The meaning of Vulgar Latin in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Russian-English translation Vulgar Latin

1 Vulgar materialism

2 abjectus

1. a,um 2. adj. tk. trans.

1) sluggish, flat, prosaic ( versus, oratio C)

2) low origin, simple ( familia C)

3) low, vulgar, vulgar ( verba C) ; despicable ( negotium VM)

4) broken, despondent, devoid of vigor ( animus C)

abjecto Bruto nep (= quum Brutus a. esset) - when Brutus lost heart

a. metu C- mad with fear

5) careless, unfinished, unprocessed ( senarii C)

3 humilis

e[humus]

avis volat h. V- the bird flies low

2) low-lying (Italia V; solum Just)

3) shallow, shallow ( fossa V, T)

4) coming from the bottom, common people, simple

natus parentibus humilibus C- son of humble parents

ex humili potens H- risen from the bottom

5) insignificant

civitas h. Cs- weak state

6) insignificant, unimportant, despicable ( res C)

7) humble, obedient ( preces Cld)

8) servile, obsequious, cowardly, low (assistant VP; animus Lcr, C etc.; homo C)

9) simple, modest ( vetitus Nep)

10) everyday, ordinary, everyday, banal ( curae P.J.) ; colorless, vulgar, vulgar (oratio, sermo C; verba Q)

4 Finis Poloniae

"Poland is over."

According to legend, this phrase was uttered in 1794 by the Polish national hero Kosciuszko, after he lost the battle of Maciejowice, when he was wounded, captured and taken to the location of Russian troops. However, Kosciuszko himself subsequently denied this, pointing out that he was seriously wounded before the end of the battle, so he could not know its outcome, and consciousness returned to him for the first time only two days after the end of the battle (letter to Count Segur dated October 12, 1803. , subsequently published).

In 1859, according to Vogt, [ Vogt, Karl (1817-1895) - German naturalist, vulgar materialist, secret paid agent of Louis Bonaparte (1850-1860s), one of the active participants in the slanderous persecution of proletarian revolutionaries. - author ], the moment to unite all of Poland with Russia. Instead of liberating Polish nationality from Russians, Austrians and Prussians, Vogt demands dissolution in Russia and the destruction of the entire former Polish state. Finis Poloniae! (K. Marx, Mr. Vogt.)

By annexing the divided parts of the Kingdom to their possessions [Austria and Prussia] would put a real end to its historical existence, that finis Poloniae, which, according to legend, even at the end of the last century, seemed to have come for Poland - to the noblest of her sons, Kosciuszko! (I. S. Aksakov, The Polish Question [Articles from the newspaper "Den"].)

Finis Poloniae. In this exclamation of the most capable leader of the people's militia, the Poles in vain see something frivolous. Kosciuszko saw that in the low level of the spirit of the country there was already something irrevocably expressed to his beloved homeland “Finis Poloniae”, so great and omnipotent is the significance of the spirit of the people and so dependent on it is the significance of the leader of the military and all his other forces. - Kosciuszko, having exclaimed his fatal “finis Poloniae”, in fact, did not say anything that would be equal in a hundredth to Montesquieu’s saying that “every government fits its people.” (N. S. Leskov, Memoirs, essays, articles.)

Many honest minds among us Democrats were stunned by the event of December 2nd. [ December 2, 1851 - date of Louis Napoleon's decree dissolving the National Assembly. - author ] It led some to confusion, others to despondency; some were horrified. I saw people exclaiming "Finis Poloniae!" As for me - there are moments when I have to say “I” and act as a witness before history - I affirm: I did not experience confusion before this event. (Victor Hugo. Napoleon the Small.)

5 Materialismus vulgaris

Vulgar materialism (in contrast to scientific, dialectical materialism).

Polemics against the creation of nature by a rational being, against creation from nothing, etc. - all this is mostly “humanized,” that is, translated into the noble German language materialismus vulgaris, which touches the hearts of the burghers. (F. Engels - K. Marx, October 18, 1846.)

