"(as not included in the time frame of the existence of the Russian Empire and the Russian Tsardom).
Decossackization under Mikhail Fedorovich
Abolition of the Meshchera Cossacks
Abolition of the Seversky Cossacks
Decossackization under Alexei Mikhailovich
Abolition of the banners of the “ground” Cossacks of the former Smolensk principality
De-Cossackization under Peter I
Abolition of the Chervlenoyarsk (Khoper) Cossacks
Abolition of the urban Cossacks of the fortresses of the Belgorod area
Abolition of the Serdyutsk (infantry) Cossack regiments
Decossackization under Catherine II
Abolition of the Bakhmut Cossack Regiment
Abolition of the Sloboda Cossack regiments
Abolition of the Little Russian Cossack regiments of the Hetmanate
Abolition of sociable (hunting) Cossack regiments
Abolition of the Zaporozhye Sich
Without a doubt, probably the most known fact decossackization in the Russian Empire is the liquidation of the Zaporozhye Sich in 1775, after the liquidation of which and the abolition of the Zaporozhye Cossack army the Cossacks were left to their fate - former foremen were given nobility, and lower ranks were allowed to join regular hussar and dragoon regiments.
About 12 thousand Cossacks remained subjects of the Russian Empire and joined the army, however, many could not withstand the strict discipline of regular army units.
Some of the Cossacks first went to the Crimean Khanate, and then to the territory of Turkey, where they settled in the Danube Delta. The Sultan allowed them to found the Transdanubian Sich (1775-1828) on the condition of providing 5,000 troops to his army.
However, the elimination of such a large military formation, like the Zaporozhye Sich, brought whole line problems. After all, at the same time, the external military threat to Russia from Turkey still remained. Therefore, it was decided to restore the Cossacks and in 1787 the Cossack elders submitted a petition addressed to the Empress, in which they expressed their desire to continue to serve. Alexander Suvorov, who, by order of Empress Catherine II, organized army units in the south of Russia, began to form a new army from the Cossacks of the former Sich and their descendants. This is how the “Army of Faithful Cossacks” appeared, and on February 27, 1788, in a solemn ceremony, Suvorov personally presented the banners and other kleynods, which were confiscated in 1775, to the elders Sidor Bely, Anton Golovaty and Zakhary Chepega.
The Army of the Faithful Cossacks, renamed the Black Sea Cossack Army in 1790, participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792, and subsequently became the basis for the Azov and Kuban Cossack troops.
Abolition of the Ekaterinoslav Cossack army
It was formed by Prince Potemkin from the Bug Cossack regiments and single-palace regiments settled in the Yekaterinoslav governorate - former soldiers of the Ukrainian Landmilitary Corps, as well as from the Old Believers, townspeople and artisans of the Yekaterinoslav, Voznesensky and Kharkov governorships assigned to the army in 1787. The population of the army as of 1788 was more than 50,000 people, of which the combat strength reached 10,000 people. He distinguished himself during the capture of Akkerman, Kilia and Izmail, taking part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.
No definite regulation on the order of service of the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks was issued, and the foremen of the Don Army ruled the local Cossacks at will. Due to this, as well as due to military circumstances, the army fell into disarray, and a significant part of the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks filed a petition to return them to their “primitive state.”
Decossackization under Alexander I
Abolition of the Nogai cavalry regiments
Two Nogai Cavalry Regiment with Cossack rights, five hundred each, were formed in 1802 from Nogais converted to Cossack status who lived in the Tauride region on Molochny Vody.
Four Ulan regiments were formed from the Cossacks [Olviopolsky (over the Bug rapids; now Pervomaisk), Bugsky, Voznesensky and Odessa], consolidated into the Bug Uhlan division.
Abolition of the Chuguev Cossack army
Decossackization under Alexander II
In particular, the process of de-Cossackization of a large part of the Cossack class took place under Emperor Alexander II.
