ST. PETERSBURG STATE
UNIVERSITY OF FILM AND TELEVISION
Course work
Specializing in “Social Psychology”
1st year IPPE students “Television Journalism” gr.157
Chelpanova Anna
1. What is a verb.
2. Definition of the verb.
3. Types of verb. Way verb action.
4. Relationship of forms.
5. Productive classes of verbs.
6. Conclusion.
7. List of references used.
What is a VERB?
A verb is a significant part of speech that names an action or state as a process (a fire was boiling, a fire was burning, Moscow smoke was spreading along the river (N. Sokolov).
The verb answers the question “What to do”, What he did, What he will do.
General grammatical meaning action manifests itself in more specific meanings:
1. Moving, moving or positioning in space (swim, float, sit, walk)
2. Labor, creative activity: forge, fish, paint.
3. Mental activity, including mental and speech (compare, think, decide, say, imagine)
4. Emotional-technical activity (mourn, be sad, rejoice, hate)
5. Physical and other human conditions (sleeping, being sick, recovering)
6. State (or its change) of nature (evening, freezing, dawning)
The most important morphological characteristics verb: aspect, tense, mood, person.
The syntactic role in the sentence is the predicate: but summer flies quickly.
Flies - verb not perfect form, irreversible, intransitive, 2nd conjugation, indicative, present tense, 3rd person singular, is simple verbal predicate, composing together with the subject summer grammatical basis offers.
Various morphologically characterized word forms are usually combined into a verb as a part of speech. These are personal forms of the verb indicative mood having in the present-future tense the categories of aspect, voice, tense, person, number and gender
Verb group
All Russian verbs from the point of view of aspectual relationships can be presented in the form of the following groups:
1. A group of verbs that have correlative pairs (tell-tell, get-get, start-start, etc.). All modern scientists recognize that it is precisely such relations that connect perfective verbs and imperfective verbs formed from them through suffixation.
2. A group of perfective verbs that do not have correlative imperfective verbs (push, push, etc.).
3. A group of imperfective verbs that do not have correlative perfective verbs (live, stand, grieve, etc.).
4. Group of two-type verbs. This group demands special attention, in particular, because it is very actively replenished by verbs of this type such as telephone, induct, mechanize, electrify, chemicalize, etc. This is one of many manifestations scientific and technological revolution. Invasion literary language large quantity verbs from the field of science and technology creates in the Russian language a group of verbs with an indifferent attitude towards types that is atypical for the Russian language. However, one should not think that verbs of this type appeared in the Russian language only at the very beginning Lately. The two-aspect verbs to marry, execute, and have mercy have long existed in the Russian language.
TYPES OF VERB
The presence of a grammatical category of aspect is characteristic
feature of Slavic languages.
Type and method of verb action. Conceptual category of species in Russian
language is expressed, in particular, in the category of the method of verbal action.
The question of the relationship between the categories of type and mode of action has traditionally
is considered to be debatable. According to the most common
modern aspectology point of view, modes of action represent
various classes of derived verbs related to the original verb
regular word-formation relations (for example, to walk
represents a multiple mode of action denoted by a verb
walk, make noise - an initial mode of action denoted by a verb
make noise, etc.). The mode of action is not a grammatical category, so
as its expression in Russian is not necessary. We say He comes to me
often visited (multiple mode of action) – if we want
specifically express the idea of multiplicity in a verb. But we can indicate
the same situation in words He often came to me, leaving this idea in the verb
unexpressed. The method of action is the result of a certain semantic
modification of the original verb, which is expressed by formal means -
prefixes and suffixes. So, the verbs are to scream, shout,
shout, shout represent various semantic
modifications of the verb to scream, each of which has its own
formal indicator. Some of the types of modifications of the original action
verbs are very close, sometimes even identical, to some types
semantic relationships in species pairs. Therefore, it happens that one and
the same verb is an aspectual correlate of some verb
opposite species and at the same time one of those formed from it
ways of action. So, for example, the verb like is specific
a correlate of being liked and its initial mode of action.