6 Petitio principii

Anticipation of the foundation.

A logical fallacy consisting in the hidden assumption of an unstated premise for the proof.

Proudhon [ Proudhon, Pierre (1809-1865) - French publicist, one of the founders of anarchism. - author ] puts forward against Charles Comte [ Comte, Charles (1782-1837) - French publicist, vulgar economist. - author ] the following considerations: Comte wants to show how property arises, but begins by putting forward the nation as the owner as a prerequisite, that is, he falls into petitio principii. (K. Marx and F. Engels, The Holy Family, or a critique of critical criticism.)

Mr. Bulgakov is so confident in the crushing power of his arguments that he cannot refrain from a whole stream of strong words against Marx: petitio principii, non-Marxism, logical fetishism, Marx’s loss of freedom of mental flight, etc. Meanwhile, both of his arguments are based on a rather crude error. (V.I. Lenin, The Agrarian Question and the “Critics of Marx.”)

You, Mr. “epistemological democrat,” simply did not understand the accusation that “Comrade Plekhanov” brought against you. You view human communication as a predetermined moment, as a kind of “a priori”. But the question is, do you have the logical right to do this? I denied this right, and you, instead of justifying it, repeat as evidence exactly what is subject to proof. Such an error is called petitio principii in logic. Agree, dear sir, that petitio principii cannot serve as a support for any philosophical teaching. (G. V. Plekhanov, Militarismus militans. Reply to Mr. Bogdanov.)

The words “well understood” obviously contain the grossest petitio principii, since everyone necessarily considers his understanding to be good. (V. S. Solovyov, Criticism of abstract principles.)

Russian-English translation VULGAR LATIN

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More meanings of this word and English-Russian, Russian-English translations for VULGAR LATIN in dictionaries.

VULGAR LATIN - vulgar Latin
VULGAR LATIN - vulgar Latin
LATIN - Latin vulgar Latin - vulgar Latin
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LATIN - f. decomposition Latin ♢ vulgar Latin
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LATIN - female ; decomposition Latin vulgar Latin - vulgar Latin classical Latin - classical Latin
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LATIN - female decomposition Latin classical Latin - classical Latin vulgar Latin - vulgar Latin w. decomposition Latin
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BASE - I 1. noun. 1) basis, basis; basis to establish, set up a base ≈ advanced, forward, main base …
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LATIN - 1. ʹlætın n 1. 1> Latin language, Latin classical Latin - classical Latin medieval Latin - medieval Latin vulgar Latin ...
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LATIN - 1. noun. 1) Latin language classical Latin ≈ classical Latin dog Latin ≈ broken Latin low Latin ≈ vulgar Latin ...
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LATRINO - n (mil sl) 1. rumors 2. vulgar inscription on the wall of the toilet
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VULGAR LATIN - vulgar Latin
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VULGAR LATIN - folk Latin, “vulgar”, “kitchen” Latin
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VULGAR LATIN - vulgar Latin
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- abbr. from Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin
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SMALL - 1. adj. 1) a) small, small; small (in size) small capitals ≈ capital small craft ≈ small ships, boats small ...
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POPULAR - adj. 1) popular election ≈ popular election popular government ≈ people's government 2) a) suitable, adapted, understood popular history...
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NEW LATIN
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NEW LATIN - medieval Latin (from about 1500); Latin, used in scientific literature, in terminology, etc. a group of Romance languages
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NEO-LATIN - medieval Latin (from about 1500); Latin, used in scientific literature, in terminology, etc. a group of Romance languages
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NEO-LATIN - medieval Latin (from about 1500); Latin, used in scientific literature, in terminology, etc. a group of Romance languages
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LOW LATIN - vulgar Latin
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LOW LATIN - vulgar Latin
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LATIN - Latin - latin square latin: dog ~ spoiled, "kitchen" Latin Latin: Latin: dog ~ broken Latin; thieves, Latin thieves' slang
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HOYDEN - noun 1) a rude, poorly behaved girl 2) a tomboy, a daredevil Syn: romp 1. a noisy, loud girl; a vulgar young lady, a tomboy; ...
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HOIDEN - a loud, noisy girl, a vulgar young person, a tomboy girl - * a demon, not a girl loud, noisy, lively, broken (about a woman) with ...
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FISHWIFE - noun 1) fishmonger (at the market) 2) rude, loud woman fishmonger (colloquial) rude, scandalous woman fishwife fishmonger ~ ...
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DOG LATIN - corrupted, vulgar Latin
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DOG-LATIN
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DOG-LATIN - vulgar, "kitchen" Latin
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COMMON WOMAN
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COMMON
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BONE - I 1. noun. 1) about bones as parts of the body of vertebrates a) bone to the bone bone-polisher set a broken bone ...
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BLAZER - noun 1) blazer 2) something shining, sparkling (for example, a comet, a very bright day) 3) attracting attention (about a person and an object) bright ...
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BASE LATIN
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BASE LATIN - folk, vulgar Latin (ancestor of modern Romance languages) Syn: poor, shabby
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VULGAR - vulgar vulgar Latin - vulgar Latin
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VULGAR LATIN - folk Latin, “vulgar”, “kitchen” Latin
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- = Vulgar Latin_n. Vulgar Latin
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POPULAR - popular.ogg 1. ʹpɒpjʋlə n 1. mass newspaper or mass magazine, see also. popular press 2. pop concert 2. ʹpɒpjʋlə a …
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NEO-LATIN - n 1. medieval Latin (from about 1500); Latin, used in scientific literature, in terminology, etc. ...
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LOW LATIN - vulgar Latin
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FOLK LATIN - the once-go-vor-form of the la-Tin-language, the pro-ti-post-installation of its writing-li-te-ra-tur -no form.

