulary. In the broad sense of the word, homonyms sometimes refer to different linguistic units (in terms of content) that coincide in sound (in terms of expression). For example, the suffix -To- part of a homonymous pair: -k-1(nouns with the meaning of a female person: student, graduate student) And -k-2(nouns with the meaning of abstract action: cleaning, sending).
Unlike actual lexical (or absolute) homonyms, all other word matches are relative.
Homonyms that arise as a result of the action of the phonetic laws of the language are called homophones(Greek homos"same", phone"voice, sound") These are words that have the same sound, but different meanings and spellings. Thus, in the Russian language there is a law of deafening of voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and in the middle of a word before voiceless consonants, as a result of which words with different meanings can coincide in sound terms: cat(animal) and code[cat] (cipher); onion(plant) and meadow[bow] (field); sadness(state) and milk mushroom[grus’t’] (mushroom); darling (-soul) And bow[darling] (- arc). In unstressed position, some vowels - (a), (o); (e), (i)– are pronounced the same, which is also the reason for the appearance of homophones: pretend – pretend, company – campaign, tank – barrel.
It is necessary to distinguish from homophones paronyms(from lat. para"near", onyma“name”) - words with close, similar, but not identical sounds and different meanings: subscription“a document certifying the right to use something” and subscriber“season ticket holder”; general"main, main" and general's"relating to a general"; ignorant"rude, ill-mannered person" and ignoramus“poorly educated person, ignoramus”; act“an action performed by someone” and misdemeanor, “an act that violates norms of behavior.”
Paronyms can also appear at the interlingual level, that is, when comparing the lexical systems of closely related languages (for example, Russian and Belarusian): Russian. outfit“document” – white narada“meeting, meeting”; prus. father“a man in relation to his children” – white. egg"priest"; rus. sofa“upholstered furniture” – white. divan"carpet"; rus. change“to commit treason, to betray” – bel. change"replace with something else."
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “interlingual paronyms” and “interlingual paralexes”. Paralexes- these are words of the Russian and Belarusian languages, which coincide in meaning, but differ in accentological, phonetic, morphological and word-formation features. For example: Russian attribute- white adnosіts, russian basic- white asnovny; rus. hunting- white hello, russian collar- white ashyynik; rus. dog(f.r.) – white. dog(M.R.), Russian pain(f.r.) – white. pain(m.r.); prus. thresher- white malatarny and so on.
Taking into account such natural differences in the vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian languages is very important when teaching the Russian language in conditions of closely related bilingualism. In 1985 The publishing house “Narodnaya Asveta” published a manual for teachers “Belarusian-Russian paralexical dictionary-reference book”. This is a kind of dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language for people speaking Belarusian.
Mastering paronyms creates considerable difficulties for foreigners learning Russian. In 1984, in Moscow, the Russian Language publishing house published the “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” (author –). The dictionary includes about 1000 pairs of paronyms of the modern Russian language, shows the possibilities of their combination with other words, and provides their synonyms and antonyms. In some cases, expressive illustrations (drawings) are provided, which is especially important for foreigners.
Homonyms formed as a result of grammatical reasons are called homoforms, or grammatical homonyms. These are words that sound the same only in certain grammatical forms: I'm flying(from fly) And I'm flying(from treat) (in the form of the 2nd person singular there is no coincidence of grammatical indicators, therefore, homonymy no longer exists: you're flying And you are treating); ruble(1st person singular from the verb chop) And ruble(form of the dative case of the noun ruble); saw(feminine past tense form of the verb drink) And saw(noun); three(numeral) and three(imperative form of the verb rub); poem(noun) and poem(past tense form of the masculine verb subside).
Homonyms also include homographs (Greek. homos"same" and grapho“I write”) are words that have the same spelling, but sound differently and have different meanings: castle - castle, flour - flour, cloves - cloves, soar - soar, perfume - perfume.
The following types of homographs are distinguished: a) lexical: atlas(geographic Maps) - atlas(matter); b) lexico-grammatical: village(verb) – village(noun); I'm running(verb) - I'm running(noun); c) grammatical: addresses – addresses; Houses – Houses; d) stylistic: compass(liter.) – compass(marine); spark(liter.) – spark(professional).
The classification of such pairs of words as homonyms is conditional, since they sound differently, differing in stress. For homonyms, complete coincidence in sound is a prerequisite.