Ideas of decossackization
For the first time, the course towards “decossackization” was taken during the reforms of the 1860s. The slogan was put forward that “the role and task of the Cossacks are already over,” since the Caucasian War was over.
A special “Special Committee for the Review of Cossack Laws” was created in St. Petersburg. As it was announced, the committee’s activities were to be aimed at “increasing the well-being” and “civic citizenship” of the Cossacks. However, the committee did not even accept for consideration the proposals developed by that time in the Cossack Troops. At the very first meeting of the committee, the Minister of War of the Russian Empire, Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin, noted that in cases of contradictions between the military traditions of the Cossacks and “civilism,” preference should be given to the latter.
The press widely joined in the propaganda against the Cossacks. The newspapers wrote that the structure of the “modern” armies European state The “archaic” Cossacks do not fit in. In particular, the liberal newspaper “Golos” directly stated whether the issue of “improvement” of the Cossacks and the corresponding expenses should be raised at all, if the need for “the very existence of these Troops” is controversial, since their “strengths” and “combat qualities” cannot be perfect."
This caused a wave of protests. General decossackization had to be postponed. However, the Danube and Bashkir-Meshcheryak Cossack Troops were disbanded.
Forced decossackization
Not without forced “decossackization”.
From Kuban Army The Black Sea region was separated from Novorossiysk to Adler, which began to be populated by Armenians. The lands of the Stavropol Brigade were also separated from the Kuban Army. 12 Cossack villages was transferred to the position of peasants. The same fate befell the Adagum regimental department.
Was separated from the Orenburg Army West Side Samara-Orenburg line, and the Cossacks were also transferred to peasants.
Civil courts and zemstvos were extended to the Cossack Troops.
All Siberian stanitsa Cossacks also underwent decossackization:
- On April 19, 1868, the Kaltai stanitsa Cossacks, who consisted of Muslim Tatars, were de-Cossacked and listed as Siberian foreigners. Transfer to the Siberian Cossack Army was prohibited.
- On June 17, 1868, the village Cossacks of the Tomsk province were decossacked and transferred to the peasant class. But with permission to move to the Siberian Cossack Army.
- in the 1870s, all stanitsa Cossacks of the Turukhansk region and Yenisei district were de-Cossacked and listed as peasants. Transfer to the Cossacks of the Yenisei Province was prohibited.
- in 1876, all the village Cossacks of the Yakut region, including the Cossacks of the Pokhodskaya village, were decossacked and listed among the burghers. Transfer to the Yakut Cossack Regiment was prohibited.
By the end of the reign of Alexander II, the village Cossacks disappeared as a class.
Dispossession of the Cossacks
There was also a gradual displacement of the Cossacks from their land. The allotments of Cossack officers and officials, which were previously given by the army instead of salaries and pensions, now became private property, which could be sold, including to non-Cossacks. And the newcomers began to buy land. As a result, the number of “nonresidents” in the Kuban and Terek was 18% in 1878, 44% in 1880, compared to 1–2% in 1864.
As a result, only two Troops retained their territorial integrity: Don (which was the largest, and also because the Don military ataman received all the rights of the governor even before the introduction of these reforms) and Ural (where the lands were too infertile and where “out-of-towners” did not go "). The lands of the remaining Troops were fragmented. On the lands of the Cossack troops, mixed with Cossack yurts, there were civilian volosts.
Military reform
At this time, serious work was carried out military reform, the essence of which was to replace the recruitment system with military service.
In 1875 the Charter of universal conscription was extended to the Cossacks, but this was perceived as an insult. Cossacks always considered their service as the main purpose of their entire lives, sacred duty, and not some kind of “duty”. However, in the Charter, the Cossack Troops were listed practically at the very end - after the reserve troops, before the units formed from foreigners, who, in general, were classified as “auxiliary troops”, and not among the main personnel of the army. The service life of the Cossacks was reduced to 4 years. Wherein, Cossack regiments were distributed “ fourth regiments” to all-army cavalry divisions. But the entire cavalry was significantly reduced by the Minister of War. There are only 16 cavalry divisions left, among them only one Cossack - the 1st Don. In total, only 20 Cossack regiments remained in the peacetime army. In addition, according to the new requirements for military service Not all Cossacks were called up, but only those who were drawn by lot. Those on whom the lot did not fall had to pay a special tax in lieu of service.