Verbs like jump, throw or bite are both
one-time mode of action to jump, throw and bite and their species
correlates. Although such combinations of functions occur relatively
rarely, in principle such a possibility exists and it is due to the similarity
semantic relations between members of a species pair and between the motivating
verb and its mode of action. In other words, the content side
that the set of meanings conveyed by one and another category has a large
intersection area. The difference between them concerns the functional
Values related to conceptual category type (such as temporary
localization, dynamic/static, multiplicity, duration,
immediacy, routineness, etc.), can be expressed by others
means.
meanings: “perfect form” and “imperfect form”. Expressing this
opposition is mandatory for the Russian language: every
a verb used in a statement in Russian has this or that
or imperfect form. This applies, among other things, to
so-called two-type verbs: in sentences like I'm getting married, where the verb
can be understood in two ways - as a verb owl. kind (future tense)
and as a verb nesov. type (present tense), there is a grammatical
ambiguity generated by the external coincidence (homonymy) of different
grammatical forms. This ambiguity is resolved in a broader
context, cf. It's decided. I'm getting married [nesov. view] of Marie and leaving with her to
Paris and I'm getting married [owl. view] on Irina if she agrees to live with
me in the hut.
Semantics of specific opposition. Using the species category in Russian
language can express various semantic oppositions related to
(semantic invariant) – each of the species, as well as the species itself
oppositions - and about the particular meanings of species (particular species
values).
The aspectual system of the Russian language is based on a certain method
conceptualization of reality. Namely, the following are distinguished:
a state of affairs that remains unchanged over a period of time
time: Masha loves Petya; Vasya is shivering. When one state changes
by others, it is conceptualized as an event. An event is a transition to something new
state (at some point in time there was one state, and at
some subsequent ones are already different): Masha stopped loving Petya; Vasya
warmed up.
Finally, a process is something that happens over time. The process consists of
successively changing phases and usually requires energy for
his maintenance: the boy walks, plays; they are talking; bonfire
burns. The Russian aspectual system is designed in such a way that verbs
owls species always denote events, and verbs do not. species may
designate any of three types of phenomena: first of all, processes (boils,
talking with a friend, writing a letter for a long time) and condition (dying from
impatience, ill, waiting for something), but also events (suddenly realizes
comes every day).
Respectively, general meaning species opposition is that
that owls the view, which always expresses eventfulness, is contrasted with nonsense.
a species unmarked in this regard, i.e. capable of expressing how
processuality or stativity, and eventfulness. This invariant
the semantics of specific opposition is implemented different ways V
depending on the context. This refers to the context in in a broad sense, Where
includes the type of lexical meaning of the verb itself (since semantics
aspectual opposition is different for verbs of different semantics
If you are asked: “What are the most important parts of speech in the Russian language?”, your answer will definitely include a verb.
The Russian verb is one of the most important, but at the same time one of the most complex parts speech. Remember all the gerunds, participles, verbal adjectives, types, moods, verb conjugations, finally. Despite this, we cannot do without verbs - neither in language nor in life.
Verbs denote an action or state - there is no secret to this. Man is programmed by nature for this very action - that’s why there are so many verbs around us: remember how many actions you mentioned just in the morning!
It’s no secret that, despite the richest vocabulary, in the Russian language not all objects of reality have their own names; we note that among verbs this phenomenon is quite rare - although actions, and even the words denoting them, are sometimes at least strange !
Let us note that the verbs of the Russian language are one of the most ancient categories of the language: the history of the Russian verb has lasted for several centuries.
The verb in the Russian language performs not only its direct functions - it also, in the words of Yu. Bondarev, denotes “the effectiveness of character,” i.e. makes any action emotionally charged. Perhaps this is why Russian prose is considered the most expressive prose in the world. A. Yugov considered the verb “the most fiery, most living part of speech,” in which “the scarlet, freshest, arterial blood of the tongue flows.” And it was not in vain that A. Pushkin called for “burning people’s hearts” with the “verb”, although the word was used in a slightly different meaning.