Also highlighted interlingual homonyms- words that sound the same, but have different meanings in closely related languages, for example, Russian and Serbo-Croatian, Russian and Belarusian. Comp. rus, bathhouse– S.-Croatian bah"resort"; rus. grief– S.-Croatian grief"up, above"; rus. a gun– S.-Croatian a gun"gun"; rus. on right(on the right side) – S. Croatian. on right"tool"; rus. leaf fall“the time of falling leaves of trees” - white. listapad"november"; rus. coward“a person who succumbs to a feeling of fear” – white. coward"rabbit"; rus. score“drive deep, until the end” - white. forget“to take life, kill”; rus. peace“state of silence, rest” – bel. pack“living space, room”, etc.
In 1980, the dictionary “Interlingual Homonyms and Paronyms” was published in Minsk (University Publishing House). This dictionary contains 550 pairs of Russian-Belarusian homonyms and paronyms. Each of the words given in the dictionary is accompanied by a brief interpretation and example illustrations.
The appearance of lexical homonyms in modern Russian is associated with several reasons. Depending on the nature of these reasons, three types of homonyms are distinguished: semantic, etymological and word-formative.
Semantic homonyms are the result of the collapse of polysemy, i.e. the semantic splitting of a polysemantic word. In the process of historical development, different meanings of the same word become so distant from each other that they begin to be perceived as different words. The initial semantic similarity in this case can only be established through etymological analysis. For example: belly1"life" → belly2 part of the body"; rook1"boat" → rook2"chess figure; light1"lighting" - light2“world, universe; fist1“part of a hand with clenched fingers” → fist2“prosperous peasant”; dashing1“bringing trouble, evil” → dashing2"brave".
The process of splitting the polysemy of a word and transforming its meanings into independent homonym words is a very long and gradual one. Yes, word duty in the 17-volume dictionary of the USSR Academy of Sciences (M.-L., 1964, vol. 3) it is given as a polysemantic with the meanings: 1) duty; 2) what is borrowed. Homonymy of words debt1"duty" and debt2“borrowed” was first reflected in the dictionary in 1972. In further editions of this and other explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, only homonyms are given debt1 And debt2.
Etymological homonyms- the result of the coincidence of original and borrowed or only borrowed words. The following types of etymological homonyms are distinguished:
a) A coincidence in the sound of a native Russian and a borrowed word. Yes, word club in the meaning of “organization, society”, having come into the Russian language from English, coincided with the original Russian word club(puff of smoke, dust). This also includes: Russian. lava1"slaughter" - lava2“molten mass of metal” (French); rus. bow1“weapon, sports equipment” – German. bow2"plant", Russian cabin1“cutting into pieces” – Dutch. cabin2“room on the upper deck of a ship”, Russian. mink1(decrease from Nora) – Finnish. mink2"animal", Russian round 1"animal" - French. round 2"period";
b) Coincidence in the sound of words borrowed from one language: pump1"pump" - pump2"pomp" (French) mine1"projectile" - mine2"facial expression" (French) quarry1"fast running horse" - quarry2“open-pit mining” (French); radical1“supporter of left bourgeois parties” – radical2“mathematical term - a sign of extraction from a root” (Latin);
c) Coincidence in the sound and spelling of two words borrowed by the Russian language from different languages: English. raid1"raid" and Dutch. raid"water space"; lat. focus1"optical term" and German. focus2"trick"; Persian. mat1"chess term" and English. mat2"soft bedding"; fr. block1“unification, union” and English. block2"mechanism".
Derivative homonyms- words formed from the same root using polysemantic or homonymous morphemes. Typically, the function of such morphemes is performed by homonym prefixes, which are written and pronounced the same, but give completely different meanings to the verbs formed with their help. For example: revise1"change your mind" ( reconsider your previous point of view) – review2"lots to see" ( watch all the movies); work through1"work for a while" ( work 10 years at school) – work out2"to criticize" ( deal with the discipline violator); speak1"start talking" ( he started talking about classes) – speak2"to influence with words" ( talk toothache).
Less common are word-forming homonyms-nouns with homonymous suffixes: wallet1"paper wallet" - wallet2"paper industry worker".
The distinction between different homonym words and polysemantic words (one word with several meanings) causes many difficulties. Despite the obvious difference, homonymy and polysemy are connected primarily by the identity of the sound complex. In addition, the commonality of these two phenomena is indicated by the possibility of the emergence of homonyms as a result of splitting the polysemy of a word.