Cossacks in Russia guarded the borders of the empire and order within the country. Cossacks consistently populated the outlying regions of Russia, which were included in its composition. Their activities contributed to the 16th century. until 1918, the steady expansion of Russian ethnic territory, initially along the Don and Ural (Yaika) rivers, and then in the North Caucasus, Siberia, Far East, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
By the beginning of the First World War, there were eleven Cossack troops:
Don Cossack Army, seniority - 1570 (territories of present-day Rostov, part of Volgograd, Lugansk, Donetsk regions And Kalmykia)
Orenburg Cossack army, 1574 (Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan region in Russia, Kustanayskaya in Kazakhstan)
Orenburg Cossacks
Terek Cossack Army, 1577 (Stavropol Territory, Kabardino-Balkaria, S. Ossetia, Chechnya, Dagestan)
Siberian Cossack army, 1582 (Omsk, Kurgan regions, Altai region, North Kazakhstan, Akmola, Kokchetav, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, East Kazakhstan)
Ural Cossack army, 1591 (until 1775 - Yaitskoe) (Ural, former Guryev in Kazakhstan, Orenburg (Ilek, Tashlinsky, Pervomaisky districts) in Russia)
Transbaikal Cossack Army, 1655 (Transbaikal, Buryatia)
Kuban Cossack Army, 1696 (Krasnodar, Adygea, Stavropol, Karachay-Cherkessia)
Astrakhan Cossack Army, 1750 (Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov)
Semirechensk Cossack Army, 1852 (Almaty, Chimkent)
Amur Cossack Army, 1855 (Amur, Khabarovsk)
Ussuri Cossack Army, 1865 (Primorsky, Khabarovsk)
On November 6, 1906, cadre Cossack regiments were stationed in more than 30 cities Russian Empire, including two guards and the autocrat's convoy (regiment) in St. Petersburg, two each in Moscow and Saratov, one each in Orel, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kozlov, Voronezh, Kiev, Vladimir-Volynsky, Kharkov, Kursk, Poltava, Romny, Kremenchug, Elizavetgrad, Nikolaev, Odessa, Ekaterinoslav, Bakhmut, Penza, Samara, Astrakhan, Riga, Vilno, Minsk, etc., several hundred each - in Helsingfors, etc. All other Cossack regiments were concentrated in the Warsaw and Caucasus military districts.
Number of Cossacks
The Kuban Cossack Army was the second largest Cossack formation in the Russian Empire until 1917 and numbered 1.3 million Cossacks. In first place was Don Army with 1.5 million Cossacks. The third is Orenburg with 583 thousand Cossacks, Tersk - 278 thousand Cossacks. Total number The Cossacks numbered 4.4 million people.
At the end of the 19th century in Russia (not counting Finland), per 1000 inhabitants there were 771 peasants, 107 bourgeois, 66 foreigners, 23 Cossacks, 15 nobles, 5 clergy, 5 honorary citizens and 8 others. Further, the Cossacks live exclusively in Cossack regions, amounting to per 1000 people in Don region 400, Orenburg - 228, Kuban - 410, Terek - 179, Astrakhan - 18, Amur - 179, Transbaikal - 291, Ural - 177. Thus, the Cossacks made up only 2.3 percent of the population at that time.
Duration of Cossack service
According to the "Regulations on conscription and military service of the Cossacks of the Kuban and Terek troops" dated June 3, 1882, approved by Alexander II - military personnel Kuban Cossacks was divided into 3 categories: preparatory - service life of 3 years, combatant - 12 years and reserve - 5 years, that is, a total of 20 years of compulsory service, both for privates and officers. Later, some relaxations were introduced and on the eve of WWI the service life was 18 years. Cossack youth began serving at the age of 21, having completed a one-year preparatory level.
