stages and main content of the reform
All reforms in the Russian Army took place as a result of the country's major military defeats in the struggle for freedom and independence. Military reforms of Ivan the Terrible at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. were caused by the need to strengthen the Russian army in connection with the creation single state and protection from attacks by neighbors. Peter the Great creates a regular army and navy based on conscription. After powerful defeats from its northern neighbors, after the defeat of Russia from the Anglo-French-Turkish coalition in the Crimean War of 1853–1856. There is an urgent need for another military reform in the country. After the military defeat in Russian-Japanese war 1904–1905 the government of Nicholas II attempted to carry out another military reform (1905–1912), etc.
The main goal of the latest military reforms is the creation of highly equipped Armed Forces with the necessary military deterrence potential.
When planning the reform, the country's leadership took into account the difficult socio-economic situation in Russia and the limited possibilities for financing reform activities.
The entire reform was planned to be carried out over a period of 8–10 years, which is divided into 2 stages.
At the first stage (1997–2000), it was planned to move from five branches of the Armed Forces to four branches.
The implementation of this stage of reforms took place under the strong approval of Western states, which saw their interests in this, and NATO member countries, which allocated money for disposal (destruction) Soviet systems defense and attack. In the period 1997–1998, the air force and air defense forces were combined. The ground forces were reformed, and the structures of the Navy were optimized. All this boiled down to the creation of a limited number of combat-ready formations and units, expanding the functions and sphere of influence of the remaining ones, staffed by people and equipped with modern equipment.
The first stage of military reform ended with the optimization of the entire structure of the Russian Armed Forces.
The second stage of the reform should bring the following results:
– transition to a three-type aircraft structure;
– creation of multifunctional new types of weapons for strategic, operational and tactical purposes;
– creation of scientific, technical and technological basis for the rearmament of the Russian Army;
– transformation of the Military Space Forces into an independent branch of the military.
As a result of the reform, the capabilities of the Armed Forces should increase to carry out the tasks of strategic deterrence, prevent and repel aggression against Russia and its allies, localize and neutralize local conflicts and wars, as well as implement Russia’s international obligations.
To solve these problems, the Russian Armed Forces must include:
– nuclear deterrence forces (SNF) – to deter nuclear powers from possible deployment nuclear war, as well as other states with powerful conventional weapons, from non-nuclear wars;
– non-nuclear deterrent forces to deter possible aggressor states from starting non-nuclear wars;
– mobile forces – for the speedy resolution of military conflicts;
– information forces – to counter a possible enemy in an information war.
These tasks must be solved by the already reformed branches of the Russian Armed Forces.
The main factors influencing military development are geostrategic position of the state, n also the nature and features of the military-political situation in the world. In order to determine the direction of military construction, it is necessary to correctly assess whether there is a danger of a military threat to the country, what are its sources, scale and nature. In other words, a balanced assessment of the real military-political situation and the prospects for its development is required.
After the end of the Cold War, the military-political situation in the world changed significantly. The acute confrontation between the two systems is a thing of the past. The threat of large-scale war has weakened significantly, although local clashes (mainly on ethnic grounds) still exist. Russia does not consider any state or people as its potential enemy, but it is also drawn into conflicts. A recent example is the resolution of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict in August 2008.
In addition to military-political reasons, the need for reform of the Armed Forces at the present stage is also dictated by economic considerations. Life requires bringing the Armed Forces into line with the level of economic capabilities of the state.
Since the 1990s. Russia is experiencing a sharp demographic decline (declining birth rate). This also dictates the feasibility of the reform. It is required to significantly reduce the number of federal departments with military formations, move to a mixed, and then to a contract system of manning units. With the reduction of the Armed Forces, this very real prospect becomes a step towards a professional army.
The main goal of the army reform under consideration is to increase the country's defense capability and bring the troops in line with the requirements of the time.
The end result of the transformations is an increase in the controllability of the army, optimization of its composition, structure and strength, and most importantly, an increase in its professional level.
A modern army requires achieving optimal characteristics of numbers, combat strength, organizational structures, management systems and all types of support. One of the indispensable conditions of the reform is optimization of the expenditure of material resources allocated to ensure combat readiness, their effective use based on the interconnected, coordinated action of all components military organization states
The basis for the military reform was the Presidential Decree of July 16, 1997 “On priority measures to reform Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improving their structure" (lost in force in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 29, 2008 No. 1139), new approaches to military reform are currently being developed related to changes in the structure, composition and strength of the Armed Forces.
To carry out military reform, the tasks of the Armed Forces were clarified, taking into account the foreign policy situation and the capabilities of the economy of our country, and the main provisions of the state policy in the field of military development were determined. All these points were initially reflected in a document called “The Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation”, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 17, 1997 (as amended on January 10, 2000). This document determined that Russia does not seek to maintain parity (equality) in weapons and armed forces with the leading states of the world and is focused on the implementation of the principle realistic deterrence, which is based on the determination to use the country's military power to prevent aggression.
In August 2005, President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed the fundamental document “Fundamentals (concept) of the state policy of the Russian Federation on military development for the period until 2010,” setting out the fundamental provisions on this issue.
In accordance with this concept, the army should be structurally divided into two components: strategic nuclear forces (deterrence forces) and general purpose forces.
Strategic nuclear forces in type and structure they must preserve the principle of the currently existing triad: strategic missile forces, naval strategic nuclear forces and strategic aviation nuclear forces. However, the focus is on the formation of a unified system of heterogeneous forces, including strategic and tactical components, as well as the development and creation of new, non-nuclear means of strategic deterrence. Much attention will be paid to the intensive development of long-range precision weapons. The experience of military operations has clearly demonstrated that non-nuclear weapons (cruise missiles of various types and high-precision aviation weapons) are capable of deciding the outcome of not only a battle or operation, but also a campaign, and even a war. In this regard, a new approach to reducing the nuclear arsenal is needed. Strategic nuclear weapons must be limited and reduced, taking into account the total (nuclear plus non-nuclear) potential.
A mandatory requirement for the deterrence forces is to further improve, increase the reliability and speed of operation of the strategic nuclear forces control system.
The process of ensuring military security by deterrence forces must be supported by both highly trained personnel and the appropriate state of weapons and military equipment. Compliance with these conditions will allow you to operate successfully in any current situation, including when conducting operations using conventional weapons.
