Online service: text transliteration- writing Russian characters in Latin letters.
On the transliteration of Russian names and surnames
When filling out registration forms, questionnaires, registration various kinds documents (for example, a passport or visa), you have to write your last name, first name, address in Latin (English) letters. This service allows automate translation ( transliteration) Russians letters in English.
How to write your last name and first name correctly in English? How to correctly name a Russian website in English letters? Exist various systems or rules for transliteration of first and last names (transliteration of Russian words). They are based on the process of simply replacing letters of the Russian alphabet with corresponding letters or combinations of letters English alphabet(see below). The difference between the transliteration systems of first and last names is observed when translating some letters, for example E, Ё, Ъ, ь and diphthongs (combinations of a vowel and J).
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In order to translate english letters V Russians Paste the text into the top input field and click the "Make" button. As a result, in the lower input field you will get a translation of the Russian text into a transcript (Russian words in English letters).
Note. Since March 16, 2010, when issuing a foreign passport, new rules for transliteration of the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian alphabet are used. The result may not match the old name, for example, on a plastic card. So that the name in the international passport is entered correctly (as before), that is, so that it matches the name on the credit card or driver's license oh, you need to additionally submit a corresponding application. Example: Julia new system will be Iuliia, most likely you will want Julia or Yuliya (which, in my opinion, is more harmonious).
When issuing a driver's license, a transliteration system different from a foreign passport is used, similar to the system for a US visa. At the request of the owner of the record in Latin in driver's licenses can
In the 5th century BC e. Latin language(self-name Lingua Latina) was one of the many Italic languages spoken in central Italy. Latin was used in the area known as Latium (modern name is Latium), and Rome was one of the cities in this area. The earliest inscriptions on Latin date back to the 6th century. BC e. and are made using an alphabet based on the Etruscan script.
Gradually, Rome's influence spread to other parts of Italy, and through them to Europe. Over time, the Roman Empire took over Europe, North Africa And Middle East. Throughout the empire, Latin came to be used as the language of law and authority, and, increasingly, as the language of Everyday life. The Romans were literate, and many of them read the works of famous Latin authors.
Meanwhile, in the eastern Mediterranean, Greek remained the lingua franca, and educated Romans were bilingual. The earliest examples of Latin literature known to us are translations of Greek plays and Cato's agricultural manual into Latin, dating back to 150 BC. e.
Classical Latin, which was used in early works Latin literature, differed in many ways from colloquial, so-called Vulgar Latin. However, some writers, including Cicero and Petronius, used precisely vulgar Latin. Over time, colloquial versions of the Latin language moved further and further away from the literary standard, and gradually Italian ones appeared on their basis. Romance languages(, Spanish, Portuguese, etc.).
Even after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Latin continued to be used as a language literary language in Western and Central Europe. A huge amount of medieval Latin literature appeared in various styles - from scientific works Irish and Anglo-Saxon writers to simple tales and sermons intended for the general public.
Throughout the 15th century. Latin began to lose its dominant position and title as the main language of science and religion in Europe. It has largely been replaced written versions local European languages, many of which originated from Latin or were influenced by it.
Modern Latin was used Roman Catholic Church until the middle of the 20th century, and currently, to some extent, continues to exist, especially in the Vatican, where it is recognized as one of official languages. Latin terminology is actively used by biologists, paleontologists and other scientists to name species and preparations, as well as by doctors and lawyers.
Latin alphabet
The Romans used only 23 letters to write Latin:
Didn't exist in Latin lowercase letters. The letters I and V could be used as consonants and vowels. The letters K, X, Y and Z were used only to write words of Greek origin.
The letters J, U and W were added to the alphabet later to write languages other than Latin.
The letter J is a variant of I and was first introduced into use by Pierre de la Ramais in the 16th century.
The letter U is a variant of V. In Latin, the sound /u/ was represented by the letter v, for example IVLIVS (Julius).
The letter W was originally double letter v (vv) and was first used by Old English scribes in the 7th century, although the runic letter Wynn (Ƿ) was more commonly used to represent the sound /w/ in writing. After Norman conquest the letter W became more popular and by 1300 had completely replaced the letter Wynn.
Reconstructed phonetic transcription of classical Latin
Vowels and diphthongs
Consonants
Notes
- The length of vowels was not reflected in the letter, although in modern editions Classical texts use a macron (ā) to indicate long vowels.
- The pronunciation of short vowels in the medial position is different: E [ɛ], O [ɔ], I [ɪ] and V [ʊ].