Structure of the Cossack regiments
Under each regimental name, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd regiments were listed, corresponding to their service periods (see above). At general mobilization the army consisted of 33 cavalry regiments. Regimental territorial districts were divided into hundreds of sections headed by officers, as well as into areas for manning artillery batteries. The villages and farmsteads were forever assigned to known parts. The oldest among the Kuban regiments was considered Khopersky, known since late XVII century (its 200th anniversary was celebrated in 1896). Thus, from childhood, Cossacks knew their regiment or battery, a hundred, and had fathers and brothers who served in older units. This certainly contributed to strong adhesion and mutual responsibility in parts of the Cossacks.
Plastuns
The Kuban army was the only one that always had foot Cossack units - Plastun battalions. The presence of Plastun battalions speaks not only of the special traditions of the Kuban people, but also of the fact that there were many poor Cossacks there. Platunov were collected from the entire region into 6 mobilization centers. According to the number of battalions of the first stage, they were the cities: Ekaterinodar, Maykop, the villages of Kavkazskaya, Prochnookopskaya, Slavyanskaya, Umanskaya. The battalions were numbered in order: from 1st to 6th were first priority, from 7th to 12th - second, from 13th to 18th - third priority.
The mounted Cossack regiments were six hundred strong. The hundred included 125 Cossacks. The regiment's wartime staff consisted of 867 lower ranks (750 Cossacks, the rest - sergeants, senior and junior officers, clerks and trumpeters) and 23 officers. The peacetime regiment was not much different, with about a hundred less Cossacks.
The regiments were consolidated into divisions - Caucasian, usually uniting regiments of the Kuban and Terek troops; Kuban, consisting only of Kuban residents.
From the second half of the 19th century century, the places where the Pervo-Kuban units were usually stationed and served were determined. The Life Guards 1st and 2nd Kuban Hundreds of the Tsar's personal convoy were in the capital. A separate Kuban Cossack cavalry division of two hundred personnel was located in Warsaw. The 1st Line Regiment as part of the 2nd Cossack Combined Division was in the Kiev Military District. Since the 80s, the 1st Taman, 1st Caucasian Cossack regiments and the 4th Kuban battery were part of the Trans-Caspian brigade, which was constantly located in the area of the city of Merv, near the border with Afghanistan. Most of the Kuban army was located in the Caucasus. At the same time, only one cavalry regiment and one battery were stationed in the Kuban region itself. The remaining regiments and batteries were located in Transcaucasia: 1st Khopersky, 1st Kubansky, 1st Umansky, 2nd Kubansky battery as part of the 1st Caucasian Cossack division; 1st Zaparozhsky, 1st Labinsky, 1st Poltava, 1st Black Sea, 1st and 5th Kuban batteries as part of the 2nd Caucasian Cossack Division. In addition to the aforementioned combat units, the army had a contingent of local commands and permanent militia.
A1. Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, reigning in the Russian Empire, was called “Gendarme of Europe”
1) from 1796 to 1801 3) from 1825 to 1855
2) from 1801 to 1825 4) from 1855 to 1881
A2. In 1897-1899 Minister of Finance SY. Witte was held currency reform, which marked the introduction of:
1) gold circulation 3) copper ruble
2) silver circulation 4) paper credit notes
A3. What was the name of a Cossack settlement consisting of one or two households in the Russian Empire?
1) village 3) farm
2) county 4) parish
A4. As a result of the system reform public education carried out under Alexander I,
1) universities were given broad autonomy
2) activity student organizations was prohibited
3) zemstvo schools were opened for peasant children
4) universal secondary education was introduced
A5. Read an excerpt from the notes of Prince SP. Trubetskoy and indicate the name of the organization about which we're talking about.