The basis general purpose forces should form highly mobile formations and units of constant readiness, staffed by professional personnel on a contract basis. They must carry out the functions of non-nuclear deterrence and Peaceful time, and in troubling periods for the country, reliably protect the country from a possible air attack, repel aggression in a local war, ensure the mobilization and deployment of the main forces in waging large-scale wars.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated February 5, 2010 No. 146 approved the new Military Doctrine of Russia, as well as the document “Fundamentals of State Policy in the Field of Nuclear Deterrence until 2020.” The new doctrine consists of four parts. The first part formulates the general provisions of the Military Doctrine. The second part lists external and internal military dangers and threats facing the Russian Federation. New Russian threats include: NATO expansion, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism and the struggle for fuel and energy resources. The third part describes the main objectives of Russia's military policy, including preventing an arms race, preventing and containing any military conflicts. The fourth part of the Military Doctrine is devoted to improving the defense-industrial complex. Russia needs a modern and well-equipped army with high combat power.
Questions for self-control
1. Highlight the main factor influencing the military development of the state.
2. What are the prerequisites for reform of the Armed Forces in Russia?
3. What is the main goal of the reform of the Armed Forces in the Russian Federation?
4. What are legal basis carrying out reform of the Armed Forces in the Russian Federation?
Highlight the main directions for reforming strategic nuclear forces and general-purpose forces.
MILITARY THOUGHT No.2/ 199 9 , page 2-13
MILITARY REFORM
Optimization of the military organization of the state
Colonel GeneralV.L.MANILOV ,
first deputy chief
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,
Doctor of Political Science
MODERN military reform as a set of quantitative and qualitative transformations of the military organization of the state, aimed at optimizing it, bringing it into line with new geopolitical and military-strategic realities, objective needs protection of national interests is an essential component of political and socio-economic reforms in our country, one of the determining conditions for their success, an effective factor in ensuring the defense and security of Russia, its influential and constructive role in the modern world.
The military organization of a state is complex, multidisciplinary, multi-level system. In a broad sense, it includes three main subsystems: firstly, it is - military Power, those. Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies involved in solving the problems of defense and security of the country; secondly, this is - material and technical base construction, preparation and use of military force, i.e. the totality of elements of the state and society that ensure the functioning and development of a military organization, and thirdly, it is - spiritual potential. It brings together a wide range of social, moral, ethical, psychological phenomena, synthesized in the way of life, national character, the traditions of the people, their historical memory, the attitude of society and citizens to military service, military duty, military profession, defense of the Fatherland.
In a narrow sense, a military organization is a system of state and military administration bodies, the Armed Forces, military formations, the joint, concerted, coordinated activities of which ensure the solution of a specific, extremely important, vital task for the stability and progress of society and the state - the protection of the national interests and security of the country.
The nature, content, and forms of such protection are determined by the objective conditions of the existence of the state in the world community, its place and role in the system international relations. They are reflected in the composition, structure, strength, technical equipment, training and other parameters of the military organization. When persistent contradictions arise between these parameters of the military organization of a state and the conditions of its existence, military reform becomes an objective necessity. Its catalyst is mainly military victories or defeats that affect the geopolitical, military-strategic position of the state, changing or capable of changing its place and role in the world; the aggravated problems of implementing and protecting its national interests, especially vital ones; achievements scientific and technological progress, social upheaval, etc. Military reform is preceded and accompanied by the breakdown of habitual, seemingly unshakable military-political guidelines, standards and stereotypes, the abolition or radical transformation of outdated, outdated systems, bodies and structures, partial or complete replacement of military doctrine, strategic concepts, approaches to ensuring the functioning of the military organization in peacetime and wartime, its recruitment, other phenomena and processes.
Because of this, military reform requires the consolidation and high concentration of the material and spiritual resources of society to solve a complex of intellectual, political, organizational, technical, socio-economic, military-strategic and moral-ethical tasks, which, as a rule, have to be carried out in a historically short time frame . The essence of these tasks, the quintessence of the results to which their solution is aimed, ultimately comes down to optimizing the military organization of the state, which is confirmed, in particular, by the experience of domestic military reforms.
In relation to the transformation of the core of the military organization - the armed forces - their retrospective looks like in the following way. Military reform of Ivan the Terrible in mid-16th century century lasted more than ten years and led to the creation, instead of the previous squads, of a new, local army - the prototype (in the form of six rifle regiments) of the standing army of Russia with a single, centralized command and supply. Military reform of Peter I at the beginning XVIII century lasted almost a quarter of a century. Its main result was regular army. The Milyutin reform in the second half of the 19th century lasted more than 15 years and ended with the emergence of a mass army. The overall result of the military reform of the 20s this century became a personnel-territorial army.
Modern military reform in Russia deals with a general army military duty and is designed (for the implementation of the main activities) for eight to ten years, and upon achieving the intended final result - the creation of a professional army - for more than a quarter of a century.
The forward movement from line to line: squad - local (standing) army - regular army - mass army - cadre-territorial army - army of universal conscription - professional army - reflects both the national, Russian tradition, and the world experience mastered with it in mind and invariably focused on increasing the effectiveness of the military organization, its readiness and ability the best way protect the Fatherland with the rational use of funds and resources. And this is optimization. In terms of its goals and content, it implies, in essence, ridding the military organization of everything superfluous, unnecessary, non-functional, parallel, duplicating, outdated, ineffective bodies and structures, updating, improving the quality characteristics, useful output of the material and technical base, acquisition systems and preparation, elimination of unproductive expenses not justified by the interests of defense and security of the country.
Comprehensive studies of the problems of military reform in the context of solving new problems of military development, ensuring the defense and security of Russia were launched in 1992. Leading research teams, scientists, specialists and practitioners took part in them. By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 2, 1993, approved Basic provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation - one of the first basic documents of military reform. It sets out political, military, military-technical and economic fundamentals military construction in conditions modern era, fundamental provisions are enshrined on the prevention of wars and armed conflicts as the most important task of Russian military development, on partnership, on the unconditional priority of political-diplomatic and other non-military means in ensuring stability, security and peace. The doctrine formulates the fundamentals Russian politics in the field of nuclear weapons, the key parameters of the deterrence strategy are indicated. By classifying the sources of military danger, it defines the directions and political principles for countering external and internal threats, the tasks and priorities of military development, the requirements for the military organization of the state and all its components, i.e. created reference system for military construction and military reform. The framework for national work in this area was established by another important conceptual document - Main directions of military constructionVA in the Russian Federation for the period until 2005, put into effect by Decree of the President of Russia in August 1995. It defines optimization as the general direction of development of the military organization of the state as a single balanced system.
