A subordinate relationship is a relationship between the parts of a complex sentence or phrase in which one part is the control one, and the second is subordinate to it. Based on this, we will analyze the types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences. For clarity, each of the above cases will be considered with an example.
Types of subordinating connections in phrases
There are only three of them. These are coordination, control and adjacency.
Coordination
Gender, number and case of the main word in this type of connection are consistent with the dependent word.
Examples: beautiful flower, another world, ninth day.
As you can see, this type of connection is typical for phrases where the noun is the main word, and the adjective, participle or ordinal number is the dependent word. Also, a possessive pronoun can act as a dependent word, for example, in the phrase “our souls.” The type of subordinating connection here will be agreement.
Control
The main word in management makes the secondary one dependent with the help of case. The combinations of parts of speech here can be quite varied: verb and noun, participle or gerund and noun, noun and noun, numeral and noun.
Examples: sitting on a bench, knowing the truth, entering a room, a clay bowl, ten sailors.
In GIA and Unified State Examination tasks, students are often faced with the task of changing the type of phrase from control to coordination or vice versa. Without understanding the material, a graduate may make a mistake. The task is actually quite simple. To do this, it is enough to know the types of subordinating connections and be able to use them.
The classic version of the task is a connection of two nouns. For example, “corn porridge.” The subordinating word must be changed into an adjective. Then it turns out to be “corn porridge”; accordingly, no other types of subordinating connections, except agreement, are suitable here. This means that everything has been done correctly.
If it is necessary to change the connection from agreement to control, then we change the adjective to a noun and put it in a certain case in relation to the main word. So, from a “strawberry cocktail” you get a “strawberry cocktail”.
Adjacency
In this case, the main word is connected with the dependent word solely in meaning. Such a connection is made between a verb and an adverb, a verb and a gerund, a verb and a verb, a verb and an adjective or an adverb of comparative degree.
Examples: “smile happily”, “speaks while sobbing”, “I can swim”, “be smarter”, “it has become worse”.
It is quite simple to determine this connection: the dependent word does not and cannot have case or gender. This can be an infinitive, a gerund, comparative degrees of an adjective and an adverb.
We looked at all types of subordinating connections in a phrase. Now let's move on to a complex sentence.
Subordinating connection in a sentence
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence can be distinguished when there are several subordinate clauses. They connect to the main clause in different ways. For this reason, it can be noted that the subordination relationship, the types of which we will analyze, can be expressed in different ways depending on the nature of the subordination.
Consistent submission
With this type of connection, subordinate clauses come into subordination to each other sequentially. This sentence pattern resembles a nesting doll.
Example. I asked a friend for a guitar who was helping me put on a show where we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.
The basis of the main sentence here is “I asked.” The subordinate clause that enters into a subordinating relationship with it has the stem “which helped to arrange.” From this sentence comes another subordinate clause, subordinate to it - “we played Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson.”
Parallel subordination
This is a type of complex sentence in which several subordinate clauses are subordinate to one main clause, but at the same time to different words.
Example. In that park where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring, I was walking with a friend whose image seemed cute to you.
The main sentence sounds like this: “I was walking in that park with a friend.” It has a built-in subordinate clause “where lilacs bloom magnificently in spring.” It obeys the phrase “in that park.” From him we ask the question “in what?” Another subordinate clause - “whose image seemed cute to you” - is built from the word “familiar”. We ask him the question “which one?”
Thus, we see that subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating relationship with one main sentence, but at the same time with different parts of it.
Homogeneous Subordination
Subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination are associated with one main clause. They refer to the same word and answer the same question.
Example. They guessed that their action would have consequences, that it was better to abandon the idea and let everything be as it was.
The main sentence is “they guessed.” From him we ask the question “about what?” Both subordinate clauses answer this question. In addition, both the first and second subordinate clauses are connected to the main sentence using the predicate “guessed.” From this we conclude that the sentence is with homogeneous subordination.
All the examples given refer to sentences where there is a subordinating connection, the types of which we have discussed. This information will be necessary for everyone who is going to take exams in the Russian language, especially the State Examination and the Unified State Exam, where there are a number of tasks to test such knowledge. It is important to remember that without understanding how phrases and sentences are constructed, it is impossible to fully master literate speech. Any person who wants to learn how to write without errors needs to know this.
Subordinating connection
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by a more ancient concept - “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogical unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, Secondly .