“...At first, young people limited themselves to talking among themselves. It was still unknown what exactly the sovereign intended to do; but in the confidence that he sincerely wanted to arrange the good of Russia, it was decided to give form to society and determine the order of actions with which they intended to support and reinforce the sovereign’s assumptions. On February 9, 1816, Pestel, Nikita Muravyov, Sergei Shipov and Trubetskoy laid the foundation for the society... Pestel, Dolgorukov and Trubetskoy were instructed to write the charter of the Society, the latter took up the rules for accepting members and the procedure for their actions in the society.”
1) “Union of Salvation” 3) “Society of United Slavs”
2) “Union of Welfare” 4) “Land and Freedom”
A6. In what year did Russia sign the Treaty of Tilsit with France?
1) in 1801 3) in 1807
2) in 1803 4) in 1812
A7. To whom from statesmen Emperor Nicholas I was entrusted with carrying out a reform of the management of state peasants?
1) M.M. Speransky 3) Ya.I. Rostovtsev
2) P.D. Kiselev 4) A.Kh. Benckendorf
A8. Peasants were provided with land according to the reform of 1861.
1) for ransom with the assistance of the state
2) for ransom with the assistance of zemstvo authorities
3) at the expense of the state treasury
4) due to a loan from the landowner
A9. Which of the following is one of the reasons Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878?
1) support liberation struggle South Slavs against Turkey
2) Turkey’s desire to conquer Bulgaria
3) Russia’s allied obligations to England and France
4) assistance to Germany in expanding the degree of its influence in the Balkans
A10. Read an excerpt from the article by KS. Aksakov “On the Russian View” and indicate to which direction of socio-political thought the author belonged.
“The Russian people have a direct right as a people to universal human rights, and not through the mediation and not with the permission Western Europe. He treats Europe critically and freely, accepting from it only what can be common property, and discarding European nationality..."
1) Westerners 3) Decembrists
2) Slavophiles 4) Narodnaya Volya
A11. Which of the above refers to the socio-economic processes of the first half of the 19th century?
1) formation patrimonial land ownership
2) beginning industrial revolution
3) the appearance of the first manufactories
4) nationalization of industry
A12. Battle of Smolensk, Battle of Borodino, Tarutinsky march maneuver- heroic pages of war history
1) Livonian 3) Crimean
2) Patriotic 4) World War I
A13. As in the newspaper “Golos” dated February 16, 1880, contemporaries named the period when M.T. Loris-Melikov was in charge domestic policy states?
1) “period of counter-reforms” 3) “dictatorship of the heart”
2) "era" liberal reforms» 4) “era of mercantilism”
A14. Active growth Agriculture in the 70-90s. XIX century held back
1) saving peasant community
2) partial destruction of landownership
3) introduction of new agricultural machines
4) strengthening the agricultural specialization of the country's regions
A15. Read the statement by A.I. Herzen about the letter and indicate the name of its author.
“The “letter” shocked him all thinking Russia and had every right to do so. After "Woe from Wit" there was not one literary work, which would make such a strong impression. Between them - ten years of silence, December 14, gallows, hard labor, Nikolai. (...) Emperor Nicholas ordered him to be declared crazy and obligated by signature not to write anything.”
1) A.S. Pushkin 3) N.G. Chernyshevsky
2) V.G. Belinsky 4) P.Ya. Chaadaev
A16. Indicate the changes and transformations that were carried out during the Great Reforms of the 1860-1870s.
A) the introduction of universal conscription
B) limiting corvee to two days a week
B) personal emancipation of serfs
D) exemption of nobles from military service
D) introduction of the institution of jurors
Please indicate the correct answer
1)ABG 2)AVD 3)BVG 4)IOP
About 12 thousand Cossacks remained subjects of the Russian Empire and joined the army, however, many could not withstand the strict discipline of regular army units.