Phonetic transcription of ecclesiastical Latin
Vowels
Diphthongs
Consonants
Notes
- Double vowels are pronounced separately
- C = [ʧ] before ae, oe, e, i or y, and [k] in any other positions
- G = [ʤ] before ae, oe, e, i or y, and [g] in any other positions
- H is not pronounced except in words mihi And nihil, where the sound /k/ is pronounced
- S = [z] between vowels
- SC = [ʃ] before ae, oe, e, i or y, and in any other positions
- TI = before the vowel a and after all letters except s, t or x, and in any other positions
- U = [w] after q
- V = [v] at the beginning of a syllable
- Z = at the beginning of a word before vowels, and before consonants or at the end of a word.
Latin alphabet (table), diphthongs, word stress, letter combinations, pronunciation in Latin.
The Latin alphabet has changed its composition throughout the history of the development of the Latin language. The very first alphabet consisted of 21 letters, then different eras new letters have begun to be added. Some of them have fallen out of use, others remain. The result was the classical Latin alphabet, consisting of 23 letters (some of which were given by the Greek language).
After the disappearance of the Roman Empire as a state, the Latin alphabet remained the basis for almost all languages of Europe, but in each of the variants there were some changes (closest to the classical version Latin alphabet there were Romance languages: Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, French).
The modern Latin alphabet consists of 25 letters (if with the letter W, then 26). The letters of the Latin alphabet can be found in the table below:
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Uppercase |
Lowercase |
Name |
Pronunciation |
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[G]* |
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[l]** |
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[To]*** |
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In Latin with capital letters are written:
- proper names;
- names of nationalities and months of the year;
- adjectives formed from proper names, as well as adverbs: Graecia Antiqua - Ancient Greece, Craece scribere - write in Greek
Diphthongs, letter combinations and pronunciation in Latin
The following diphthongs exist in Latin:
ae – pronunciation is similar to the Russian sound [e]
oe – pronounced like the German ö umlaut or the French diphthong, as in peur
au – similar to a combination of Russian sounds [ау]
ei – reads like [hey]
eu – similar to the sound of Russian sounds [eu]
It is worth noting that if one of the letters in a combination of diphthongs has two dots or a quantity sign, then the sounds in this combination will be pronounced separately: po ë ta, poēta
The letter “c” in Latin is read as [k]: crocodilus, cultura, colonia (knees)
The letter “c” + e, i, y, ae, eu, oe is read as the sound [ts]: Cicero, Cyprus, caelum (tselum)
* The letter h is similar in pronunciation to the Ukrainian sound [g]: humus (humus)
“J” - read as [th]: major. If a word begins with this letter, it is usually merged with the following vowel and pronounced as one sound: Januarius, Juppiter.
** The letter “l” is similar in pronunciation to [la, l]: Latinus (latinus), luna (lune).
l + i gives the sound [li], for example: liber (liber).
*** The letter “q” is always found in the combination qu + consonant and is read as [kv]: quadratus (quadratus). The exception is the word quum (godfather). In many publications you can find this word written as cum.
The letter “s” in Latin is read as: universitas (universitas), if the letter “s” is between two vowels, then it is pronounced as [z]: Asia (Asia).
Please note that the combination of letters ti + vowel is read as [qi]: constitution (constitution). Exceptions are: the word totius (totius), as well as s, x, t + ti, for example: ostium (ostium), Bruttium (bruttium), in Greek words ah, for example: Boeotia (boeotia).
Pronunciation of letter combinations: ngu and su:
ngu + vowel is read as [ngv]: lingua (lingua)
su + vowel is read as [sv], for example: suadeo (swadeo)
Accent in Latin
In words that consist of two syllables, the stress falls on the second syllable from the end: r o sa. In words that have more than two syllables, the stress falls on the second syllable from the end if it is long: nat u ra. If it is short - on the third from the end: f a brica.
Word + particles que, ve, ne shift the emphasis to last syllable of this word, for example: r o sa, but ros a que. If que is part of a word, then the emphasis is placed on general rule:it a que.
In the next article we will look at pronouns in Latin.
It is a widely held opinion, shared even by some scholars, that the Latin alphabet is derived from the Greek in the form used by Greek colonists in Italy, probably from the Chalcidian version of the Greek alphabet used in Cumae Campania. This theory attempts to prove that the Latin alphabet, with the exception of the letters g and p, is exactly the same as the Chalcidian alphabet. IN Lately However, it has been proven that this theory is generally incorrect and that the Etruscan alphabet was link between the Greek and Latin alphabets.