In accordance with these documents and on their basis, plans for the construction of the Armed Forces and other troops, the Armament Program, and other program documents and plans were developed. At the same time, the legal foundations of military development were created and improved: the laws “On Defense”, “On the Status of Military Personnel”, “On Military Duty and Military Service”, as well as laws regulating the construction and development of individual components of the military organization, in addition, a number of system-forming decrees of the President Russian Federation.
However, in practice, even with such a solid basis, long time little was done to implement the most important objectives of the reform. Most often, slowness, indecisiveness, or even just inactivity were justified by the lack of funds. They were indeed chronically lacking, and with an acute shortage of active, proactive actions to find a way out of the current situation, a vicious and completely vicious circle was formed: limited funds were almost entirely spent on maintaining the military organization in existing (and sometimes in unreasonably increasing in composition and number of some components ) parameters.
Staying in this state meant steady degradation and, ultimately, self-destruction for the military organization. To break this circle, we needed political will, the ability to think and act in an extraordinary, non-standard way. No less important was the ability to consolidate, collect bit by bit, mobilize the potential remaining in the military organization itself, direct it to practical work to overcome the crisis, to the consistent implementation the most difficult tasks military reform.
Such will, such ability were in demand on June 9, 1997. On this day, the President of the Russian Federation approved Deputiesvillages reforming the Russian Armed Forces, presented by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation I.D. Sergeev. This document synthesized the best of what had been achieved over the previous few years. But most importantly, he was aimed at immediately transferring military reform from the sphere of political rhetoric to the practical plane. It was this day that actually became turning point in the development of military reform.
Simultaneously with the deployment of practical work, the vigorous preparation of conceptual documents for military reform continued: the Concept of building the Armed Forces, the Fundamentals of Russian state policy in the field of military development for the period until 2005. A number of presidential decrees and government regulations were issued, and specific programs and plans were developed in accordance with them. The transformations have become purposeful and systemic. High professionalism, maximum use of internal reserves and capabilities, initiative, creativity, dedication of the officer corps made it possible by the end of 1998 to create strategic bridgehead military reform.
Over the course of a year and a half, the activities were largely materialized the first stage of reform of the Armed Forces. The in-depth integration of the Strategic Missile Forces, the Military Space Forces and the Missile and Space Defense Forces has been carried out. The solution to this complex, multifaceted and multi-level problem made it possible to create high-quality the new kind Armed Forces, ensuring a high (more than 90%) level of its combat readiness and a significant (15-20%) total increase in combat effectiveness. At the same time, significant savings in costs and resources have been achieved.
Another large-scale task has been solved - two largest species Armed Forces - Air Force and Air Defense Forces. Today the Air Force is a highly effective structure capable of solving complex problems using defensive and shock types weapons. Their balanced combat composition consolidated the best, most effective systems of the Air Force and Air Defense Forces: command and control of troops and weapons, aviation, anti-aircraft missile and radio systems, infrastructure elements.
The Ground Forces, which today consist of three main components, are being optimized: full-fledged formations and units of constant readiness, staffed with military personnel and equipment, respectively, up to 80% and 100% of the wartime staff; formations and units of reduced strength and personnel, leading mobilization work and ensuring short-term and long-term storage of weapons and military equipment; strategic reserves. All three components have a clear purpose and specific tasks.
A plan is being implemented to give military districts the status of operational-strategic commands. The unification of the Trans-Baikal and Siberian military districts has been completed, and the integration of the Ural and Volga military districts is next (by the end of this year). The tasks and procedure for using associations of the Armed Forces of a new composition and size when solving problems in cooperation with other troops have been clarified.
Large-scale transformations are being carried out in the Navy. Their structure, composition and grouping are being improved. Systematic, targeted work is being carried out to transition to a new organizational and staffing structure. The outdated five-link control system has been practically replaced by a more efficient two- or three-link system. Unique naval associations have been created in the Baltic and Pacific Fleet, including naval forces, ground and coastal forces, aviation and air defense.
Significant transformations have been carried out in the command and control system of the RF Armed Forces: the functions of military command and control bodies have been specified in accordance with modern challenges construction, development and use of the Armed Forces; parallel, duplicating structures were abolished; increased efficiency at all levels, including the highest echelon; control has been strengthened and responsibility for completing tasks has been personalized.
The formation of integrated logistics and technical support systems is being completed. The military education system is being reformed with the optimization of the network of universities and a gradual reduction in their number from 101 to 57. The system is being reorganized military science: the military-scientific complex is transferred to a three-level structure and the number of research organizations of the Ministry of Defense is almost halved (in accordance with the real scope of today's and future tasks).
Within second stage of reform- during the first five years of the 21st century - a systematic transition to a three-service structure of the Armed Forces will be ensured with an increase in the quality parameters of the troops. Among them, first of all, mobility(with a three-fold increase in resource availability by 2005 compared to 1997, and a four-and-a-half-fold increase in specific costs for current and future weapons and military equipment); controllability(with the development of a three-service structure of the Armed Forces, the creation of a two-three-tier control system based on automation and advanced information technologies, implementation of integration capabilities of operational-strategic commands); professionalism(using an updated system of military education, increasing spending on operational and combat training by 2005 compared to 1997 by 12 times); solid military discipline and law and order.
The idea of optimization permeates the entire complex of military development documents on which military reform is based. It is most succinctly and accurately expressed by the formula: “efficiency - cost - feasibility.” This is a kind of coordinate system in which uniform requirements for the shape of the military organization of the state that should be created are formed and embodied.
In relation to the main components of a military organization, these requirements can be grouped as follows.
In terms of the military force component. The number of ministries and departments that are allowed to have troops and military formations must be kept to a minimum. Need to reduce total number, optimize the structure and composition of troops and military formations. It is meant to retain within the military organization only those of them that actually solve the problems of defense and security by military means and methods. It is in them and only in them that military service should be constituted with all its inherent attributes, restrictions on civil rights and freedoms and corresponding benefits and compensation.