Despite the simplicity of what it means, the verb is fraught with many pitfalls; and it is very important to be able to bypass them, because, as a rule, ignorance of the little things in the verb can lead to serious errors.
First of all, this concerns verb conjugation. The Russian verb has only 2 conjugations, but it can be difficult to determine which conjugation our verb belongs to. We must not forget about the small number of differently conjugated verbs in the Russian language. However, you can fill in the content of the conjugations using a poem (I will give the most popular of them):
To the second conjugation
We will take it without a doubt
All verbs that start with "-it"
Excluding “shave”, “lay”.
And also: “look”, “offend”,
"hear", "see", "hate",
“drive”, “breathe”, “hold”, “endure”,
And “depend” and “twirl”!
***
Drive, breathe, hold, depend,
See, hear and offend,
And also look, twirl,
Hate and endure.
***
Watch, endure, offend,
Addict, hate,
See, hear, drive,
Twist, breathe, hold.
Why is it so important to know the conjugation of a Russian verb? It is the conjugation that determines the writing of verb endings in the present and future tense. Yes, there is no doubt that words like read do not give us any doubt. But what about words? la...t, struggling, swaying... And splash...t, where the writing is not so obvious?
This is where conjugation comes to our aid: we remember that in singular we are writing -e- (I reference) and -And- (II sp.), and in the plural – -ut/-ut (I reference) and -at/-yat (II reference). I think now we won’t have problems with “difficult” words, right?
So, the verb in Russian is an important and necessary part of speech, which performs several functions in the language. And most importantly, you cannot ignore the rules related to the verb, because a lot depends on them.
We wish you success in learning the verb!
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A verb is an independent conjugated part of speech (changeable by numbers and persons) that has constant and variable morphological features.
Verbs are:
- imperfect form- answer the question what to do? (build, swim, climb);
perfect form- answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of an action or result (build, swim, climb); - transitive - combined with nouns, pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition (read newspapers, build a house);
intransitive - cannot be combined (walk By road, swim V sea); - 1st conjugation - verbs ending in -et, -at, -ot, -ut and others except -it (lose weight, prick);
2nd conjugation - verbs ending in -it (twist, build); - reflexive - with the suffix -sya and -sya (to meet, to wash, to study);
irrevocable (to meet, wash, teach).
Some verbs cannot be used without the suffix -sya, that is, they are only reflexive: hope, bow, work, laugh, become, be proud, stay, etc.
If verbs denote actions that occur on their own without actor(object), then they are called impersonal: it’s getting dark, it’s chilling, it’s unwell, it’s frozen, it’s dawning. Impersonal verbs usually denote natural phenomena or the human condition.
Verbs change:
- according to three inclinations:
- indicative mood (run, looked, go) - verbs reflecting the action, state of the object;
- conditional mood (would run, look, go) - verb + particle “b” or “would”, expressing an action when some condition is met;
- imperative mood (run, look, go) - verbs expressing a request, an order.
- according to three times:
- past tense - reflects the action, the state of the object in the past (drew, watched, studied);
- present tense - an action, a state that occurs in the present (I draw, I watch, I study);
- future tense - an action, a state that has not yet occurred, but will happen in the future (I will draw, I will look, I will study);
- by persons and numbers in the present and future tense (run, runs, will run);
by numbers and genders(singular) in the past tense (read, read, read).
Constant morphological features of verbs: conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Inconstants: mood, number, tense, gender. Verbs in the imperative mood change tenses. Verbs in the present and future tense change according to persons and numbers (I write, he writes, she will write/will write, they write/will write), in the past tense - according to numbers and gender (I wrote, she wrote, they wrote).
Indefinite form
The initial form of the verb is an indefinite form (infinitive), which does not reflect tense, number, person, or gender. Verbs in the indefinite form answer the questions what to do? or what to do? Examples: see - see, sow - sow, look - consider, carry, pass, find, etc. Verbs in the infinitive form have an aspect, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation.