We have already mentioned that on the Praenestine fibula the sound f is conveyed, as in early Etruscan inscriptions, by the combination wh. Later, for example in the Duenos Inscription, the h was omitted - also under Etruscan influence. Thus, the Greek ϝ (digamma), that is, w, came to denote the Latin sound f, although Latin also had the sound w, and if the Romans had taken the alphabet directly from the Greeks, they would have had to use the Greek digamma to convey this sound, in at the same time, both for the sound w and for and in Latin the Greek letter υ (upsilon) was used,
The third letter of the Greek alphabet, gamma, received Etruscan alphabet form ϶ (or WITH) and sound value k ; it retained this sound meaning in the Latin alphabet, where it served to express the sounds k and g (as stated above, the Etruscans did not distinguish between the sounds k and g); WITH and subsequently retained the meaning of the sound g in constant abbreviations of proper names WITH(instead of Gaius) and CN(instead of Gnaeus). At the same time, Greek had two other signs for the sound k - TO And Q, therefore we find in the South Etruscan alphabet the sign C(with k value) just before e and i, K before a and Q only before u (the Etruscan language, as we have seen, did not know the sound o). The Latin alphabet took all these three letters with the same phonetic meanings, but over time lost the letter K, which, however, continued to be used as the initial letter in frequently used words or formal terms, such as Kalendae or Kaeso, and began to use the letter C for both the sound g and k. However, the letter Q retained the meaning of the sound k before u. Later, in the 3rd century. BC., ringing sound g was given special notation by adding a stroke to the bottom end of the letter WITH, which thus turned into G.
Absence from the early Latin alphabet special sign for the combination x (ks), which existed in the Greek alphabet, including in its Chalcidian version, but which was not in the Etruscan, serves as further evidence that the Latin alphabet originates from the Etruscan.
Substantial part Latin names letters inherited by English and most modern alphabets, also borrowed from the Etruscans, and only a few names were invented by the Romans. , borrowed by the Greeks, were completely different. About Etruscan origin the names of the letters are best evidenced by the names ce, ka and qu (explained by the above-mentioned use of these three letters). Another fact speaks to this: in Etruscan there were sonants, or smooth syllable-forming (ḷ, ṛ), and nasal (ṃ, ṇ), therefore modern names the letters l, m, n, r are vocalized as closed syllables(el, em, en, er), and the names of the rest agree to represent open syllables(be, de, etc.).
The creation of the Latin alphabet can be dated back to the 7th century. BC.
Evolution of the Latin alphabet
The original Etruscan alphabet consisted of 26 letters; the Romans borrowed only twenty-one of them. They abandoned the three Greek aspirates: theta, phi and hee, since in the Latin language there were no sounds corresponding to these letters, but they retained these signs to denote numbers. ☉, Ͼ, C came to mean 100, and later this sign was identified with initial letter words centum "one hundred"; ⏀, ⊂|⊃, Ϻ came to stand for 1000, and this sign was identified with the initial letter of the word mille "thousand", D, half of the sign ⊂|⊃, became the symbol for 500; φ - ↓ - ┴ - └ began to mean 50.
Of the three Etruscan letters that conveyed the sound s, the Romans retained the Greek sigma. The presence in the Latin alphabet of the letters d and o, which were not used in Etruscan language, is explained by the already mentioned circumstance that the Latin alphabet was created even before the Etruscans abandoned these letters. Use of letters S, K, Q And F already explained. The sign, which, as in the Etruscan alphabet, denoted aspiration, later received the form N. The sign I served for both the vowel and the consonant i. Sign X was added later to convey the combination of ks sounds and was placed at the end of the Latin alphabet.
Thus, the Latin alphabet had next view: A, B, C(With sound meaning k), D, E, F, Z(Greek zeta), H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, P(this was the original form R), S, T, V, X. Roughly speaking, it was a Semitic-Greek-Etruscan alphabet; the shape of some letters has been changed minor change; Semitic Greek Δ became D; Greek Σ became S; R is a variant of the sign P, modified by adding a dash under the semicircle; the remaining letters remained unchanged. Later the seventh letter, that is, the Greek zeta (Ζ) , was omitted because the Latin language did not need it, and new letter G took her place.
After the conquest of Greece in the era of Cicero (1st century BC), the Latin language began to widely borrow Greek words; signs were adopted from the Greek alphabet of that time Y And Z respectively for the sounds y and z (but only for transliteration of Greek words); these signs were placed at the end of the alphabet. Thus, the Latin alphabet began to have twenty-three characters; the signs themselves became more regular, slender, proportionate and graceful.