Some of the Cossacks first went to the Crimean Khanate, and then to the territory of Turkey, where they settled in the Danube Delta. The Sultan allowed them to found the Transdanubian Sich (1775-1828) on the condition of providing 5,000 troops to his army.
However, the liquidation of such a large military formation as the Zaporozhye Sich brought a number of problems. After all, at the same time, the external military threat to Russia from Turkey still remained. Therefore, it was decided to restore the Cossacks and in 1787 the Cossack elders submitted a petition addressed to the Empress, in which they expressed their desire to continue to serve. Alexander Suvorov, who, on the orders of Empress Catherine II, organized army units in the south of Russia, began forming a new army from the Cossacks of the former Sich and their descendants. This is how the “Army of Faithful Cossacks” appeared, and on February 27, 1788, in a solemn ceremony, Suvorov personally presented to the elders Sidor Bely, Anton Golovaty and Zakhary Chepege banners and other kleynods, which were confiscated in 1775.
The Army of the Faithful Cossacks, renamed the Black Sea Cossack Army in 1790, took part in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792 and subsequently became the basis for the Azov and Kuban Cossack troops.
Abolition of the Ekaterinoslav Cossack army
It was formed by Prince Podemkin from the Bug Cossack regiments and one - - -heom of the Bug Cossack regiments and one - - -heom - former soldiers of the Ukrainian Landmilitz Corps, which were attributed to the army, bourgeois and artisans of Yekaterinoslav, Voznesensky and Kharkov governors in 1787. The population of the army as of 1788 was more than 50,000 people, of which the combat strength reached 10,000 people. He distinguished himself during the capture of Akkerman, Kilia and Izmail, taking part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.
No definite regulation on the order of service of the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks was issued, and the foremen of the Don Army ruled the local Cossacks at will. Due to this, as well as due to military circumstances, the army fell into disarray, and a significant part of the Ekaterinoslav Cossacks filed a petition to return them to their “primitive state.”
Decossackization under Alexander I
Abolition of the Nogai cavalry regiments
Two Nogai Cavalry Regiment with Cossack rights, five hundred each, were formed in 1802 from Nogais converted to Cossack status who lived in the Tauride region on Molochny Vody.
Four Ulan regiments were formed from the Cossacks [Olviopolsky (over the Bug rapids; now Pervomaisk), Bugsky, Voznesensky and Odessa], consolidated into the Bug Uhlan division.
Abolition of the Chuguev Cossack army
Decossackization under Alexander II
In particular, the process of decossackization of a large part of the Cossack class took place under Emperor Alexander II.
Ideas of decossackization
For the first time, the course towards “decossackization” was taken during the reforms of the 1860s. The slogan was put forward that “the role and task of the Cossacks are already over,” since the Caucasian War was over.
A special “Special Committee for the Review of Cossack Laws” was created in St. Petersburg. As it was announced, the committee’s activities were to be aimed at “increasing the well-being” and “civic citizenship” of the Cossacks. However, the committee did not even accept for consideration the proposals developed by that time in the Cossack Troops. At the very first meeting of the committee, the Minister of War of the Russian Empire, Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin, noted that in cases of contradictions between the military traditions of the Cossacks and “citizenship,” preference should be given to the latter.
The press widely joined in the propaganda against the Cossacks. The newspapers wrote that the “archaic” Cossacks did not fit into the army structure of a “modern” European state. In particular, the liberal newspaper “Golos” directly stated whether the issue of “improvement” of the Cossacks and the corresponding expenses should be raised at all, if the need for “the very existence of these Troops” is controversial, since their “strengths” and “combat qualities” cannot be perfect."
This caused a wave of protests. General decossackization had to be postponed. However, the Danube and Bashkir-Meshcheryak Cossack Troops were disbanded.
Forced decossackization
Not without forced “decossackization”.
The Black Sea region from Novorossiysk to Adler was separated from the Kuban Army, which began to be populated by Armenians. The lands of the Stavropol Brigade were also separated from the Kuban Army. 12 Cossack villages were transferred to peasant status. The same fate befell the Adagum regimental department.
