Suggestion from a scientific point of view
The science that studies sentences is syntax. In the history of the Russian language there have been several attempts to define a sentence, among them it is worth noting attempts from the point of view of logic, psychology and grammar.
Members of the sentence
The composition of the subject the subject and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the subject are called (common and non-common definitions).
Likewise, composition of the predicate the predicate and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the predicate are called (circumstances and additions with dependent words).
Types of offers
A sentence does not always express a thought; it can express a question, an impulse, a will, an emotion. Accordingly, proposals are of the following types:
- Narrative a sentence reports a fact, action or event or contains a negation of them.
- Interrogative sentence encourages the interlocutor to answer the speaker’s question. Interrogative sentences are divided into:
- actually interrogative- contain a question that requires a mandatory answer (Have you done the work? Has it arrived yet?)
- interrogative-affirmative sentences contain information that requires confirmation (So are you going? Has it already been decided?) (see interrogative and incentive)
- interrogative-negative the sentences already contain a denial of what is being asked (What could you like here? It doesn’t seem particularly pleasant? So what can you tell us?)
- interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative offers
- interrogative and motivating sentences contain an incentive to action expressed in the question itself (So, maybe we can continue our lesson? Let’s start with the preparation first?)
- V interrogative-rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or negation. Such a sentence does not require an answer, since the answer is contained in the question itself. (Desires... What is the use of wishing in vain and forever?)
- Incentive the sentence contains the will of the speaker, expressing an order, request or plea. Incentive sentences are distinguished by: incentive intonation, a predicate in the form of an imperative mood, the presence of particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence (come on, come on, let them)
- exclamation point the sentence expresses the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Declarative, interrogative, and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory.
If a sentence contains only a subject and a predicate, then it is called undistributed, otherwise - widespread.
The offer is considered simple if it contains one predicative unit, if more - complex.
If a sentence contains both a subject and a predicate, then it is called two-part, otherwise - one-piece.
If a sentence contains all the necessary parts of speech, then it is considered complete, otherwise - incomplete. Both two-part and one-part sentences can be complete or incomplete. In incomplete sentences, some parts of speech are omitted to suit the context or setting.
see also
Literature
- “Modern Russian language” Valgina N. S. Rosenthal D. E. Fomina M. I.
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See what a “Full Sentence” is in other dictionaries:
A sentence that contains all the members necessary for its understanding outside the context and speech situation (cp.: incomplete sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Proposal (offer)- Usually a written statement from the seller about the desire to enter into an agreement under certain conditions. In practice, two types of offers are distinguished: 1) a firm offer (or firm offer) is made by the seller (offeror) to only one possible buyer with... ... Legal Dictionary of Patent and Licensing Operations
Economical categories of commodity production. Demand is social needs, mediated and limited by money (see Economic needs). The bulk of the population’s needs for consumer goods and services comes in the form of... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Aggregate offer- AGGREGATE SUPPLY The total volume of goods and services produced domestically, including both consumer goods and capital goods. Aggregate supply and aggregate demand determine the equilibrium level of national income (see... ... Dictionary-reference book on economics
Banknotes in quotes- throwing out words and sentences that are not necessary for the purposes of quoting, which is permissible only on the condition that the thought of the quoted author is not distorted and that K. in c. are indicated by an ellipsis in place of omitted words and an ellipsis in angle brackets on ... Publishing dictionary-reference book
Qeqchi Self-name: Q eqchi Countries: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador ... Wikipedia
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ARMENIAN APOSTOLIC CHURCH- [Full name Armenian Holy Apostolic Orthodox Church; Arm. Armenian Church people, one of the oldest in the history of Christianity. Belongs to the family of Ancient Eastern Orthodox... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia
Incomplete sentence A sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure or incomplete composition due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (main or secondary) that are clear from the context or from the situation. Contextually incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text; This is usually observed in the second part of a complex sentence and in the connecting construction. The truth remains the truth, but rumor remains rumor(Tvardovsky) (there is no verb link in the second part of the complex sentence). The three of us started talking as if we had known each other for centuries(Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients were lying on the balconies, some of them were no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (the predicate is missing in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me?(B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction). Situationally incomplete sentence. An incomplete sentence in which a member that is clear from the situation is not named. I will wear this blue one (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train. Elliptical sentence. An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need for either context or situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the sentence’s own lexical and grammatical means. On the table there is a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream(A.N. Tolstoy). There is an old leather sofa in the corner(Simonov). Terkin - next, the author - next(Tvardovsky). To the barrier!(Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year! Dialogical incomplete sentences. Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related to each other contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete sentences. They may contain no sentence members at all, and the response may be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Really? Or: - Well, how? - Brrr! The norm for question-and-answer sentences in dialogical speech is their incomplete composition. (Neschastlivtsev:) Where and where? (Schastlivtsev:) From Vologda to Kerch... And you, sir? (Neschastlivtsev:) From Kerch to Vologda(A. Ostrovsky).