The objective difficulty of distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy is reflected in modern lexicographical practice. Thus, many words that are given as polysemantic in one dictionary are considered in another (or others) as different words, homonymous to each other. For example, the word glorious in the four-volume “small” academic dictionary (M., 1984, vol. IY) it is given as polysemantic: glorious 1) famous, famous; 2) decomposition very nice, personable. The 16th edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language, published in the same year, contains two independent words: nice1"famous, famous" and nice2 (decomposition) “very good, pleasant, cute.” The word is qualified differently in these dictionaries thin. The “small” academic dictionary contains two words with homonymous relationships: thin1"skinny" and thin2 with two meanings: 1) decomposition bad, bad and 2) decomposition full of holes. The dictionary gives three independent homonym words: thin1"skinny", thin2 decomposition"bad" and thin3 decomposition"holey".
There are several ways to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy.
a) Selection of related (cognate) words, i.e. establishing derivational connections of words. For example, world"Universe" - world, world; world"peace, a state opposite to war" - peaceful, put up. The derivative words for both words being compared are different, therefore, we have before us lexical homonyms. The homonymy of words is proved in a similar way fist1"brush clenched into a fist" and fist2"exploiter": fist1– fist, fist2- kulak.
Word-formation series for individual meanings of a polysemantic word usually coincide: fog 1) opaque air; 2) something unclear, incomprehensible: foggy, nebula, foggy;
b) Substitution of synonyms for each of the words and subsequent comparison of these synonyms with each other. If they turn out to be close in meaning, then we have a polysemantic word, otherwise we will be dealing with homonymy. For example: fight1"battle"; fight2"servant boy" Synonyms selected for words fight1 And fight2 different in meaning, therefore, they are homonyms. The battle(sea battle) and the battle(bullfight) are not homonyms, since the synonyms selected for them (sea the battle –battle, battle And the battle bulls - competition are synonymous with each other).
c) Determination of lexical compatibility of words. If you make a sentence with each of the homonym words radical1“a supporter of left bourgeois parties” and radical2“mathematical sign”, then it can be noted that the compatibility of the animate word radical1 and inanimate radical2 different: The famous radical ; In this formula you forgot to write radical .
These methods are not flawless in distinguishing between polysemy and homonymy. The main criteria in this case can be semantics and origin: 1) analysis of the meanings of polysemic words and homonym words, establishing the presence or loss of a connection between these meanings; 2) use of information about the origin of such words contained in etymological dictionaries of the Russian language.
5. The first Russian dictionary of homonyms is “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” (M., 1974, 2nd edition - 1976).
The dictionary contains 2,300 dictionary entries, which include root and service homonyms of various origins. Each homonym word is interpreted. The interpretation includes grammatical and stylistic notes, an indication of the origin and word-formation connections with other words, translation into English, French and German, some illustrative examples of use in speech.
The dictionary outlines three types of formation of homonyms: 1) words in which homonymy is expressed by a morphemic structure: piercing1(grass) - prickly2(sugar); flue1“that through which gas flows” and flue2“that which moves with the help of gas”; 2) divergent homonymy: fist1"part of the hand" - fist2“peasant exploiter”; 3) originally different words: bow1"plant" - bow2"weapon".
The dictionary is not only the most complete collection of Russian lexical homonyms, but also a good reference tool for distinguishing homonymy from polysemy.
In 1979, the Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language was published in Tbilisi. The dictionary contains 4000 “homonymic associations, among which are not only lexical homonyms, but also phenomena similar to them, for example, homoforms like Roy(bee) and Roy(imperative form of the verb to dig). In terms of the quality of lexicographic development of homonyms, this dictionary is inferior to the dictionary. In 1978, the dictionary was republished with some corrections and additions.
Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: Lezginka (dance) - Lezginka (woman); rook (chess piece) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of procuring food) - ambassador (diplomat). The identical external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms makes communication difficult, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer is an impersonal offer; buds are blooming - cure the buds; right hand - right (innocent).
Types and examples of homonyms in Russian
Complete lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words belonging to the same part of speech in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), car assembly (from the verb to collect) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothing), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy implies a coincidence in the spelling and sound of words belonging to the same part of speech, not in all forms: stingray (wheel; inanimate) - stingray (to the river; inanimate) - stingray (fish; animate); bury a hole (perfect form - bury) - bury medicine (perfect form - bury); crayfish (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a singular number).