The term “folk Latin” and the equally meaningful term “vulgar la-tyn” (from the Latin vulgaris - simple-to-native) arose in -zi with a question about the origin of Romance languages. In the 15th century, L. Bru-ni, in a dispute about the origin of the Italian language, expressed the idea that folk Latin, which Bru-ni is -val-Italian vulgar language, is-to-no su-st-vo-va-la next to the written Latin language. At the beginning of the 19th century, in connection with the emergence of a comparative historical method of studying Romance languages, folk Latin became -it is considered as their ancestral language. During the 19th century, folk and written Latin of most scientists (G. Schuhardt, German scientists A. Fuchs, G. Gröber, etc.) op-re-de- wow, like two different languages. At the end of the 19th century, this opinion was expressed by M. Bonnet (France) and the Prague linguist J. Mol. They believed that folk Latin was widely seen in its historical development in different regions of the Roman Empire colloquial Latin, on the basis of which a literary language arose, in turn having a known influence on colloquial speech.

The appearance of the word “folk Latin” is due to the fact that the Latin language is for-fi-si-ro-van only in writing (as the pra- vi-lo, whether-te-ra-tur-noy) form and spoken Latin speech can be judged primarily on the basis of indirect data. In connection with this, the traditional method of describing folk Latin is reduced to the analysis of those phenomena that are not from in literary language. At the same time, it is clear that the basic lexical and grammatical fund of the language, common to colloquial and literary speech, is not described. ka.

Since “no-one has ever written in the national language” (J. Mol), the main source com information about her is a method of re-con-st-ru-tion of ling-gvis-ti-che-skoy. It makes it possible to restore pro-no-she-ness, vocabulary composition and grammatical features of colloquial speech. chi. The data obtained by this method must be verified by the text. Written memories of the Latin language (for the use of Pompeii over-pi-sey, some over-pi-sey of Ri-ma and , perhaps, the speeches are free-from-pu-schen-ni-kov Tri-mal-khio-na in “Sa-ti-ri-ko-ne” Pe-tro-niya) not from-ra -they have full special features of colloquial speech.