Verbs in the infinitive form end in -т, -ти, -ь. Let's give examples of verbs in pairs - with questions what to do? (imperfect view) and what to do? (perfect view).
Verb conjugations
Verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second. The first conjugation includes verbs in -et, -at, -ot, -ut, -t, etc. (twist, dig, prick, blow, whine). The second conjugation includes verbs in -it (wear, saw, walk). There are 11 exception verbs (7 verbs in -et and 4 verbs in -at), which belong to the second conjugation, and 2 exception verbs in -it, which belong to the first conjugation.
Exception verbs
I conjugation:
shave, lay
(2 verbs)
II conjugation:
-to: look, see, hate, endure, offend, twist, depend;
-at: drive, hold, hear, breathe
(11 verbs)
When changing verbs by person and number, the endings are formed in accordance with the conjugation to which the verb belongs. Let us summarize the cases in a table.
| Face | I conjugation | II conjugation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Units | Pl. | Units | Pl. | |
| 1st | -у/-у | -eat | -у/-у | -them |
| 2nd | -eat | -yeah | -hey | -ite |
| 3rd | -et | -ut/-ut | -it | -at/-yat |
The given endings are called personal endings of the verb. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the verb in indefinite form of the same type as the personal form: you carry out - to carry out (non-form. type), let's fulfill - to carry out (owl. type).
Examples:
chita Yu→ cheat at→ I conjugation
built yat→ built it→ II conjugation
When determining the conjugation of a verb, keep in mind that:
- Verbs with prefixes belong to the same conjugation as those without prefixes: do - do, work - work, teach - learn, drive - overtake;
- Reflexive verbs belong to the same conjugation as non-reflexive ones: wash - wash, consult - advise, learn - teach, apologize - excuse;
- There is an alternation of consonants in the present tense: bake - bake, shore - take care, walk - walk, ask - ask, answer - answer, etc.
The verbs win and vacuum do not form the 1st person singular. The verb to be does not form the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present tense; for the 3rd person singular, is is sometimes used instead of be. The verbs want and run change according to the first and partially according to the second conjugation - mixed verbs. The verbs eat (eat) and give are conjugated in a special way.
Examples of verbs
Examples of verbs in different kinds, tenses, moods.
Gender is only present in the past tense singular:
Male(what did you do?): floated, hung.
Female(what did you do?): floated, hung.
Neuter (what did it do?): floated, hung.
Syntactic role
In a sentence, the verb is initial form(infinitive) can play differently syntactic role. The personal verb in a sentence is a predicate.
I will begin to tell fairy tales (M. Lermontov). (Compound predicate.)
Learning is always useful (proverb). (Subject.)
Please wait. (Addition.)
Impatience to get to Tiflis took possession of me (M. Lermontov). (Definition.)
The guys ran to hide. (Circumstance.)
VERB - part of speech that includes words denoting the action or state of an object or living creature: go, sleep, be.
In Russian, as in many others, there is a distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs control the direct object in the accusative case without a preposition: read a book, to cut bread. Accusative can be replaced by a genitive
a) if the action is directed not at the entire object, but at part of it: cut off some bread;
b) in case of negation: haven't read this book. Intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct complement.
The Russian verb has grammatical categories type, voice, tense, mood; verbs change according to persons and numbers (and in the past tense - according to numbers and gender) and belong to one or another type of conjugation.
Verbs differ in form - perfect and imperfect.
The perfect form shows that the action has been brought to the limit and cannot be continued: do, Mark, read, pour out, collect. The perfective form means that the action lasts or is repeated many times: do, note, read, pour out, gather.
Verb forms that differ only in aspect meaning form an aspect pair: do – do, mark – note. Some verbs do not have aspectual pairs: they are used either only in the perfect form: sink, wake up, rush and so on. , or only in the imperfect: abide, be, be available, depend, expect and so on.