There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, associated with grammatical and sound changes: mouth - gender (pronounced like [roth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); pair (boot) - (clubs) pair; oven (pirozhki) - (Russian) oven.
Homonyms: examples and types by structure
- Root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and state) and peace (the Universe).
- Derived homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.
Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use
Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are identical in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and “Ford”, illuminate and consecrate, people and lyut.
Homographs (letter, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same letter composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (the stress in these words falls on different syllables).
Homoforms - the coincidence of grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (verb it's time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); popsicle ice cream - frozen meat (noun and adjective) ; return in the spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun); leak on the floor - seal the leak (verb and noun).
Puns and homonyms: examples of words and casual statements
You need to be careful when using homonyms, since in some situations homonymy can distort the meaning of a statement and lead to comedy. For example, the words of a football match commentator: “In today’s match the players left without goals” can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:
- "Did you hear?"
- "You cannot be indifferent to evil."
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Homonyms are another confirmation of the “greatness and power” of the Russian language. It is precisely these “nuances of vocabulary” that make the Russian language difficult for foreigners to learn.
If a language learner is confused by an incomprehensible set of words, then homonyms create a plurality of interpretations of the same word.
What are homonyms
Homonyms are words that are spelled the same, sound the same (or similar), but mean completely different things.
For example:
- ONION is a popular vegetable and at the same time a small weapon;
- GLASSES - an item that improves vision, and at the same time a scoring system in various games;
- MARRIAGE is an object damaged in production and at the same time a union of two people;
- PEACE – the globe and at the same time the absence of war;
- KEY is an object that opens a lock, and at the same time a synonym for a stream.
A few more examples homonym words:
The word “homonym” itself, like many terms in the Russian language, came from Ancient Greece. It consists of two halves - “homos” (same) and “onyma” (name), which means “ same name" According to one version, the first person to describe such words in detail was the famous philosopher and thinker Aristotle.
Types of homonyms
Homonyms come in several types - full, partial and grammatical.
Full homonyms- these are words that coincide in all possible cases and numerals.
- CRANE - water supply or lifting (taps, tap, crane, etc.)
- BRITTER - hair styling, shoreline or agricultural tool (braid, scythe, scythe, scythe, etc.)
Partial homonyms- these are words that are similar to each other in their original form (singular, nominative, perfective), but may not be the same in individual cases or plural.
- WEASEL is an animal of the mustelidae or tenderness family. If we take the genitive case and the plural, then the words will no longer sound and be written the same - a lot of LASK (animals) and a lot of CAREFUL (manifestation of feelings).
- LOVE is a feeling for another person and a feminine name. If we take the genitive case of the singular, then the words will sound in a new way - no LOVE (feeling) and no LOVE (name).
Grammatical homonyms- words in Russian that are the exact opposite of partial homonyms. That is, they do not coincide at all in their original form, but become similar in individual forms.
- THREE is a number and a derivative of the verb RUB. A coincidence is possible only when the first word is used in the nominative case, and the second in the imperative mood. In all other variants, the words will cease to be homonyms.
- LECHU – derivatives from two different verbs FLY and TREAT, both of which are used in the first person.
- GLASSES is the genitive case of the noun GLASS (no glass) and the feminine past tense of the verb DRAIN (glass water).
By the way, you can note that grammatical homonyms can represent different parts of speech, for example, a noun and a verb, a pronoun, and so on. This is their fundamental difference from full and partial homonyms, where the parts of speech always coincide.
Homographs and homophones
There are two more types of words in the Russian language that some linguists (but not all) classify as varieties of homonyms.
Homographs- these are words that are spelled the same, but at the same time sound differently (mostly due to the fact that they are stressed differently). The term is also Greek and consists of “homos” (same) and “grapho” (I write).
- A TLAS (collection of maps or tables) and ATL A C (type of fabric)
- Z A IOC (medieval building) and ZAM ABOUT K (locking device)
- MUK A(ground cereals) and M U KA (experience)
- ABOUT RGAN (human) and ORG A N (musical instrument)
- SEL ABOUT(settlement) and C E LO (sun)
- P A RIT (in the bath) and STEAM AND TH (in the air)
Homophones- the opposite of homographs. They sound the same, but are spelled differently. The word is also Greek - “homos” (same) and “phone” (sound).