The western part of the Samara-Orenburg line was separated from the Orenburg Army, and the Cossacks were also transferred to peasants.
Civil courts and zemstvos were extended to the Cossack Troops.
All Siberian stanitsa Cossacks were also subjected to decossackization: they were decossackized and listed as peasants. Transfer to
There was also a gradual displacement of the Cossacks from their land. The allotments of Cossack officers and officials, which had previously been given by the army instead of salaries and pensions, now became private property that could be sold, including to non-Cossacks. And the newcomers began to buy land. As a result, the number of “nonresidents” in the Kuban and Terek was 18% in 1878, 44% in 1880, compared to 1–2% in 1864.
As a result, only two Troops retained their territorial integrity: Don (which was the largest, and also because the Don military ataman received all the rights of the governor even before the introduction of these reforms) and Ural (where the lands were too infertile and where “out-of-towners” did not go "). The lands of the remaining Troops were fragmented. On the lands of the Cossack troops, mixed with Cossack yurts, there were civilian volosts.
Military reform
At this time, a serious military reform was carried out, the essence of which was to replace the recruitment system with military service.
In 1875, the Charter of universal conscription was extended to the Cossacks, but this was perceived as an insult. The Cossacks always considered their service as the main purpose of their entire lives, a sacred duty, and not some kind of “duty”. However, in the Charter, the Cossack Troops were listed practically at the very end - after the reserve troops, before the units formed from foreigners, who, in general, were classified as “auxiliary troops”, and not among the main personnel of the army. The service life of the Cossacks was reduced to 4 years. At the same time, the Cossack regiments were distributed as “fourth regiments” into army-wide cavalry divisions. But the entire cavalry was significantly reduced by the Minister of War. There are only 16 cavalry divisions left, among them only one Cossack - the 1st Don. In total, only 20 Cossack regiments remained in the peacetime army. In addition, according to the new requirements, not all Cossacks were called up for military service, but only those who were drawn by lot. Those on whom the lot did not fall had to pay a special tax in lieu of service.
In addition, according to the Cossack reformers, all the peculiarities of the Cossacks should have been erased by such short-lived service in ordinary cavalry divisions, which was not for everyone. Among other things, being a Cossack became unprofitable and with material point sight - after all, even without going to military service, the Cossack had to “pay for his own money” horses (two), uniform, weapons (although, perhaps, he would not be called up for military service at all), carry out military duties, be distracted by regular military fees. Why is all this necessary if you can freely leave the Cossack class and, becoming a peasant, tradesman or merchant, engage in your own farming, trade, start a trade? Just like everyone else lives next door. And if you are called up for military service, you can serve without all the hassle of “self-arming” and “self-equipment”, with full state support.
But, despite this, the cases of voluntary secession from the Cossacks were literally isolated.
The further progress of de-Cossackization was prevented by the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878), in which Russia, having underestimated the enemy’s forces, was faced with Turkish army, perfectly trained, armed with Krupp guns, new English rifles and excellent cavalry, formed from Circassians and Chechens, armed with the latest repeating “Winchesters”. To a large extent, the situation was saved by the Cossacks, who fulfilled the role of a full-fledged military reserve and were able to field 125 thousand soldiers. At the same time, making up only 2.2% of the country’s population, the Cossacks contributed 7.4% personnel all armed forces.
Notes
New Odessa.
