Sukhbaatar Damdin, Mongolian political and statesman, founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), leader of the Mongolian people's revolution 1921.
Sukhbaatar was born into the family of a poor Arat. In his youth he worked as a driver. In 1912 he was drafted into the army of feudal-theocratic Mongolia and commanded a squadron. Repeatedly participated in battles against Chinese militarists and bandit detachments of the Japanese agent Babujaba.
For his courage he was nicknamed “Bator”, which means hero, hero. This honorary nickname became integral part his name. From 1919 he worked as a typesetter at the Urga printing house. Here he met Russian revolutionaries and, through them, the liberation ideas of V.I. Lenin.
In 1919 he created an illegal revolutionary circle. In 1920 he headed the revolutionary organization that was formed as a result of the merger of his circle with a similar circle of Choibalsan. The creation of this organization laid the foundation of the Mongolian people's party, which took shape organizationally in March 1921 (since 1925 it became known as the MPRP).
Together with Choibalsan and others, he launched a campaign among the Arats for the creation of detachments to fight the Chinese militarists and Russian White Guards who occupied Mongolia in October 1920. Under the leadership of Sukhbaatar, the 1st Congress of the Mongolian People's Party was held in March 1921, calling on the Mongolian people to revolt and defining the tasks of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution.
Sukhbaatar was elected to the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party. Since March 13, 1921 he was a member of the Provisional People's Government, Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Army. Under the leadership of Sukhbaatar, the young regiments of the People's Army defeated the Chinese militarists on March 18, 1921 near Maimachen (now Altan-Bulak).
Mongolian people's army under the command of Sukhbaatar and units of the Soviet Red Army that came to the aid of the Mongolian people in May - August 1921 defeated the White Guard troops of Ungern. On July 6, 1921, Urga (now Ulaanbaatar) was liberated. On July 10, the Provisional People's Government was reorganized into a permanent one. People's government; Sukhbaatar became part of it, taking the post of Minister of War.
For outstanding services in the fight against the White Guard gangs - the common enemy of the Soviet and Mongolian peoples - Sukhbaatar was awarded Soviet order Red Banner. On November 5, 1921, Sukhbaatar participated in the signing of the Agreement on Friendship between the RSFSR and Mongolia in Moscow and was received by Lenin.
SUKHE BATOR
Sukhbaatar Street (Kirovsky district) is historically closely connected with Kirov Square. In the XV III - early 20th century the street was called Kremlevskaya (at the end of it, on the banks of the Angara, there was the Irkutsk fort-Kremlin). The square was called Spasskaya, Epiphany, or Cathedral, Gostinodvorskaya, or Torgovaya, Parade Square (Military, Headquarters), Speransky. With construction at the beginning of the 20th century. Tikhvin (or Resurrection) Stone Church square began to be called Tikhvinskaya, and the street received the same name. On November 5, 1920 the square received the name III International, and the street is Red Star. Since 1935 - Kirov Square, the street in 1963 began to be called Sukhbaatar (in honor of the hero of the Mongolian people). The square on the square was created y in 1960-1961 Of the ancient buildings, the following have been preserved: Spasskaya Church (1710) - now it houses a branch of the Museum of Local Lore; Cathedral of the Epiphany (1746) - it has a branch of the art museum; Polish Church (1883) - now organ Hall Philharmonic; Trapeznikov's craft and educational institution is now the biology and soil department of the state university. The street, as before, is the administrative center of the city.
In Ulaanbaatar, the capital of the Mongolian People's Republic, on central square, bearing the name of the legendary leader of the people's revolution Sukhbaatar, there is a majestic monumental monument: a galloping horseman with his hand raised high rises on a granite rock. Nearby is the mausoleum of Sukhbaatar. The monument was erected on the spot where Sukhbaatar solemnly proclaimed the victory of the people's revolution on July 11, 1921. Old revolutionaries, fighting partisans, remember the dying order of the hero, whose words are carved in gold letters on the pedestal: “If we, all our people, unite in a single aspiration, in a single will, then there is nothing in the world that we have not achieved, there will be nothing.” , whatever we didn’t know, whatever we couldn’t do.” On this main square, the working people of the republic annually celebrate the date of the victory of the people's revolution.
The life path of Sukhbaatar is the path of the Mongolian People's Revolution and the People's Republic.