In form, perfective and imperfective verbs differ from each other by the presence/absence of suffixes and prefixes: put on - clothes-va -t, see - look-yva -t, jump-Well -t - jump-A -t, With -do – do, on -write – write. A change in suffix can be accompanied by alternating the root vowel with another vowel or with a zero: zap e roar - zap And army, collect - sob And army. Some verbs have different roots (supplemental) species pairs: take – take, talk – say, catch - catch.
Some verbs have the same perfective and imperfective forms. Such verbs are called bi-aspect. For example: marry, execute, use, mobilize, electrify and the like. Wed. : The weightlifter is already used two attempts(perfect view). - I used this device for two years(imperfect species).
Very unique and complex lexical and grammatical compatibility verb forms perfect and imperfect forms with other words in a sentence. Thus, when using verb forms within one utterance, you cannot combine contradictory friends different meanings - for example, the meaning of the beginning or continuation of an action with the meaning of completion or one-time occurrence. Therefore, verbs like begin, continue, be(future tense) become and similar ones cannot be combined with the verbal forms of owls. kind of: can't say *started to tell, *keep writing, *I will do, *I won’t refuse.
In combinations of verbs with circumstances that have the meaning of repetition or duration of action, the verb, as a rule, should have the form of nonsense. type: it took me a long time to get ready, walked in the evenings, I usually get up at seven, constantly complains(you can't say: *took a long time to get ready, *went for a walk in the evening, *usually gets up at seven, *constantly complained). However, adverbs such as gradually, slowly, characterizing the extension of action over time, are combined with forms as nonsense. , and owls. type: gradually got used to it - gradually got used to it, gets up slowly(fits, is reading)– stood up slowly(came up, read).
From verb forms passive voice it is necessary to distinguish between verbs containing a formant - Xia, which denote an action directed at the subject of this action: wash, bathe, ride, comb your hair and under. These are reflexive verbs. They have independent lexical meaning compared to corresponding verbs without - Xia and are not opposed to these verbs by collateral values reality - suffering. Verbs like wash, ride, bathe– single-voice, they always express meaning active voice: the action is performed by the subject, which is expressed by a noun (or pronoun) in nominative case: Boy skating; We swam in the pond.
Some reflexive verbs do not have correspondences without a formant - Xia: afraid, hope, laugh and so on. (forms like *fear, *hope, *laugh does not exist). In cases where reflexive verb correlates with a verb without - Xia (wash - wash), homonymy may arise between the passive voice form formed from a transitive verb and a reflexive verb; Wed : Boy washes himself in the bath– reflexive verb (action is directed at the subject of this action). – The floor is washed once a week– passive form of the verb wash(subject is the object to which the action expressed by the verb is directed wash).
Verb forms, opposed to each other by voice, form active and passive constructions that are correlative in meaning. Wed. : The commission considers workers' complaints. – Worker complaints are reviewed by a commission; The driver stopped the train. – The train was stopped by the driver; Everyone loved her. - She was loved by everyone. Similar pairs of sentences describe the same extra-linguistic situation. However, each of the sentences has its own logical emphasis, and therefore they are not entirely equivalent. Wed. : Workers building a house(it is reported that the object of construction is a house, and not something else). – The house is being built by workers(and not someone else); The postman delivered fresh newspapers and magazines(pay attention to what exactly the postman delivered). – Fresh newspapers and magazines delivered by postman(It is emphasized who exactly delivered the mail).
The present tense denotes an action that coincides with the moment of speech: I'm coming, I'm reading; past - an action that was performed before the moment of speech: walked, read; future - an action that will occur after the moment of speech: I'll go, I will read.
In the past tense, verbs change according to gender and number: the boy walked - the girl walked - the herd walked - the children walked.
The present tense can indicate action as permanent property subject ( When heated, bodies expand, and when cooled they shrink) – or to characterize the capabilities or abilities of a living being ( He runs a hundred meters in eleven seconds– i.e. ‘can run’; An elephant eats about a hundred kilograms of food per day - i.e. ‘can eat, usually eats’); This use of the present tense form is called the present potential.