To the question: How many Cossack troops were there in the Russian Empire? What were their names? given by the author Short-lived * the best answer is By the beginning of the First World War, there were eleven Cossack troops:
Don Cossack Army, seniority - 1570 (Rostov, Volgograd, Kalmykia, Lugansk, Donetsk)
Orenburg Cossack Army, 1574 (Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan in Russia, Kustanay in Kazakhstan)
Terek Cossack Army, 1577 (Stavropol, Kabardino-Balkaria, S. Ossetia, Chechnya, Dagestan)
Siberian Cossack Army, 1582 (Omsk, Kurgan, Altai Territory, North Kazakhstan, Akmola, Kokchetav, Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, East Kazakhstan)
Ural Cossack army, 1591 (until 1775 - Yaitskoye) (Ural, former Guryev in Kazakhstan, Orenburg (Ilek, Tashlinsky, Pervomaisky districts) in Russia)
Transbaikal Cossack Army, 1655 (Transbaikal, Buryatia)
Kuban Cossack Army, 1696 (Krasnodar, Adygea, Stavropol, Karachay-Cherkessia)
Astrakhan Cossack Army, 1750 (Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov)
Semirechensk Cossack Army, 1852 (Almaty, Chimkent)
Amur Cossack Army, 1855 (Amur, Khabarovsk)
Ussuri Cossack Army, 1865 (Primorsky, Khabarovsk)
The Kuban Cossacks are Ukrainians, and all the other Cossacks are Russians.
Best Remedy for Parasites
Enlightened
(20283)
Well, of course, Ukrainian Cossacks. Zaporozhye Sich.
Answer from Mark Gellerstein[guru]
Read Kostomarov
Answer from Vladimir Shchukin[guru]
There is only betrayal all around....
Answer from Zechariah[guru]
It is well known that the mother of Vladimir Monomakh, the Red Sun, was the Judeo-Khazar princess Malka (Malusha), and his teacher was his uncle, Malki’s brother, Dovbr. He was a Judeo-Khazar knight (hero), who entered the service of Svyatoslav to be close to his nephew and sister. Apparently, we need to start counting the service of the Judeo-Khazars to the Russian princes with him, and Dovbr (Dobrynya Nikitich, as the legend says) played big role in the baptism of Rus', and it should be considered the first “crossing”. Moreover, Dovbr was not alone, with him was a Judeo-Khazar squad.
The origin of the Cossacks haunted Orthodox Church. In order to hide their Jewish roots, she spread the legend about the Tatar roots of the Cossacks (as long as they were not Jewish). In the chronicles of the Don Army, I found a mention that the name of the village of Kagalnitskaya came from the “Turkish” word KAGAL.
Indeed, there is evidence of the circulation among Russian Cossacks in the recent past of a dialect allegedly similar to Turkic. For example, in L. Tolstoy’s story “Cossacks” Cossack women are mentioned who speak some kind of “Tatar” language. Even L. Tolstoy could not or did not want to imagine that numerous people- Cossacks speak Hebrew. It was easier with Tatar. No explanation was needed.
But it’s still hard to imagine a long-haired Cossack with a saber studying the weekly portion of the Torah on Saturday. And yet this was so. Despite the fact that the Cossacks spoke Russian and converted to Orthodoxy, they never recognized themselves as Russians.
They presented themselves like this: We are not Russians, we are a special people.
This is what Vladimir Goldin writes. I'm from Don Cossacks. My mother is one hundred percent Cossack from the old Cossack family of the Uvarovs-Motasovs-Pchelintsevs. In my native land, everyone considered me a Cossack, or at least Russian. Having moved with my wife to Transcarpathia, I immediately fell into the category of Jews. Next he writes. “I have in my family Don Cossacks. Outwardly more Semitic than the average Ashkenazi. They are more like Sephardim or Bukharian Jews. The character is really cool. Not a Jewish character, as it seemed to me. It seemed like that until I saw with my own eyes, in a purely religious Jewish settlement, horse racing with wild screams, and a fight organized by a young guy who had broken away from the religion.
In more late time researchers noted a significant number of Cossack surnames that clearly had Jewish origin: Yudins, Yudaevs, Khalaevs, Nivrochenkos, Matsunenki, Shabatnye, Zhidchenkovy, Shafarevich, Marivchuk, Borukhovich, Magerovsky, Gertsyk, Kryzhanovsky, Markovich, Perechristy.