- FRUIT – RAFT
- THRESHOLD – VICE
- PILLAR – PILLAR
- CODE - CAT
- FLU – MUSHROOM
Examples of homonym words in literature
Not so often, but some writers and poets resort to the help of homonyms. For example, to create a rhyme. For example, an excerpt from Pushkin:
What does the wife do?
Alone, in the absence of a spouse?
In this case, the word SPOUSE means a woman (wife) in the first sentence, and a man (husband) in the second.
Or here from Bryusov:
Closing my exhausted eyelids,
The moment has passed, I TAKE CARE.
Oh, if only I could stand like this forever
On this quiet SHORE.
In this case, the first word is one of the forms of the verb BARECH, and the second is the SHORE of some body of water, used in the accusative case.
Homonyms in riddles, anecdotes, puns
A lot of riddles have been created based on homonyms.
- A zigzag trail of fire was drawn in the sky. Nothing can replace me in a skirt. (LIGHTNING)
- They are cast from metal and fall from trees. (LEAVES)
- This device will be used for eating. And then we will connect the device to the network. (FORK)
- I can’t sit idle, I’m in the hands of a craftswoman. And I’m spinning like a fidget in a bicycle wheel. (SPOKE)
- Without it, the door cannot be opened and the letter cannot be written. (PEN)
- As the reason I act and I control the horse. (OCCASION)
- It stores ammunition and sells food. (SHOP)
- They eat jam from it and use it as a fence. (SOCKET)
Sometimes jokes are based on homonyms.
The doctor told the blonde patient that she would get better soon. And she: “Yes, I would rather die than get better!”
Here, in the first case, the word GET RECOVERY means improving health, and in the second case, getting fat.
Doctor: “How is your condition, patient?” Patient: “Thanks to your care, my condition has greatly improved.”
The word CONDITION can simultaneously mean well-being and health, as well as financial situation.
On a literature exam, the teacher asks: “What can you say about heroin?” The student responds: “Heroin is a powerful drug. What does literature have to do with it?”
There’s no need to explain anything special here. The word HEROINE in the dative case is really consonant with the name of the drug. This is one example of grammatical homonyms.
When I go shopping with my husband, he often says: “I’m going to pay.” And it seems to me that he can barely restrain himself from changing the emphasis.
And here is a striking example of homographs. Words REFUND U SB and RASPL A CHUS really make a funny couple.
Well and puns is a joke based on words that sound the same but have different spellings (and these are homophones in their purest form):
Or here's another example of a great pun based on homophones:
Carried by the bear, walking towards the market
A jar of honey for sale,
Suddenly the bear is attacked! —
The wasps decided to attack.
Teddy bear with an army of aspen
He fought with a torn aspen.
Could he not fly into rage?
If the wasps climbed into the mouth,
They stung anywhere,
They got it for this.
Dictionary of homonyms
Basic or full homonyms there's actually not much in the Russian language. Here is their list:
- BOR - pine forest and dentist's tools;
- ABUSE – swearing and outdated meaning of battle;
- APPEARANCE – appearance and grammatical category;
- COMB – a comb and a small outgrowth on the head of birds;
- YARD – the area in front of the house and those close to the monarch;
- DEBT – obligation and borrowed;
- DISCIPLINE – strict rules and variations in science or sports;
- FRACTION – balls for shooting and a number consisting of a part of a unit;
- FACTORY – enterprise and watch mechanism;
- TOOTH – an organ in the mouth and the sharp part of the instrument;
- BRUSH – part of the artist’s hand and tool;
- KOL - a pointed piece of wood and a grade at school;
- SHOP – a store and a piece of furniture;
- MOTIVE is a synonym for motive and melody;
- MINK - a small animal and a depression in the ground;
- HUNTING – tracking down animals and a colloquial synonym for desire;
- SENTENCE is a part of speech and a constructive idea;
- NOVEL – a literary work and a love relationship;
- LIGHT is a source of brightness and high society;
- INVESTIGATION – investigation and conclusion.
- UNION - an association (of countries) and a service word connecting words.
- The TONGUE is a means of communication and an organ in the oral cavity.
*click on the picture to open it full size in a new window
How do homonyms differ from ambiguous words?