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what an “incomplete sentence” is in other dictionaries:
A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation completeness. (“Modern Russian language” by N. S. Valgina) ... Wikipedia
incomplete sentence, -I am stationary- In syntactic style: a clichéd incomplete sentence, regularly reproduced in familiar situations. What's wrong with you? Good night. Happy New Year! ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
This term has other meanings, see Sentence. A sentence (in language) is the minimum unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonation... ... Wikipedia
PRODUCT OFFER- offer (offer) is a statement by the seller about the desire to sell goods or services under certain conditions, made in writing, which also means messages by telegraph, teletype, or fax. In the text P.t. must contain all the basic... Foreign economic explanatory dictionary
COUNTER OFFER- the response of a possible buyer to the received offer from the seller, containing incomplete agreement with the proposed conditions and one or more new, amended conditions for concluding a transaction... Large economic dictionary
A sentence that contains all the members necessary for its understanding outside the context and speech situation (cp.: incomplete sentence) ...
See incomplete sentence... Dictionary of linguistic terms
§ 238. TYPES OF SENTENCES- A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member. A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary... ... Russian spelling rules
Aya, oh; bosom, bosom, bosom. 1. Busy with something. not to the top, not to the brim. Incomplete cart. Incomplete bucket. □ [Baron:] Happy day! Today I can pour a handful of accumulated gold into the sixth chest (into the chest that is still incomplete). Pushkin, The Miserly Knight. 2.… … Small academic dictionary
The conditions in which the act of speech is carried out, influencing the utterance (cf. situationally incomplete sentence, dialogical incomplete sentences in the article incomplete sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Books
- Russian language. 8th grade. Examinations of the test form. Workshop. Federal State Educational Standard, S. V. Antonova, T. I. Gulyakova. The tests presented in the manual are compiled in accordance with the state educational standard, programs for secondary schools, lyceums, and gymnasiums. Edition…
- Russian language. 8th grade. Examinations of the test form. Workshop for students. Federal State Educational Standard, Antonova Svetlana Vasilievna, Gulyakova Tatyana Ivanovna. The tests presented in the manual are compiled in accordance with the state educational standard, programs for secondary schools, lyceums, and gymnasiums. Edition…
In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered in contradictory ways.
Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or group of members of the sentence is missing, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as data from the context or situation of speech.
Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors:
Written or oral sphere of use
Monologue or dialogue
Interaction of a sentence with context
There are incomplete sentences:
contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue lines - incomplete sentences in dialogic speech)
situational
Incomplete lines of dialogue are very common in spoken language. They are usually short and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.
According to the target orientation, incomplete dialogue lines can be divided into 3 groups:
Responses. Contains the answer to the question asked in the previous response.
Questions.
Continuing remarks convey something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.
Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very setting of the speech suggests to the interlocutors the concepts that are being discussed, but which are not expressed verbally as part of a given replica. Going.
Elliptical sentences.
Sentences like " I am going home" In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:
instead of the term "incomplete sentence"
denotes a type of incomplete sentence
serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.
Ellipsis – is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.
Types of elliptical sentences:
A sentence with the meaning of movement - movement. Actor + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of a sentence is a pronoun, a noun in a singular form, denoting a person, animal or object capable of movement. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in v.p. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext To
A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext O or about or in v.p. with the preposition about.
A sentence meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in v.p. and so on. Here I am - with a stick!
Offer equivalents
This is a special grammatical device used in communication to express agreement or disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. No! No matter how it is! Still would.
They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the specific sentence with which they are correlated.
As sentence equivalents, they have only intonation design, but lack grammatical form and are not articulated.
By value they are divided into 3 groups:
word-sentences expressed by particles with the general meaning of affirmation or negation
modal words-sentences with the additional meaning of probability/supposition.
Interjective words are sentences that are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences that represent a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.
How to distinguish incomplete sentences from complete ones? Let's try to figure it out!
While studying the topic “Complete and incomplete sentences,” my students ask me to explain with examples the differences between incomplete two-part sentences and incomplete one-part sentences.
If you know how to find a grammatical basis, you can learn to determine the type of simple sentence by the composition of the main parts.
Two-part: She didn't come home. One-part: Noon. I'm walking along the road. I'm thirsty. No one is visible.
Let us take into account the axiom that two-part sentences are more common in book speech, and in colloquial speech incomplete two-part sentences are preferable. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences with one main member - subject or predicate.
Let us give examples of complete and incomplete two-part sentences to clarify our statement.
No one has come here for a long time. Subject NOBODY, predicate DID NOT COME. This is a two-part proposal.
- Has anyone come here?
“I came,” I answered.
- Did not see…
The first sentence has both main clauses. But already in the second two-part sentence the subject SOMEONE is missing. The sentence has become incomplete, although its meaning is already clear. In the third sentence you can find the circumstance LONG TIME and restore the remaining missing words: SOMEONE CAME. And finally, in the last sentence we substitute the subject I.