In the present and future tense, verbs have person forms that show who performs the action: the speaker(s) - this corresponds to the forms of the 1st person singular. and plural numbers ( I'm reading, we read, I'll read it, let's read), interlocutor (or interlocutors) - this corresponds to the forms of the 2nd person singular. and plural numbers ( you're reading, are you reading, read it, read it) or third parties - this corresponds to the forms of the 3rd person unit. and plural numbers ( is reading, read, will read, will read). The totality of all personal forms of a verb is called its conjugation.
Mood forms show how the speaker imagines the action or state denoted by the verb in relation to reality.
If he considers this action to be a fact (in relation to the present, past or future), then he uses the indicative form: He sends(sent, will send) letter to grandma.
If the speaker evaluates an action as conjectural or desirable, he uses the form subjunctive mood: Would you send a letter to your grandmother?.
If the speaker encourages another person to take any action or asks him for something, he uses the form imperative mood: Send a letter to grandma!
The subjunctive mood is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense form: would take - would take, read - would read.
The imperative mood is formed from the base of the present tense of the verb by adding the suffix - And: let's take-y - take it-And or without such an addition - in this case, at the end of the imperative form it is written - th: chita-yu – chita-th or soft sign: out-u - take it out, director-at – cut). Some verbs that have singular singular in the 1st person. so-called plug-in numbers - l(compose - composition-l-Yu, cook - ready-l-Yu), in the form of the imperative mood, end in a soft consonant of the root (in writing, a soft sign is placed after the consonant): put, cook. Plural The imperative mood is formed by adding a formant - those to the unit form numbers: take it-those, read-those, take it out-those, cut-those, make up-those, cook-those.
The main role of a verb in a sentence is to be predicate; The predicate also embodies the main grammatical categories of the verb - mood, tense, person. The infinitive of a verb can also be used as a subject ( Smoking - harm health) and in the complement function ( They were ordered advance ).
The verb categories of voice, type, tense, mood, person have certain semantic and stylistic features in their speech expression. Let us indicate the most typical of them. Thus, forms of the passive voice are more often used in official business and scientific speech: The right to work is protected by law; These phenomena are discussed by the author in the third chapter. For other styles of speech, and especially for its oral-conversational variety, forms of the passive voice are not typical.
Forms of the form - perfect and imperfect - are used in all varieties of speech, but some styles are distinguished by the predominant use of forms of one type. Thus, in the scientific style, the imperfect form is more common, since with the help of forms of this type one can describe various properties and patterns: lit, are expanding, melts etc. On the other hand, verbs of the perfect form, denoting a one-time or instantaneous action and containing suffixes in their structure - Well, -anu, are typical for colloquial speech and vernacular: move, push and so on.
Verbs of motion with prefix at- V imperfect form cannot be used in the present tense form, denoting an action that coincides with the moment of speech - such forms have the meaning of a repeated, regular action: The train arrives at eight o'clock; Pigeons fly to my window in the morning(you can't say: *Look, here comes the train; *You see, pigeons fly in). Other verbs do not have such restrictions in use; Wed : Look, the ice hole freezes right before our eyes; The goalkeeper runs up and kicks the ball into the field.
Time forms are most diversely represented in colloquial and artistic speech. Here we use the actual present, coinciding with the moment of speech, the historical present ( Yesterday I went out, I look - Ivanov is coming. I tell him...), the present in the meaning of the future ( Means, I'm going tomorrow), the future in the meaning of the present ( The way she howls like a beast, Then he will cry, like a child), future denoting events in the past ( Neither the forest will rustle, no fish will splash) - such a future, in addition, in colloquial speech it is used to indicate the suddenness of an action: How she screams, how he can run! The form of the future tense in the meaning of the present is used in some genres scientific style speeches (in lectures, textbooks), in journalism; Wed : Multiply both sides of the equation by two; Let's imagine the result of this political action. However, in general, these styles are characterized by the use of tense verb forms (mainly the present tense) in their own meanings.