In conclusion, I would like to say that you do not confuse homonyms with the so-called “”. There is such a concept in Russian.
For example, a HAT for a woman, a nail and a mushroom mean approximately the same thing, namely a headdress and its similarities. And in this case, the word cannot be considered a homonym, since the main criterion is violated - different lexical meaning(here it is essentially the same).
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You might be interested
What are antonyms and examples of enriching the Russian language with them Polysemantic words are examples of different facets of the Russian language Phraseologisms are examples of catchphrases in the Russian language Dialectisms are words with local flavor Impress - what is it (meaning of the word)
The concept of homonymy
Types of homonyms
Ways of homonymy arising (sources of homonymy)
Paronymy and paronomasia
Literature
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The concept of homonymy
Homonymy(Greek homos‘same’ and ōnyma‘name’) is a sound and/or graphic coincidence of linguistic units whose meanings are not related to each other.
Homonymy similar to polysemy is that same the sound (graphic) shell correlates with several objects or phenomena of reality. BUT
at polysemysemantic connections between these realities are clearly aware speaking
at homonymyconnections between the named realities for speakers of modern language does not exist.
Those. at polysemy we are dealing with one in a word, at homonymy- With two(and more) in the words of [Rakhmanov, Suzdaltseva, p. 75].
[Girutsky, p. 131]
Types of homonyms
With a broad understanding of homonymy, there are several types homonyms.
1. Lexical homonyms(actually homonyms) are words with different meanings that coincide in sound and spelling in all (almost all) forms and refer to the same part of speech.
beam‘building material’ ↔ beam'ravine';
aft from feed↔aft from stern;
flog‘cut at the seams’ ↔ flog‘flog’.
By degree of completeness lexical homonyms are divided into
complete (absolute),
incomplete (partial).
Full(absolute) are called homonyms that coincide in all forms:
key‘spring’ ↔ key'master key',
braid‘hair braided into one strand’ ↔ braid‘agricultural implement for mowing’ ↔ braid‘a peninsula in the form of a narrow sandbank’,
English.light ‘easy’ ↔ light'light',
him.Mal ‘times’ ↔ Mal 'birthmark'.
Homonyms related to one part of speech, but matching not in all forms, are called incomplete:
onion'plant', lynx'run', boron‘chemical element’ does not have a plural form. h.;
fist‘clasped hand’ and fist‘prosperous peasant’ do not coincide in the form of V. p. units. and plural;
conduct– perfective pair (SV) to the verb see off and an imperfective pair (IAP) to the verb conduct.
2. Grammatical homonyms(homoforms) – one or more matching grammatical forms of different words.
Homoformy is observed among words like one part of speech, so different:
I'm flying– 1 l. units from treat
from fly;
know– noun in I. and V. p. units and inf. verb;
three– D.p. numeral three
1 l. pl. part of the verb rub;
saw– noun in I.p. units
Ave. v. units h.r. verb drink;
English. saw– noun 'saw'
pr. vr. verb to see.
Sometimes homonyms of this kind are called lexico-grammatical, because they differ in both lexical and grammatical meanings. And under grammatical homonyms understand units that differ only in grammatical meanings:
game– D. and P. p. units.
mothers– R., D., P. p. units.
3. Phonetic homonyms(homophones) are words or forms that are pronounced the same but spelled differently:
company - campaign,
pretend – pretend,
inert – bony,
German die Seite 'side'
die Saite‘string’ [Kodukhov, p. 173]
More often these are words that sound the same only in separate forms:
twig - pond (but twig - pond),
lez – forest,
metal - metal.
In languages with traditional spelling (for example, English and French) there are significantly more homophones:
English. write'write'
right‘right, correct’,
week'a week'
weak 'weak',
French.boulot 'fat man' – bouleau 'birch',
pot ‘pot’ – peau ‘skin’ [LES, p. 344],
him.Moor'swamp' - Mohr‘Moor’ [Shaikevich, p. 155].
4. Graphic homonyms(homographs) are words or forms that are written the same but pronounced differently.
In Russian, these are, as a rule, words that differ accent:
castle - castle,
flour - flour,
to be a coward - to be a coward.
IN other languages Homographs are not so strictly related to stress, cf.:
lead 'lead'
‘news,
tear 'tear'
‘tear’ [LES, p. 344].