In terms of the military-technical component. A systematic structural, qualitative transformation of the material and technical base of defense and security must be carried out. The main thing here is to ensure the effectiveness of the weapons system and military equipment, primarily through the priority solution of problems of modernization, unification and standardization, increasing the organizational, technical and technological level of operation and repair, maintaining and strengthening scientific and industrial potential for high-quality systematic technical equipment and re-equipment of troops , as well as military-technical cooperation with foreign countries that meets the national interests of Russia. The system of mobilization preparation of the economy and population of the country must be transformed, and in some areas re-formed, adequate to current realities - conditions and requirements market economy, new property relations. The financing system should also be radically changed, starting with the introduction of a new budget classifier and ending with the rational, controlled use of extra-budgetary funds.
According to the military-patriotic, spiritual component. It is necessary to ensure active moral and political support for military reform from society, to overcome the crisis of defense consciousness, eliminate its consequences, and restore prestige military service and respect for the military profession. The following must be ensured: guaranteed decent payment by the state for military labor; realization of the rights of military personnel, citizens discharged from military service, and their families; providing them with benefits, guarantees and compensation provided by law; compliance of the socio-political and legal status of military duty with the Russian national tradition, the significance of its selfless fulfillment for the revival and prosperity of Russia.
Fulfillment of the requirements for the appearance of the military organization of Russia, which determine the main content of military reform, presupposes the formation and consistent implementation of a unified state policy of military development. At the same time, of course, one must keep in mind that military reform does not exhaust the entire content of military development, which is continuous process the daily functioning and development of the military organization of the state. Military reform and military construction relate to each other as part and whole. The first, according to current documents, is limited by the strict chronological framework of a two-stage period - until 2001 and until 2005. At the same time, demanded to life by radical, sometimes revolutionary changes in the productive forces, industrial relations, achievements in science, technology, technology, development of means and methods of armed struggle, military reform at the time of its implementation can become the most important, determining part of military development.
It is precisely this role that objectively belongs to modern Russian military reform - it reflects a radical change in the geopolitical and military-strategic position of Russia: the weakening of its international military-strategic positions against the backdrop of a general regrouping of forces on the world stage, the desire of one superpower to consolidate its sole dominance, the maturing ambitions of new centers of power, their claims to leadership, shifting the focus of international contradictions from the global to the regional level, exacerbation of contradictions on national-extremist, separatist, religious-fundamentalist grounds, intensification organized crime, terrorism. All this in combination with the actual destruction of the common defense space due to the collapse of the USSR and the liquidation of the Organization Warsaw Pact predetermines the unprecedented scale of transformations that make up the content of military reform. Their special difficulty, and often painful, are due to the fact that transformations have to be carried out in the context of reforming the entire social system, protracted internal political confrontation, socio-economic crisis, sharply limited financial capabilities of the state. At the same time, the task of constantly maintaining at the appropriate level the readiness and ability of the Armed Forces and the entire military organization must be reliably accomplished to prevent, and, if necessary, suppress aggression of any scale against Russia and its allies.
Under these conditions, optimization - as an ideology, as a method, as a super task and as a strategy for military reform - becomes not only absolutely necessary, but also the only possible means of achieving its goals. It makes it possible to implement the least expensive way to transform the military organization of the state, ensuring its effectiveness, adequate to modern and future conditions and tasks of ensuring defense and security in peacetime and wartime.
Main content optimization strategies is expressed primarily in a system of fundamental provisions that determine the priorities, direction and nature of transformations. Its cornerstone methodological principle is a clear regulation of the functions and the tasks arising from them in each specific area of activity of a military organization. Based on comprehensive operational-strategic and technical-economic calculations, the necessary forces, means, and resources are determined. A methodology for their rational, strictly controlled use is formed and tested, and in accordance with this, the structure, composition, and strength of one or another specific component of the military organization are determined. This makes it possible to create rational, balanced, efficient and productive bodies and structures aimed at solving certain problems, having specific powers and responsibilities.
The general vector of the optimization strategy is focused on bringing the main quantitative and qualitative parameters of the military organization into line with the real tasks of fending off threats to Russia’s national security. At the same time, a decisive increase in the ability of the components of the military organization to coordinate actions to carry out these tasks must be ensured, based on the centralization of operational management of all involved forces and means and improving interaction. And this presupposes the creation of unified centralized systems for managing the military organization and military infrastructure of the state, capable of ensuring the solution of problems both in peacetime and in wartime without significant transformations.
The most important provisions of the optimization strategy are related to the integration of defense and security tasks, which are clearly classified in the fundamentals of Russian state policy on military development. The leading role of certain components of the military organization in their solution, in coordinating activities and implementing interaction has been determined. In particular, the Ministry of Defense acts as the “main actor» in solving the problems of national defense, security and protection state border in the air, on land and at sea; Ministry of Internal Affairs - in the suppression, localization and neutralization of armed conflicts within the country; FSB - in the fight against terrorism, political extremism, intelligence activities of special services and organizations foreign countries; FPS - in protecting the state border; Ministry of Emergency Situations - in solving problems of civil defense, warning emergency situations natural and technogenic nature and elimination of their consequences; FSZHV - in providing technical cover and restoring railway communications for the purpose of national defense; FAPSI - in ensuring information security.
At the same time, prompt involvement and rational use the available potential of the components of the military organization, the implementation of the capabilities of all troops, military formations and bodies, forces, means and resources available to the state for effective solution defense and security tasks with the exception of structures of the same type in terms of functions, narrow departmental approaches, localism, and unreasonable costs.
Of fundamental importance for the consistent implementation of the optimization strategy is the implementation of the functions of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces to coordinate the development of plans for the construction and use of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies, their operational and mobilization training, and the organization of interaction in the interests of the country's defense. Must function unified military planning system, providing for the development of documents of a long-term, medium-term and short-term nature based on a program-targeted approach.
Optimal conditions for the effective use of the total potential of a military organization are created by the introduction unified system of military-administrative division territory of Russia. In order to optimize the management of interspecific groupings of troops and general-purpose forces, as well as other troops, military formations and bodies when solving problems to ensure the country's defense in strategic directions, operational-strategic commands are created on the basis of the directorates of military districts.