On a fierce February 1893, in a yurt on the outskirts of Maimachen, a third son was born into the family of the poor arat Damdin. Damdin served as a watchman, sometimes grazing other people's cattle. On that day, February 2, he, while preparing firewood, found a hatchet in the forest (suh in Mongolian). The parents of the newborn considered the find a lucky omen and named the boy Suhe. Soon, Damdin’s family moved to Urga (now Ulaanbaatar), and his father began working as a stoker in the aimak office. Here, the broken little Sukhe often played with Russian children from the Consular village and learned to speak Russian.
Damdin's family was typical of Mongolia at that time. For more than two hundred years, Outer Mongolia has groaned under the yoke of the Manchu dynasty. But taxes and taxes were collected not only for the occupiers, but also for the local feudal lords, for the head of the Buddhist church, the Bogdo-Gegen. If there was nothing to pay, the poor man’s livestock and mobile property were taken away. The country of felt yurts was entangled in unpayable debts. There were 700 monasteries in Mongolia and not a single one secular school. 100 thousand lamas lived in the monasteries at the expense of serf arats - half of the country's male population. With the help of the Lamaist Church, the Manchus wanted to kill the Freedom-loving spirit of the Mongolian people.
Suhe has faced injustice, oppression and humiliation since childhood. At the age of 14 he started working. After some time, on the Urga-Maimachen postal route, Sukhe was considered the best coachman, the most resilient, courageous and courageous rider. He took first place at all the holidays. The smart young man was drawn to knowledge. A neighbor noticed this and started working with him. Soon Suhe could write and read freely.
In 1911, a revolution occurred in China. Mongolia freed itself from the Manchu yoke and became autonomous. The head of the state was Bogdo-Gegen Dzhebdzundamba the eighth - a drunkard and libertine. The new government included only princes and high lamas. Naturally, the position of the arats did not change. They remained powerless, serfs, and still lived in poverty...
In 1912, Suhe was drafted into the army and assigned... as a stoker. But the young man was dexterous and strong, he was attracted to military affairs. At this time, at the request of the Mongols, the Russians sent their military instructors. The restructuring of the army according to the European model began. The persistent, quick-witted Mongolian young man was noticed, assigned to a combat unit, and soon appointed platoon commander, then senior team leader of machine gunner courses. The Cyrics (warriors) loved their commander, who was always ready to help, and affectionately called him “bagsh”, that is, teacher.
Suhe at this time was already freely reading newspapers, starting conversations in political topics with Russian instructors. He knew the truth about the 1905 revolution in Russia, about the Lena execution and believed that waiting for freedom from tsars, princes and khans was a futile matter. When it happened in Russia February revolution Suhe was already a sergeant, an assistant commander of a machine gun company. Communicating with the Russians, he saw that their colony in Urga was divided: some wanted to continue the war to a victorious end, others wanted peace.
But then other stunning news came from Russia: the proletarian revolution had taken place. A group of Mongolian students who knew Russian and were in the know were recalled from Irkutsk revolutionary events in Russia. Suhe was eager to get to know them. But at that time Suhe was occupied with other matters. In the east of the country, the traitorous Mongolian prince, the Japanese agent Babujab, carried out bandit and ruinous raids. The Minister of War, a man with progressive views, X. Maksarzhav decided to teach a lesson and pacify the adventurer, and sent a detachment of Cyrics led by Sukhe. Deputy Minister of War Bayar was appointed commander.
People and horses were exhausted by the thousand-kilometer trek through the hills and eastern deserts. Suhe stopped the company to rest behind a low ridge. The Cyrics immediately fell asleep, only Suhe was awake. According to intelligence information, the enemy had a great numerical superiority - more than a thousand horsemen. Tsiriki and Sukhe were eager to fight, only Bayar was in no hurry.
“You, Sukhe, are a skilled bator,” he said in a flattering voice. “All hopes are on you... just don’t rush.”
Suhe decided to attack anyway. Using overgrown valleys and high river beds, he silently removed the enemy guards.
Forward! Behind me! For Mongolia! - Suhe commanded. The unexpected raid caused panic in the enemy camp. But by morning, using their superiority in forces, the enemy began to push back the Cyrics. At this alarming moment, Suhe’s resourcefulness and courage saved her. He rolled the machine gun onto a steep dune and from there, coolly and calculatingly began to hit the bandits. They couldn't stand it and rolled back. The Cyrics on horseback, pursuing the enemy, burst into Barga. Babujab was completely defeated. But Bayar took the glory of the victory and all the trophies to himself. Maksarzhav found out the truth and ordered an investigation. Bayar was exposed. Everyone was lined up on the parade ground personnel. Maksarzhav called Sukhe out of action and hugged him.