Exactly folk Latin serves archaic texts dating back to that period when it has not yet been composed - the literary language, the later texts, created then, when the influence of the literary language was os-la-be-lo, and the texts, the genre of which stipulating the use of spoken language. The first ones, in addition to the archaic over-pi-s, include legal and sacred texts and pro-iz-ve-de-tions of the which style, due to its specificity, preserves ancient formulas and ancient expressions. To the second - a large number of tombstones and, above all, Christian texts. The third is ko-media (especially ben-but Plav-ta) and atel-la-ny, sa-ti-ry, letters, special literature [for example, tract-tat Vit-ru-viya “Ten books about art-hi-tek-tu-re” (“De architectura libri de-cem”; published in Russian in 1936, 3rd edition in 2005), “Mulomedicina Chironis” ( “Ve-te-ri-nar-noe art-art-st-vo Khi-ro-na”), etc.]. Dr. source of information about spoken speech - works of Roman grammars (especially the so-called “Appendix Probi”), glosses and similarities (small comments in the margins and between the lines of the ru-ko-pi-si).

The pro-ble-ma dialect-no-sti of folk Latin has its own sides and opponents. G. Shu-hardt (“Vo-ka-lism of the native la-ty-ni”, 1866-1868) gave a gi-po-thesis about the dialect of the people Latin, and the known uniformity of written sources was explained by the work done within the boundaries of the Roman Empire. rii ed-but-about-the-mo-not-swarm of letters. He allowed the influence of local languages on the formation of these dialects. In his opinion, the oldest dialects were in the territory of Italy [southern, developing under the influence of wasps -which languages (see Italic languages), Middle and Northern, which were influenced by the Umbrian language and Gallic language], then a dialect was created in Is-pa-nia, from which the dialect of Lu-zi- ta-nii, later the dialect of Gaul appeared and, most recently, Da-kia.

A special opinion about the role of the local sub-stratum was expressed by J. Mol, who insisted that he had more knowledge -what is the case with the interaction of languages that belong to one language group. According to this theory, the Latin language was much more influenced by the Italian languages, and not by the languages of the Roman provinces. Many ro-ma-ni-sties adhere to this gi-po-te-zy [M. V. Ser-gi-ev-sky, V. Vää-nya-nen (Finland), V. Pi-za-ni, etc.]. The study of modern dialects of Italy (see Italian language) and other territories of the former Roman Empire based on their use next-to-va-te-lam [V. von Wartburg, G. Rolfs (Germany), M. Kshepinsky (Poland), G. Lausberg (Germany), Piza-ni] Let us conclude that the modern Romanesque dialects are based on folk Latin dialects. Based on the unity of written Latin monuments, there is a gi-po-te-za about the unity of folk Latin.

At the end of the 19th century, it was held up before the sta-vi-te-li-mla-do-gram-ma-tiz-ma, because of how re-zul-ta-you their re- kon-st-ru-tsii at-in-di-li to the presentation of the existence of a single pro-to-ro-man-skogo language (Urromanisch). Their point of view is distinguished by the American linguist G. F. Maller, who originates the dialectal division of folk Latin right up to end of the 8th century. The question of the chronological framework of folk Latin is being resolved in different ways. Most scientists (A. Fuchs, G. Gröber, G. Schuhardt, J. Mol, M. V. Sergievsky, etc.) they draw folk Latin from archaic latin. Mla-do-gram-ma-ti-ki consider that folk Latin is the re-zul-tat of the development of the classical literary language, and from-but-si-li-it- phenomenon by the 1st century (V. Meyer-Lub-ke). Torturing the perio-di-za-tion of folk Latin based on cultural (Fuchs) or linguistic (Schu-hardt) factors.