At the same time, as part of the optimization strategy, it is planned to transform the structure of all components of the military organization:
Armed Forces- based on the concentration of forces, means and resources in three spheres of armed struggle: land, air - space, sea;
internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - by removing in peacetime the function of protecting objects on communications and convoys, reducing the number of state objects protected by them, and subsequently - transforming into the Federal Guard (Federal Police of Internal Security) with the abolition of internal troops districts and the creation of regional commands (management - in accordance with a single military-administrative division of the country's territory);
Federal Border Service - taking into account the real tasks of protecting the state border on land, sea, rivers, lakes and other bodies of water with the gradual transformation of border districts (groups) into regional departments, and border troops- into the border guard, with a consistent transition to predominantly non-military methods official activities, adequate reduction of military components and transformation of border guard agencies in areas where military protection of the state border is inappropriate;
Railway troops - in accordance with the plan for the use of the Armed Forces and modern requirements for fulfilling the tasks of transport support for the mobilization deployment and use of the Armed Forces and other troops in wartime, as well as maintaining the sustainable functioning of Russian railway transport;
FAPSI- in the interests of bringing the number of regional departments into line with the military-administrative division of the country’s territory;
Ministry of Emergency Situations - by transforming civil defense troops into non-military formations and combining them with the search and rescue service within the framework of the unified State Rescue Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, organizationally consisting of rescue centers, institutions and organizations to provide them rationally located on the territory of the country;
FSB, FSO and SVR - based on the need to comprehensively solve the problems of defense and security of the country, to ensure the effective implementation of the functions of these components of the military organization.
In addition, by 2001, troops and military formations whose activities are not regulated by federal laws must be disbanded or included in the Armed Forces (within the limits of their established staff strength). The reduction in the number of military personnel and civilian personnel of a military organization in 2001-2005 is planned to be carried out to a level that allows, along with other measures, to ensure an increase in its basic quality parameters.
Achievement goals optimization strategy is directly dependent on the systematic, coordinated transition of the military organization to rational, coupled (single, common, united) systems of technical and logistical support based on expedient integration and mutual delegation, if necessary, of powers and taking into account the specifics of the structure, composition and solved tasks.
Wherein in the technical support system it is envisaged to create a unified regulatory technical framework for centralized program-target planning of orders for weapons, military equipment and other material assets, organization and implementation of measures for technical support of a military organization in peacetime, wartime and in crisis situations with transfer to in full The Ministry of Defense is responsible for ordering weapons and military equipment and other general-purpose materiel. Simultaneously with unification and standardization, a radical reduction in the type and range of weapons, military equipment and other general-purpose materiel, the territorial principle of factory repair of weapons and military equipment, other general-purpose materiel, and technical support for groups, regardless of departmental affiliation, will be introduced.
Optimizing the technical equipment system of a military organization involves concentrating forces and resources on restoring and maintaining combat readiness of existing weapons systems, command and control and reconnaissance equipment, as well as on their modernization, creating a scientific, technical, design and technological reserve. The priority areas in this area for the period until 2005 are: improving the complex of systems and means designed to solve the problem of nuclear deterrence; development of integrated systems and means of communication and automation, combat control, reconnaissance, target designation and electronic warfare; ensuring interdepartmental compatibility of communications at all levels of military command, primarily at the tactical level; creation of multifunctional fire destruction complexes that solve combat missions in real time, as well as improvement of automated systems air defense, aviation complexes and precision weapons. Essential They also have: the organization of industrial recycling of weapons and military equipment with the transfer of these functions, as unusual for a military organization, to civilian ministries and departments, the effective use of products received from it; introduction of new environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies; improvement of the environmental control system.
Despite the difficulties, certain results have been achieved in these priority areas. In particular, at the end last year The first regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces, equipped with the Topol-M missile system, a weapon of the 21st century, was put on combat duty. The first serial modernized multi-role fighter MiG-29 SMT was transferred for military testing. Its combat effectiveness is eight times higher than that of the base model. At the beginning of this year, a demonstration of a new generation combat vehicle took place - a multifunctional fighter of the 21st century. IN Ground forces Along with the modernization of existing weapons, a new tank, a missile system, artillery systems, multiple launch rocket systems, military air defense systems, and others are being developed combat systems, consolidating Russia’s undisputed world leadership in this area. And such combat systems as the Ka-50 “Black Shark”, Ka-52 “Alligator”, Ka-60 “Kasatka”, along with the tested and latest helicopters of the Mi family will dramatically strengthen the capabilities of army aviation. The Navy will receive new generation submarines that have no analogues in the world, ships of various classes and types. The Navy has a modern heavy aircraft carrier"Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov", on which an air group of highly effective and reliable Su-27K naval fighters can be based. In addition, the park naval aviation will be replenished in the future with a multi-purpose patrol aircraft - a new generation aviation complex, as well as a multi-purpose ship helicopter and other types of weapons.
Solving current and future problems of technical equipment of a military organization requires deep restructuring and conversion of the defense industrial complex(DIC) countries. By 2000, its core will be 670 enterprises. At the same time, it is necessary to preserve, strengthen and ensure (through the consolidation of funds and resources) the development of scientific, technical, design, production, human resources defense industry, adequate to the current and future needs of the military organization. Structural and qualitative transformations of the defense industry will make it possible in 1999 to increase the volume of Russian exports as part of the intensive development of military-technical cooperation with foreign countries by 20%. The main efforts will be focused on restoring Russia's position in regions that are traditional for the export of Russian weapons. Of course, the development of military-technical cooperation is envisaged to be carried out within the framework of active international military and military-political cooperation with the CIS member states, as well as with the USA, NATO on the basis of the Founding Act, with the states of Central and of Eastern Europe, with other countries of the world in order to strengthen trust, good neighborliness, stability, regional and global security.
Of great importance for strengthening the material and technical base of a military organization is the simultaneous optimization of the defense industrial complex. development of civilian high-tech industries, comparable in complexity to military products, as the basis of the production base technical re-equipment(when creating the necessary economic conditions) military organization.
The tasks of optimizing the technical equipment system of a military organization are solved in inextricable connection with qualitative improvement logistics systems. One of the key issues here is the effective coordination of the activities of the control bodies of the rear structures to ensure all components of the military organization. At present, a unified strategy has been practically formed for the development of logistics services, the unification of their structures, the integration of resources, forces and means of logistics support, their integrated use in the interests of all components of the military organization, regardless of departmental affiliation, and the improvement of the system of training logistics specialists. As part of this strategy, a phased transition to a unified system of logistics support for a military organization has begun, while simultaneously increasing its quality parameters through the implementation of modern market mechanisms, procurement of materiel on a competitive basis, standardization and unification of supplies.
The most important, and ultimately determining condition for achieving the goals of the optimization strategy is to ensure such a socio-political, economic and moral-psychological status of the state’s military organization that would stimulate its high-quality and stable replenishment and broad public support. First of all, this applies to officer corps as the main organizer and direct executor of tasks in the field of military development, ensuring the defense and security of the country. It is on his endurance, perseverance, dedication, professionalism, decency, and devotion to the Fatherland that in today’s critical conditions, both combat readiness, controllability, the relatively stable condition and daily functioning of the troops, and the implementation of reform measures are based.