What happens? In a short dialogue, except for the first sentence, all the rest are two-part incomplete sentences.
Let us now deal with one-part sentences. You ask: “Can they be incomplete if they already consist of one main member of the sentence? How is their incompleteness expressed? The fact of the matter is that the most necessary and only main member of the sentence is skipped!
Let's check our conclusion using examples.
-What are you talking about?
- Products.
- Nothing!
In this dialogue, the complete sentence is again the first. It is one-part, definitely personal. The rest are one-part incomplete! Let's restore the predicate from the second sentence - I CARRY (what?) products (also definitely personal). Let's add the third: Wow! GOOD (impersonal). The fourth looks like this: THERE IS NOTHING GOOD ABOUT THIS! (impersonal sentence).
It is easy to find replica sentences; they, as a rule, add something new without repeating what is already known, and are more complete in composition than all subsequent ones. Answer sentences depend on the nature of the question and most often carry an additional situational load, accompanied by certain gestures and facial expressions.
From the context, it is possible to restore the missing main and secondary members of the sentence, which are understandable even without naming. But there is a special type of sentences that do not require context - elliptical. For example: Attention! All the way up! What's wrong with you, Mikhail? Terkin – further, the author – following.
In the above examples-dialogues we came across words-sentences. For example: Wow! Nothing! The first phrase contains an interjection expressing a certain assessment, the second is an answer, unclear in content, something between a statement and a denial.
They express affirmation or denial, give an emotional assessment or encourage action. There are several groups of such word-sentences:
Affirmative (Yes. True. Good. Okay. Of course!);
Negative (No. Not true!);
Interrogative (Huh? Well? Yes? Okay?);
Evaluative (Ugh! Ay-ay-ay! Lord!);
Incentive (Shh... Aw! Tchits! That's it!).
The figure of silence conveys some kind of understatement; it is used to interrupt the statement for one reason or another: Wait, wait, what if... Am I... They say that she...
Don't confuse them with incomplete sentences!
Are there incomplete complex sentences? Yes, of course.
First example:
- What do you mean where"? Here!
- Where is it?
-Where are we going?
This dialogue presents complex sentences with the omission of the main and subordinate parts.
Second example: In one hand I held fishing rods, and in the other - a cage with crucian carp.
This is a complex sentence, the second part is incomplete.
Third example: They moved in different ways: on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, downhill - jogging.
This is a complex non-union sentence, so the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete.
They are divided into complete and incomplete. If no (major or minor) members are missing, this is a complete sentence: The trees rustled alarmingly outside the window. If one of the necessary members is missing, then such a proposal is called incomplete.
Incomplete sentences, their signs
The main signs of an incomplete sentence are the following:
- In an incomplete sentence, the missing members are easily restored from the context by any of the participants in the situation or conversation. So, for example, if a group of people is waiting for someone from their company, then the phrase: “He’s coming!” It will be clear to them. The subject is easily restored from the situation: Artem is coming!
- Incomplete sentences are confirmed by the presence in them of words dependent on the missing member: She became prettier, blossomed, just a miracle! The meaning of this construction can only be restored from the previous sentence: I met Anna yesterday.
- It is quite common to use an incomplete sentence as one of the parts of a complex sentence: Anton is capable of a lot, you are capable of nothing! In the second part of this complex non-conjunctive sentence, an incomplete construction is visible, in which the predicate ( You are not capable of anything.)
Remember that an incomplete sentence is a variant of a complete one.
Dialogue with incomplete sentences
These types of sentences are especially common in dialogues. For example:
What will you be when you grow up?
An artist.
In the second sentence, the meaning will not be clear without the previous phrase. Formally it should sound: I'll be an artist. But the speaker simplifies the structure of the sentence, reducing it to one word, thus making speech more dynamic, which is one of the signs of a conversational dialogic structure. But it is important to remember that there are also unsaid sentences that are not incomplete. This is a thought interrupted for one reason or another: I think I know what to do! What if... No, it won’t work!(In this sentence, the missing word is not restored.)
Incomplete sentences: their options
Both two-part and one-part sentences, common and non-common, can act as incomplete sentences. And the possibility of missing words, as mentioned before, is explained by the ease of recovering them from the speech situation, the structure of the sentence itself (we are talking about complex sentences) or from the context. Incomplete sentences are typical for spoken language. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences that have one main member. By the way, even such sentences may be incomplete:
Where are you going?
To the party.
In this dialogue, only the first sentence is complete: definitely personal, one-part. And the next two are incomplete one-part ones. Let's add them: I'm going (where?) to a party - definitely personal; (wow!) good - impersonal.
Incomplete sentences: examples of punctuation
A dash often serves as a punctuation signal that we have an incomplete sentence. It is placed in the place of the missing word. As a rule, it is due to the presence of an intonation pause here: My friend was standing on the right, and an unfamiliar guy was on the left.(the word “stood” is missing). On the windowsill there is dried geranium in a pot(the word “was” was missing).