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
The subordinating connection between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connections in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of a statement, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
Links
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See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
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Coordinating connection
Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases
III. Adverbial phrases
1. Phrases with an adverb (for example: very successful, still good).
2. Collocations with nouns (for example: far from home, alone with my son, shortly before exams).
Syntactic connection - formal structural relations between the components of syntactic units, revealing semantic connections (syntactic relations) and expressed by means of language.
Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases and simple sentences:
1) forms of words:
· case form of nouns;
· number, gender, case of adjectives;
· person, number, gender of conjugated forms of verbs.
2) prepositions;
3) word order;
4) intonation (in written speech expressed using punctuation marks).
Syntactic connections are divided into coordinating and subordinating, which oppose each other based on the presence/absence of the “master” and “servant” relationship in the syntactic structure.
At essay the components are single-functional. This connection is characterized by the number of combined structural components, i.e. a sign of openness/closedness.
At closed coordinating connection only two of its components can be connected ( not a sister, but a brother; you love sadly and difficultly, but a woman’s heart is a joke). Must be expressed by adversative conjunctions ( A, But), gradational ( not only but; yes and), explanatory ( namely, that is).
With an open coordinating connection, an indefinite number of components can be connected at once. Can be expressed without conjunctions or using connectives ( And, Yes) and separating ( or, or, Also etc.) unions.
At subordination The role of the components in creating a design is different, they have different functions. The Russian language has different formal means of expressing subordinating relationships. These funds are grouped into three main types.
First view formal expression of dependence is the likening of the form of the dependent word to the forms of the dominant word; such assimilation is carried out in cases where the dependent word changes by cases, numbers and genders (this is an adjective, including pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers and participles), by cases and numbers (this is a noun) or by cases other than them. n. and, for some. excl., wine n. (numerals); eg: new house (new home, new home...), late passengers, my brother, first flight; tower house, giant plant; three tables, four tables, several athletes. The condition for the formation of such a connection is the possibility of coincidence in the connecting words of case, number and gender - in case of dependence of the adjective, or case and number, or only case - in case of dependence of the noun ( tower house, in the tower house..., nursery-new building, V nursery-new building...).
Second type formal expression of dependence - setting a dependent word in the form of an indirect case without a preposition or with a preposition (attaching the case form of a name to a word); in such a connection, the main word can be a word of any part of speech, and the dependent word can be a noun (including a pronoun-noun, cardinal and collective numeral): read a book, angry with the student, drive into the yard, pass for the groom, monitor the instruments, be in the city, work for seven, father's arrival, buying a house, award to the winners, math exam, city on the Volga, scientifically gifted, alone with myself, stronger than death, someone in a mask, first from the edge.
Third type formal expression of dependence - the addition to the dominant word of a word that does not have forms of change: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund, which syntactically behave as independent words. The main word can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, a cardinal numeral, and also, when combined with an adverb, a pronoun-noun. With this type of connection, the formal indicator of dependence is the immutability of the dependent word itself, and the internal, semantic indicator is the emerging relationships: run fast, right turn, beige, saddle coat, golden side, sixth from left, three upstairs, order to advance, decide to leave, act smarter, older people, someone more experienced.
In modern Russian, there are traditionally three types of subordinating connections: coordination, control and adjacency. When distinguishing and defining these connections, not only strictly formal types of connection must be taken into account, but also the significant side of the connection inseparable from these types, i.e., the relationships arising on its basis.
Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by assimilating the form of the dependent word to the form of the dominant word in gender, number and case, or in number and case, or only in case, and means relations that are actually attributive: new house, someone else's, tower house, nursery-new building. The main word in agreement can be a noun, a pronoun-noun and a cardinal numeral in the form of noun-vin. n. With words that are informatively insufficient, agreement combines a defining meaning with a complementary meaning and thus acquires signs of a strong connection: fun thing, unfathomable things.
Control- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by joining the dominant word of a noun in the form of an indirect case (without a preposition or with a preposition) and means a complementary or objective relationship or a contaminated one: object-complementary or object-defining. The main word in control can be a word of any part of speech: become a scientist, be in the dark, master of inventions, brooding, two students, alone with myself; read a book, buying a house, angry at everyone; run into rudeness; get home, move down the mountain..
Adjacency is a subordinating relationship that exists in two forms, each of which receives an independent definition. There is a distinction between adjacency in the narrow sense of the word (or adjacency itself) and adjacency in the broad sense of the word (case adjacency). The actual junction - this is a connection in which the role of a dependent word is played by unchangeable words: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund. In this case, various relations may arise: when the infinitive is adjacent - complementary (), objective ( learn to draw, agree to go), or adverbial determinatives ( come in and talk); when adjoining adverbs, gerunds - attributives ( To talk slowly, read faster, extremely interesting, city at night, second from left) or determinative-replenishing ( be nearby, costly, be listed here, become smarter); when adjoining an unchangeable adjective - the actual attributives ( indigo, tsunami waves, mini skirt, older boy). A word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.