The status of a military organization is largely associated with a strict and clear definition of the functions and tasks of military service, the main features of which are: limitation of constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual; unity of command, high responsibility for compliance with the requirements of military discipline, norms of military relations and ethics; extraterritoriality of performing defense and security tasks and serving; the obligation to perform tasks associated with difficulties and hardships, risking life; the need to master military weapons. Statement high status military organization will create the necessary prerequisites for the implementation state policy to increase the prestige of military service, restoration and development of Russian historical military traditions, support of the heroic-patriotic trend in culture and art.
In this regard, the definition and consistent implementation of government measures to democratization of personnel policy, providing for the introduction of a competitive principle when appointing positions, as well as strengthening unity of command, organization, law and order and military discipline, maintaining the moral and psychological state of the military organization at a level that meets modern requirements for ensuring the defense and security of the country.
In the process of optimizing the military organization, a transition should be made to a rational composition and structure of organs educational work, the formation of an effective system of moral and material incentives has been launched professional growth, activity, initiative, conscientious fulfillment of the duties of military service, moral and psychological support for combat and mobilization readiness, training and use of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies.
A system of multifunctional information, propaganda and editorial and publishing complexes is being formed. Much remains to be done to improve the performance, professionalism, authority and influence of military assets mass media as an important component of the national system of forming and supporting a positive attitude of society towards the military organization, military service, military duty, towards the warrior - from soldier to general and marshal.
To implement an optimization strategy, it is fundamentally important to create an effective social security system military organization, which should cover the entire cycle of military service - from conscription or concluding a contract to transfer to the reserve or retirement. We are talking about systematically increasing the material standard of living of military personnel and civilian personnel of a military organization, ensuring professional adaptation, psychological and social rehabilitation military personnel, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, practical implementation benefits and social guarantees established by law, giving them a differentiated, targeted nature, improving the regulatory legal framework for social security of military construction. An important step in this direction was the decision to increase the pay of military personnel in 1999. In general, the entire system of relationships needs serious transformation: military organization - individual - society. At the same time, the supremacy of laws, the maximum possible openness, publicity, civilian control within the framework of the development of democratic Russian statehood.
It is quite obvious that in order to achieve the desired effect from optimizing the military organization in the spiritual sphere, it is necessary to merge two streams: targeted, substantive systemic educational work, information support for the functioning of the military organization and the constant formation of the defense consciousness of the people, consistent military-patriotic education of the population. Such education and preparation of citizens for military service must be carried out in educational institutions, enterprises, organizations and institutions of all forms of ownership. It is important to improve the initial military training students of general education institutions, as well as a system for educating the population on issues related to ensuring life safety, to intensify the work of military-patriotic, military-sports, military-technical youth and children's associations and clubs.
Optimization is directly dependent on the solution of these problems picking systems military organization. It will be based on the principle of mixed recruitment - by conscription and voluntarily. Gradually, as the economic capabilities of the state grow, the proportion of military personnel serving under contract should increase, primarily where high professional training and stable physical, moral and psychological qualities are required. In addition, it will increase specific gravity full-time positions filled by civilian specialists performing public service in a military organization.
Increasing the efficiency of a military organization while simultaneously reducing its quantitative parameters is impossible without optimization military education systems. The program of its reform currently being implemented is based on the need to preserve the core of scientific and pedagogical personnel and methodological potential, improve the educational material and technical base, and bring the number of military educational institutions in line with the needs of the military organization and the state personnel order. The military education system must provide prospects for the career and professional growth of military specialists, create conditions for the unification, continuity and continuity of their professional education.
Along with this, measures are being taken to improve the system of training military specialists in state civilian educational institutions or in integrated educational and scientific complexes created on their basis, at interuniversity military departments, faculties and training centers. Increasing the efficiency and quality of this system will be facilitated by close interaction of military departments and faculties with military educational institutions. The Suvorov, Nakhimov and cadet educational institutions are called upon to solve the most important dual task - educational and educational - and therefore it is planned to expand their network and comprehensively ensure its functioning and development.
The successful solution of the tasks of military reform and military development depends to a great extent on dynamic development that meets the requirements of the times scientific complex of a military organization. Optimization as such is based on the achievements of science, on conclusions from complex research, calculations, forecasts and foresight. Therefore, from the point of view of how current tasks, and prospects, increasing the efficiency of military scientific developments and research, their coordination, and timely use of the results obtained in practice is of great relevance. It is necessary to optimize the system for developing requirements and setting tasks for conducting research work, their operational support, increasing the effectiveness of research, primarily through centralization, widespread introduction of program-targeted methods, competitive start, systematic control and independent examination. Naturally, we need targeted support for promising scientific and scientific-pedagogical schools, ensuring the priority of fundamental and exploratory research, and the effective use of laboratory and experimental facilities. A significant increase in the output of the scientific complex is also possible on the basis of close interaction between research organizations and military educational institutions and coordination of their research.
Consistent, phased implementation of the strategy for optimizing the military organization of the state involves the consolidation of all branches of government in this matter, active, coordinated work of state and military administration bodies, public organizations and citizens. Creation by 2005 of an effective military organization of rational composition, structure and strength, with high professionalism and moral and psychological maturity, a solid material, technical and social base - national task. Only with its solution will the realization of national interests, defense and security of Russia be guaranteed as a guarantee of its revival and progress.
The editorial team of the magazine "Military Thought" congratulates the First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, an active author and member editorial board magazine of Colonel General Manilov Valery Leonidovich on his 60th birthday.
We sincerely wish the hero of the day good health, happiness, prosperity, inexhaustible inspiration and new successes in his activities for the benefit of the Fatherland!
A radical transformation of the system of international relations, the adoption of a new military doctrine, a reduction in the size of the Armed Forces, a focus on quality parameters in defense construction - these and many other factors dictate the need for military reform in Russia. Therefore, military reform became an imperative of socio-political practice in Russia after the end of "cold war". The need for military reform in the Russian Federation is due to geopolitical changes. It is geopolitical features that predetermine the significant scale of transformation that must be carried out in the context of large-scale socio-economic reforms.