Ways of homonymy arising (sources of homonymy)
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | Homonyms. |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Lexicology |
1. The concept of homonyms. Types of homonyms (lexical homonyms, homoforms, homophones, homographs).
2. Reasons for the emergence of homonyms.
3. Distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy.
4. Stylistic use of homonyms.
1. The concept of homonyms.
Words that are identical in sound and spelling, but completely different in meaning, are called homonyms (Greek homonyma from homos - identical and onyma - name).
Unlike polysemantic words, homonyms have no connection with each other in meaning. Yes, in sentences Keys, locks, constipations sound(Pushk.) and The springs were jumping over the stones, making a sound like a icy wave.(Lerm.) words to luchi – a tool for locking and unlocking locks and keys - and drainage, spring - are homonyms.
Types of homonyms. There are lexical homonyms (complete and incomplete), homoforms, homophones and homographs.
1) Lexical homonyms- ϶ᴛᴏ words of the same grammatical category, identical in sound and spelling in all (or in a number of) forms inherent in them.
Yes, homonym words jar(vessel) and bank(shallow), b lok(lifting device) and block(union), nest(birds) and nest(words) coincide in all case forms of the singular and plural: banks - banks, bank - bank, bank - bank, bank - bank, about the bank - about the bank; banks - banks, banks - banks, banks - banks, about banks - about banks etc.; for homonym words force(street with cars) and force(sit down) the entire system of forms coincides - forms of face, number, gender, mood, aspect: I’ll force you - I’ll force you, you’ll force me - you’ll force me, I’ll force you - I’ll force you; zas tavim - we will force, force - force, force - force; forced - forced, forced - forced, would have forced - would have forced. Such homonyms are called full , or absolute , lexical homonyms .
But some homonyms may have the same sound and spelling only in a number of their inherent grammatical forms. For example, the word onion(arrow throwing weapon) and onion(garden plant) bor (forest) and boron(chemical element), n Olka(horizontal board) and p Olka(vegetable gardens) coincide in sound and spelling in all singular case forms, but in the plural there is no such coincidence, since the second of the given pairs of words do not have plural forms; words pickle(to salt) and pickle(to salt) bury(pit) and bury(medicine) are the same in sound and spelling in all imperfective forms, but the perfective forms of these verbs sound and are written differently. Wed: salting - salting, salting - salting, salting - salting, salting - salting, salting - salting, But: I'll pickle it - I'll pickle it, I'll pickle it - I'll pickle it and etc. Such homonyms are called incomplete , or partial , lexical homonyms .
2) Omoforms Different forms of words of the same or different grammatical categories that sound the same are called. For example, the forms of different cases of nouns may have the same sound and spelling: spouse, mechanics, equipment – feminine singular nominative nouns and spouse, mechanics, equipment – masculine singular genitive nouns (from spouse, mechanic, technician); numeral three coincides in sound and spelling with the imperative form of the verb rub: tpu; nouns sound and spell the same abscess and gerunds abscess, noun oven and verb bake; noun evil and short adjective evil, pronoun mine and imperative verb my, braid(from to wasp) and short adjective braid, genitive plural noun pigeons(from dove) and comparative adjective pigeons(from blue), noun ceiling and verb p ceiling(from ceiling).
Consequently, homoforms are morphological homonyms, since their appearance is due to grammatical reasons.
3) TO homophones These include words with the same sound, but different meanings and spellings. Eg: hammer - young(according to the law of deafening voiced consonants at the end of a word d sounds like t) lead – carry(no law of deafening of voiced sounds before voiceless z sounds like s), campaign - company(in the first syllable a and o coincide in the sound [^]), old-timer - guard(according to the law of reduction a and o in the second pre-stressed syllable sound like the sound [ъ]), inert – bony(in combination stn the medial consonant is not pronounced), islands - spicy(combination of sounds ova and ending -Wow pronounced like -ъвъ), brother – to take(combinations tts and ts pronounced like Its]), Eagle - eagle. Hence, homophones - ϶ᴛᴏ phonetic homonyms, since their occurrence is explained by the action of sound laws.
Homonyms. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Homonyms." 2017, 2018.
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Words that are the same in form, but have nothing in common in meaning, are called homonyms (from the Greek homos - “same”, onuma - “name”). Examples of homonyms: luk1 – plant and luk2 – “weapon for throwing arrows”, bor1 – “pine forest” and bor2 – “steel drill”, club1 – “clump of smoke...