Although even in Roman times attempts were made to add new letters - for example, a variant of the letter M, introduced by Verrius Flaccus in the era of Augustus, and in particular the signs introduced by the emperor Claudius (10 BC - 54 AD), digamma inversum for the sound w/υ, to distinguish it in writing from u; antisigma, which is an inverted WITH(Ͽ), for the combination ps; half sign N(┠) for a sound intermediate between u and i - in general it can be said that the alphabet of 23 letters described above was used without changes with the same order of letters not only in the monumental writing of the Roman period, but also in medieval writing (as capital letters), and then in book printing up to the present day.
The only stable additions of the Middle Ages were signs U, W And J; more precisely, these were not additions, but variants of existing letters; sign U(for the vowel and, to distinguish it from the consonant υ) and consonant W were minor modifications V, a J(consonant i) - result small change sign I. In the era early Middle Ages two of these letters U And J(but not W, which appeared only in the 11th century) were used undifferentiated for both consonant and vowel sounds.
The most significant facts of the subsequent history of the Latin alphabet are as follows: 1) adaptation of the Latin alphabet to different languages, and 2) external change individual letters in a “cursive” or “fluent” style.
Many people wonder: “ Letters- which ones?" In fact, everything is extremely simple. In fact, the Latin alphabet is the alphabetic characters of modern English. The only difference is the pronunciation.
Where are Latin letters and numbers currently used?
Today, more than 40% of the total population writes in Latin. globe. And in fact, Latin letters are generally accepted international alphabetic characters. You don’t have to look far for an example; just take out your foreign passport and look at it. Under the surname written in Russian, you will definitely see its Latin version.
Numbers are also widely used in all countries. In Russia they are used in contracts, laws, and for numbering clauses. In order to understand how to write in Latin letters, it is enough to select consonant letters and take into account complex combinations, the table with which is given below. Typically, transliteration tables can be found at the information desk of any foreign consulate.
The history of the emergence of Latin writing
It is believed that the roots of the Latin letter go back to the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. There is also an opinion that the Phoenician letter also had its influence. Some are inclined to think that there were also Egyptian alphabetic signs.
The first reliable studies relate to 7th century BC. The archaic Latin alphabet consisted of 21 letters.
In 312 BC, Appius Claudius Russ abolished the letter Z, after which only 20 letters remained. In the 1st century, Z returned again, and with it appeared new symbol Y, and the alphabet took on its now familiar form. Over the following years, some letters disappeared and reappeared, some of them eventually united and gave birth to new symbols. Most often, controversy surrounds the letter symbol W.
Influence of the Greek language
Speaking about the Latin alphabet, it is difficult not to mention the influence of the Greek language, since it made a huge contribution to the formation of the modern Latin spelling. If you are confused about the question: “What are Latin letters?”, then you can search or remember the Greek alphabet.
By the way, the letters x, y and z were borrowed from the Greeks. Interesting fact: they wrote in Greece not only from left to right, but also vice versa, which is why they had so many inscriptions that read the same way, regardless of which end to start from. In fact, this phenomenon is often given a certain mystical character. There is even a magical "SATOR Square". All words written in it are read not only from right to left and vice versa, but, what is most interesting, the characters can also be read diagonally. There is a belief that by writing all these symbols, you can make a wish that will definitely come true.
How to write your first or last name in Latin
Very often, when submitting documents such as visas, you are required to indicate your personal data using exclusively the Latin alphabet, the letters of which must correspond as closely as possible to Russian. Let's look at the most common names and their spellings.
Pronunciation of Latin letters
If you are asking the question: “What are Latin letters?”, then, most likely, you will also be interested in learning how to pronounce them correctly. There are no difficulties here either, since, most likely, you heard this alphabet back in school.
Despite the identity English letters, do not confuse them. Latin has no complex or unpronounceable sounds, so everything is extremely simple. For comparison: in English language There is a whole list of sounds that are very difficult for a Russian-speaking person to pronounce.
Finally
We reviewed the topic: “What are Latin letters?”, and now you can easily fill out an application for a visa or for any other documents that you are going to send abroad. Convenience also lies in the fact that sometimes, when you need to dictate an email address or a link on the Internet over the phone, you can use the Latin alphabet - and the interlocutor will definitely understand you. Therefore, you don’t have to explain anything according to the principle “es is like a dollar,” etc.
Centuries have passed, but we still use this amazing language, developed by non-scientists based on opinion polls and other research, but by people who did not know what electricity was, where the ozone holes were located, and much more. Still a legacy ancient civilizations still makes itself felt, captivating and astonishing with its amazing solutions not only in art, but also in other areas.