The armed forces inherited by the Russian Federation from the USSR were created as a means of confrontation in « cold war» and in many respects do not meet the requirements for modern armed forces. The Russian army is not sufficiently prepared for local and ethnic conflicts, due to poor technical equipment Russian army, insufficient professionalism of soldiers and officers. One of the main problems of the Russian army has been insufficient funding « human resource» , as well as ineffective mechanisms for social protection of military personnel. All of these problems and many others cannot be solved by gradually correcting the shortcomings inherent in the Russian army - to solve the numerous problems of the Russian armed forces, it is necessary to implement military reform as a comprehensive series of measures aimed at radically transforming the RF Armed Forces.
Military reform should not be identified with the reform of the Armed Forces, since the reform of the Armed Forces is considered as an integral part of the reform of the entire military development in the country. In this context, it is also worth noting some other problems accompanying the implementation of the military reform process in modern Russia, which, one way or another, require close study.
The crisis in the Russian army worsened in the late 1980s. By the end of the 80s. expenses for the military-industrial complex and the maintenance of a multimillion-dollar army aggravated the economic crisis. Underestimation of the factor of the Russian army's unpreparedness to repel threats to global, regional and national security has led to miscalculations in the military reform carried out in Russia. It should also be noted that all these factors create the prerequisites for the implementation of military reform in order to strengthen the combat capability of the Russian army.
As main negative factors, which predetermined the decline in combat readiness of the Soviet and then Russian army, K. Tsirulis and V. Bazhanov indicate:
1. The irreconcilable contradiction of the corrupt caste with the rest of the officer mass;
2. Alienation between the generals, officers, sergeants and soldiers;
3. "Hazing", which created a tendency to criminalize the army and a system of ugly informal relationships;
4. Intensive development of equipment and weapons, which has exacerbated the contradiction between the need to increase the professionalism of personnel and outdated methods of combat training and its organization;
5. The decline in the prestige of military service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation due to the involvement of military personnel of military specialties in economic work, which led to a decrease in combat readiness.
Unsatisfactory combat readiness is associated with a transition from the form of army organization inherent in the command-administrative system Soviet type to the form of organization of the army of a democratic state. However, events in the early 1990s prevented the rapid implementation of military reforms. In the 1990s. military reform was not implemented. Public policy reduction of military spending without reforming the Armed Forces led to the collapse of the army. The shortage of funding for the Armed Forces has led to the use of emergency reserves.
The military reform programs being developed had political significance, and military reform in practice meant a theoretical, methodological, organizational and legal framework. However, the successful implementation of military reform in the late 1990s. were hampered by insufficient funding, shortage of funds and lack of political will to implement the planned measures. During the military reform from 1992 to 2001, which can be called, in the words of L. Pevenya "a decade of missed opportunities", its main tasks were not completed:
- high level is not provided combat readiness troops;
- not developed effective measures By social security military personnel.
The aspect of the gradual transition of the Russian army to a contract basis for staffing positions deserves special attention. In the context of military reform in Russia, this process can be seen as affecting not only the organization of the Russian army, but also influencing Russian society. This makes it possible for contract soldiers to effectively use the latest equipment and improve the professionalism of military personnel and the Russian army as a whole. However, the initial cost of maintaining contract soldiers significantly exceeds the cost of conscript soldiers. The first experiments on the formation military units of contract soldiers were carried out in the early 1990s. The first unsuccessful experiment to transfer the army to a contract system of recruiting privates and non-commissioned officers in Russia began in 1992. The peak of the unsuccessful experiment occurred in the summer - autumn of 1993 - the experiment failed due to insufficient funding and the lack of a social benefits package for contract workers.
However, even now material remuneration and social benefits for contract workers are minimal. It can be assumed that, subject to the provision of favorable socio-economic conditions for a significant part of conscripts this type Service in the Armed Forces can become an attractive and prestigious type of public service. Important role Positive advertising in the media can play a role in increasing motivation to serve under a contract. Support for the transition to a professional army is significantly higher among groups with higher social resources and the potential for their implementation.
The introduction of the alternative civil service (ACS) became an important event in the socio-political life of the Russian Federation. Perhaps in the future the AGS Institute will be replenished a large number potential participants, the number of which can be measured in tens and hundreds of thousands. Jobs for those mobilized within the framework of the alternative civil service can be found in orphanages and homes, homes for the elderly, and people with disabilities. These jobs, as a rule, are characterized by relatively difficult working conditions and are not prestigious and unattractive for the majority of traditional workers, but the public demand for such work is increasing. Military reforms meet with support in Russian society, especially among those categories of conscripts and other social groups that receive social benefits or benefits as a result of the introduction of alternative civilian service. The problem of assessing the socio-economic consequences of staffing the alternative civil service is difficult to predict long-term. It should be assumed that many social groups will benefit from these innovations. However, in existing form These transformations cannot solve the main problem of the Russian army - the plight of soldiers (called up for military service) and officers.
Social aspects of military reform of the Russian Armed Forces
In post-reform Russia, complex, contradictory and often unpredictable social processes have a significant impact not only on certain social groups of Russian society, but also on military personnel and their families. Indeed, one of the main problems of the Russian army has been insufficient funding "human resource", ineffective mechanisms for social protection of soldiers and officers. All of these and many other problems cannot be solved by gradually correcting the shortcomings inherent in the Russian army. Therefore, in order to solve numerous social problems of the Russian army, it is necessary to implement comprehensive measures, the purpose of which is to take targeted actions aimed at radically transforming the social protection system of Russian military personnel.
Low pay for military personnel and insufficient funding for the maintenance of the army have become one of the important problems requiring immediate solution. In this regard, economic measures of the Government have been adopted or planned to be adopted, the purpose of which is to replace the benefits of military personnel with monetary compensation. Calculated for 2002-2010. the State Housing Certificates program partially contributed to solving this problem. The functioning of the mortgage system for officers will solve the housing problem for many military personnel.
Having examined the main aspects of military reform and the impact of its social aspects on Russian society, we can come to the following conclusions:
1. Russia as great country, on which international security depends, must have a combat-ready army that meets the most modern requirements. The need to counter terrorist threats and repel the threats of potential aggressors obliges military personnel to constantly improve the military-technical equipment of the army.
2. In the modern Russian army, a very negative social climate has developed; cases "hazing". To increase public confidence in the army, hazing must be curbed. Frequent cases of violation of fundamental human rights in the army determine the negative attitude of many conscripts towards military service. Numerous illegal methods of evading military conscription are widespread.