In folk Latin there are a number of patterns that were developed in the Romance languages. Musical impact is pre-formed in di-na-mi-che-skoe, in some cases because -nya-this is the place of the hit. In vo-ka-lyz-me, the accumulation of di-phtones occurs, how many different vowels replace - there are ka-che-st-ven-ny-mi, there are 3 dialectal regions, different sys-te-ma-mi voices -nyh [Sar-di-niya, with a system of 5 vowels (i, e, a, o, u); Balkan Peninsula, with a system of 6 vowels (i, ẹ, Çе, a, o, u), and other regions of Ro-ma-nii, with system of 7 vowels (i, ̣e, Ç e, a, Ç o, ̣o, u)]. In connection with the har-rak-te-ra of accentuation, the os-lab-le-nie of unstressed vowels occurs, with - leading to the mixing of e and i, sometimes to the prominence of the vowel (in the middle syllables). In kon-so-nan-tiz-me ut-ra-chi-va-et-sya h, the process of moving u ̂ Ow>v, as well as i ^, e ̂ Oh -yes, oz-v-n-che-nie of the inter-in-cal-deaf, up-ro-sche-nie of he-mi-nat, from-pa-de-nie of the final con- vowels, disappearance of n before s, appearance of pro-te-che-s (looks at Pro-te-za) vowel . mi-la-tion and dis-si-mi-la-tion, typical for spoken language.

In morphology, the sus-st-vi-tel-noe ut-ra-chi-va-et ka-te-go-ria of the neuter genus, is reduced to two or up to one number of steps, the 4th and 5th declinations disappear, with two and one th windows. Pro-is-ho-dit for the analytic degrees of comparison of syn-te-ti-che-ski-mi (see Ana-li-tism in languages knowledge, Syn-the-tism). Often the demonstrative places ille 'that' and ipse 'himself' are used in a role close to the op-re-de-len-but- mu art-tik-lyu Roman languages; differential-fe-ren-tsi-ru-yut-sya accented and unaccented forms of personal and possessive places. The merging of the 2nd and 3rd conjugations is taking place, the root vowel of the water is being restored but the gla-go-la, the de-substantial verbs, as well as the syn-the-tic windows of the passive voice, disappear. Difficult tenses of the passive form produce new meanings. Ras-pro-stra-nya-et-sya per-fect on ui. Pe-ri-phrases with in-fi-ni-ti-vom have a mod-distance meaning (see mod-distance).

In the syn-so-si-se, the pro-is-ho-dit replaces the pa-de-forms of the pre-false con-st-hands, from-me-et - a number of words (“subject+pre-di-cat+object” instead of “sub-ect+ object+ pre-di-cat”), more simply -ra-nen-now-mi [compared with sub-de-mining con-st-ru-tions (see Sub-division)] become-but-vyat-sya- chi-nitelnaya kon-st-ru-tion (see So-chi-ne-nie), more often in comparison with classical La-you-new used-re-la-et-Xia in- di-ka-tiv (see On-clination) in the pre-exact pre-lo-same-yahs, the turn accusativus cum infinitivo you-close-to-xia complete prepositions with soyu-za-mi quod 'what; in some way that' and quia 'in a way that', union si 'if' na-chi-na-et is referred to in kos-ven-nyh in -pro-sah in the meaning of 'li', new unions are being formed.

In the word-about-ra-zo-va-nii shi-ro-ko there are diminutive suffixes, nouns with suff-fik-s -arius, pri-la-ga-tel-nye with suf-fik-sa-mi -a̅nus and -o̅sus, intensive verbs, verbs with several additions. In the lexicon there appears to be a large layer derived from the Greek language, semantic origins come from me-no-niya.

VULGAR LATIN

Latin, folk Latin (lat. sermo vulgaris - everyday speech), a traditional term denoting the living language of the masses of the Roman state (from the 3rd-2nd centuries BC). Cicero, Quintilian and others opposed V. l. literary Latin (sermo latinus, lingua latina). With the collapse of the Roman Empire (4th-5th centuries), the single Latin language gradually underwent a process of differentiation. As a result of political and social changes, living Latin speech began to penetrate into all spheres of life. In different territories of the former Roman Empire, the development of “folk” Latin, due to the lack of political, cultural and other contacts, occurred in different ways, which led to the formation by the 9th century. independent Romance languages.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

The meaning of Vulgar Latin in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. Russian-English translation Vulgar Latin

Russian-English translation VULGAR LATIN

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