Case adjunction- this is the attachment to the main word (any part of speech) of a case (without a preposition or with a preposition) form of a name with a defining meaning: come on the fifth of May, come in the evening, wooden spoon, city on the Volga, house with two windows, checkered gray, handsome face, teapot lid, one step ahead, someone in blue, first in line. With case adjacency, attributive, subject-attributive relations arise, or - with informatively insufficient words that require an adverbial extender - adverbial-complementary ( be on the shore, be registered at the plant, cost a hundred rubles, long before dawn).
Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.
Complex sentences and their types
Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.
Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:
- Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
- Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
- Complex sentences with subordinating and non-conjunctive types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
- In polynomial constructions, subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but heard only the voice of a robot informing her that her loan was overdue.
It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, the syntactic lexical unit contains several grammatical stems, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.
Non-union designs
In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:
- Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
- Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
- A binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.
A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.
Commas in non-union polynomial constructions
In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:
- The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
- When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.
Non-union constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.
Dividing marks in non-union formations
These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:
- Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
- When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
- The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
- When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
- In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.
Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.
Complex constructions
In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:
- Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
- In separating relationships, conjunctions are used what and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself approaches us.
- Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
- Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.
Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.
Complex sentences with mixed types of communication
Constructions where a non-union and a union coordinating connection are present at the same time occur quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the boundary between them is the dividing marks, although the individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.
Phrase.
Using the site, you can easily learn to determine the type of subordinating connection.
Subordinating connection is a connection that unites sentences or words, one of which is the main one (subordinate), and the other is dependent (subordinate).
Collocation is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically.
green eyes, writing letters, difficult to convey.
In a phrase, the main word (from which the question is asked) and the dependent (to which the question is asked) are distinguished:
Blue ball. Relax outside the city. Ball and rest are the key words.
Trap!
The following are not subordinating phrases:
1. Combination of an independent word with a service word: near the house, before a thunderstorm, let him sing;
2. Combinations of words as part of phraseological units: beatscrew around, play the fool, headlong;
3. Subject and predicate: night has come;
4. Compound word forms : lighter, will walk;
5. Groups of words united by a coordinating connection: Fathers and Sons.
Video about types of subordinating connections
If you like the video format, you can watch it.
There are three types of subordinating connections:
| connection type | what part of speech can a dependent word be? | what question is asked to the dependent word |
| agreement (when the main word changes, the dependent word changes): seashore, reading youth, first snow, my home |
adjective, participle, ordinal number, some categories of pronouns | Which? Questions may vary by case! |
| control (when the main word changes, the dependent word does not change): | noun or pronoun in oblique case with or without preposition | questions of indirect cases (who? what? – about whom? about what?) Remember! The prepositional case form of a noun can be an adverbial form, so adverbial questions are asked for these forms (see below) |
| adjacency (dependent word is an unchangeable part of speech!): listen carefully, walk without looking back, soft-boiled egg |
1. infinitive 2. participle 3. adverb 4. possessive pronouns (his, her, theirs) |
1. what to do? what to do? 2. doing what? what did you do? 3. how? Where? Where? where? When? For what? Why? |
Distinguish!
Her coat is an adjunction (whose), to see her is control (of whom).
In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. The personal pronoun answers the questions of indirect cases, and it participates in the subordinating connection - control, and the possessive answers the question whose? and is immutable, it participates in contiguity.
Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining.
Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. They may have the same questions! If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control.
Algorithm of actions No. 1.
1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another.
2) Determine the part of speech of the dependent word.
3) Pay attention to the question you ask about the dependent word.
4) Based on the identified signs, determine the type of connection.
Analysis of the task.
What type of connection is used in the phrase BUILD MECHANICALLY.
We define the main word and ask a question from it: catch (how?) mechanically; catch – the main word mechanically – dependent. Determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. If the dependent word answers the question How? and is an adverb, then the connection is used in the phrase adjacency.
Algorithm of actions No. 2.
1. In the text it is easier for you to find the dependent word first.
2. If you need agreement, look for the word that answers the question Which? whose?
3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.
4. If you need to find an adjunct, look for an unchangeable word (infinitive, gerund, adverb or possessive pronoun).
5. Determine from which word you can ask a question to the dependent word.