3. Military reform, carried out in Russia for more than a century and a half, has become one of key events Russian socio-political life. It has a great influence on Russian society and affects the interests of many social groups and lobby.
4. The most pressing problem of military reform has a rational, feasible solution for the Russian economy and society. Since 2001, it has entered the accelerated implementation process. The successful implementation of the military reform of the RF Armed Forces will make it possible to move to a new system of recruiting troops without compromising the combat capabilities of military units, to ensure the necessary number of trained reserves, to eliminate many aspects of social tension in society, which is typical for current system appeal and ensure Russian society's support for reforms.
Work with personnel
Referring to authoritative studies of domestic experts in the field of military construction and military management, B.L. Belyakov highlights the problems of educating personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and also focuses his research interest on the substantive characteristics of their influence. He points out that the problems of modern military education are determined by such a factor as the disintegration of the previously relatively effective and established system of educational work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, including the strengthening of military discipline, with military personnel of various ethnic groups and nations, along with introducing a religious factor into the army environment.
Slow and protracted phased creation new system educational work that does not meet the main goals and objectives of the concept of transition to a unitary system of educational work in military collectives various genera troops of the Armed Forces. This slow process of transition to a unitary education system, in his opinion, also makes it difficult for more effective and coordinated work command and commanders of military formations, as well as the system of bureaucratic departments of educational work to unite and carry out educational work in multinational or multi-ethnic military collectives of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Moreover, the absence in the Armed Forces of a scientifically and conceptually based system and training program for humanities specialists (philologists, ethnologists and historians) specially trained to conduct socially oriented work (information, educational, etc.) with military personnel of various ethnic groups has a negative impact and nationalities inhabiting the Russian Federation.
In the 70s of the last century in Soviet army there were no serious interethnic or interethnic conflicts, and in the system social relations the grandfather structure prevailed in army teams. Later, when solidarity in army collectives on a national, ethnic or compatriotic basis acquired a large-scale character, the compatriot-status system of social relations in many cases prevailed in army collectives over the traditional "grandfather's" and even destroy the latter. With the collapse of the USSR and the increased national homogeneity of the Russian army, the criminal system came to the fore.
In the modern Russian army, many commanders and their assistants in educational work need to work and act, mainly in extraordinary conditions and with some elements of innovation and even, under certain conditions, risk, to solve current problems and tasks of increased pedagogical complexity. At the same time, it is also necessary to take into account that some commanders have lost their previous ideological and moral values. traditional system educational work that developed in the Russian and Soviet armies, but new spiritual values in educational activities were never formed. Unsuccessful experiments in the search for a national idea, ostentatious appeal to national and ethno-confessional sources, and a decline in the standard of living of a significant number of the country's population led to social and legal vulnerability and uncertainty about the future among a significant number of military personnel. All these factors negatively affect pedagogical activity officers in the army to strengthen military discipline in military teams. It should also be noted that the solution to many of the above problems and challenges is possible by turning to theoretical, conceptual and practical methods sociological science and the involvement of professional sociologists in eliminating the consequences of these dysfunctional phenomena in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Along with this read:
Politics and military reform
Army reform
Military-technical cooperation with France
In the period from May 27 to May 30, 1992, under the leadership of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General P.S. Grachev, a military-scientific conference was held at the Military Academy of the General Staff. She preceded important event in the country - the creation of the Russian Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces. In this regard, its main content was a discussion of the problems of military security, consideration of the military doctrine of Russia, as well as the main directions of the creation, reform and use of the Russian Armed Forces in possible military conflicts and wars.
On August 10, 1992, an order was issued by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, which introduced a decree of the President of Russia on the formation of the Armed Forces.
The reform of the Russian Armed Forces is marked by the following features:
Firstly, the world has undergone fundamental changes in the geopolitical field (the collapse of the USSR, CMEA, the Warsaw Pact). Russia became the successor to the USSR;
Secondly, there have been changes in the socio-economic field;
Thirdly, the lack of a clear military doctrine;
Fourthly, the incompleteness of a number of documents defining the legal basis for the functioning of the Armed Forces and a number of others. The military reform was supposed to be carried out in several stages:
1st stage - 1992:
Create the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff and other governing bodies;
Accept fully under your jurisdiction troops located outside Russia;
Create a system of social guarantees for military personnel,
Determine the size and structure of the Armed Forces;
Create a legal basis for their functioning.
2nd stage -1993 -1995:
Continued reduction and reform of the Armed Forces;
Complete the main withdrawal of troops from Germany, Poland, Mongolia and other countries,
Switch to a mixed recruitment system for the Armed Forces;
Raise the prestige of military service, improve the financial situation of military personnel;
Increase the size of the Armed Forces to 2.1 million people.
3rd stage - 1995-2000:
Complete the withdrawal of troops to Russia from other countries,
Transfer the Armed Forces to new structures;
Increase the strength of the Armed Forces to 1.5 million people;
Carry out fundamental changes in the administrative structure of the Armed Forces, etc.
Until 1995, it was planned to have the following types of Armed Forces:
Strategic Missile Forces (9%);
Ground forces (33%);
Air defense troops (13%),
Military reforms and transformations of past years indicate that they were different in content, but at the same time they had much in common. Both positive and negative results of the military reforms of these years can and should be taken into account today when reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Sixteenth July 1997 The President of Russia signed the Decree “On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure,” which defines the main priorities of the state’s activities in this direction.
The goal of military reform is to bring the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation into line with the modern military-political situation and the capabilities of the state, to increase their combat readiness and combat effectiveness by optimizing the structure, composition and strength, raising the quality level of technical equipment, training and support, and the social status of military personnel.
Main directions of reform
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Structure optimization, combat personnel and the size of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
Qualitative improvement in the composition, training and support of the officer corps.
Raising the efficiency and quality of operational and combat training, training of troops, strengthening law and order and military discipline.
Increasing the quality level of technical equipment of troops.
Creation of economical, rational systems for recruitment, training of military personnel, military education, military science and military infrastructure.
Ensuring legal and social protection of military personnel and those discharged from military service and their families.
Ultimately, Russia must receive highly equipped, with sufficient deterrence potential, a modern level of professional and moral-psychological training, combat-ready, compact and mobile armed forces of a rational composition, structure and number.
In the process of reform, a new army must be created that meets the development requirements of the new Russia, in which it will be honorable and prestigious to serve, an army capable of reliably defending its Fatherland.