You, Suhe, with a handful of people accomplished a heroic feat and defeated the main forces of Babujab,” said the Minister of War. “Everyone admires you.” Behind boundless love to your homeland and people you are awarded the honorary title of Bator. From now on, everyone will call you Sukhbaatar. The minister attached a fourth-degree jeans ball to the hero's headdress.
Among the military, Sukhbaatar became a recognized leader. But Bogdo Gegen and his clique were not pleased with the victory of Sukhbaatar, a commander from the people. They were frightened by the October Revolution in Russia, its infectious example, and they colluded with the Chinese militarists. The Chinese invaders liquidated the autonomy of Mongolia, disbanded the army, and sent their troops into all Mongolian cities. Sukhbaatar was out of work. He became friends with young Mongols who returned from Irkutsk, they involved him in political struggle. Like-minded people, they understood that the Arats' path to national liberation It would not be easy and long, but they believed that if the Mongolian people began to fight for the independence of their country in alliance with the workers and peasants of Soviet Russia, and created their own revolutionary party, they would definitely achieve success.
In 1920, Sukhbaatar led a revolutionary organization that was formed as a result of the merger of several illegal political circles and which was the embryo of the future Mongolian People's Party. Russian Bolsheviks living in Urga, doctor Tsibektarov, mechanic Kucherenko, employees Popov, Gambarzhevsky helped the Mongolian revolutionaries. They introduced them to the liberation ideas of V.I. Lenin and advised Sukhbaatar to contact Russia. With a letter to the Russian Bolsheviks, he reached the border. Sukhe gave the letter to his acquaintance Arat, and he himself returned to Urga.
Several months have passed. One day the doctor Tsibektarov invited Sukhbaatar to his place. When he arrived, a short blond man stood up to meet him.
Meet, - Tsibektarov said to Sukhbaatar, - this is the special representative of the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern of the Sorokovikov.
The conversation lasted all night. At the end of it, I. A. Sorokovikov invited the Mongolian delegation to Moscow, to Lenin,
In the summer of the same year, a meeting of the revolutionary organization took place in a shepherd's yurt on the banks of the Tola. It accepted the “Oath of Party Members” written by Sukhbaatar. This was the first program of the people's party. It said that the main task all revolutionaries - to raise the Arat movement to fight, to cleanse the country of enemies, to restore its independence, to strengthen the people's state. They decided to send a delegation to Lenin with a letter.
Under the guise of the merchant Tumur, Sukhbaatar crossed the border. His wife Yanzhima and son Galsan remained in Urga. A day later, the entire Mongolian delegation gathered in Irkutsk. Part of her went to Moscow, to Lenin, Sukhbaatar and several comrades remained in our city.
“From tomorrow,” said Sukhbaatar, “we will attend the school of red commanders.” You need to master the art of war. The day of battle with the enemy is approaching.
Sukhbaatar, as a military specialist, was placed in a command position. We lived at the Amur Compound Hotel. Sukhbaatar improved his Russian language.
On the banks of the Angara, at the training ground, Sukhe taught the Red Army soldiers to skillfully wield a saber, overcome barriers at full speed, and cut through a clay effigy with one blow. He had no equal in cavalry training. He shot without missing a beat. Among the commanders and fighters, Sukhbaatar was respected. And in the evenings they studied and took an active part in the public life of the city.
In September, the first Soviet House hosted III provincial conference of the Bolsheviks. The chairmen of the communist sections - Hungarian, German, Czechoslovak, Polish, Korean - delivered greetings. Sukhbaatar was also given the floor.
Our revolutionary party,” he spoke excitedly, “was born among the shepherds of Mongolia. From them I bring greetings to the Irkutsk Conference of the Russian Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, the party that was the first to raise the banner of rebellion against world capital. The call of your party has reached the shepherds of the steppes of Mongolia, who have been enslaved three times: by their feudal lords, by the Chinese militarists, and by world capital.
In Moscow, the Mongolian delegation was received by V.I. Lenin. In the conversation, he emphasized that the struggle for independence and freedom cannot be waged by disparate forces, it is necessary to create the Arat Party, this is an indispensable condition for the victory of the revolution. You also need to have your own party newspaper.
Sukhbaatar, together with his comrades, began to develop a plan for an armed uprising in Mongolia. With the assistance of the Mongol-Tibetan section of the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern, with the help of the Irkutsk Bolsheviks, as well as the head of the international department of the political department of the 5th Red Army, J. Hasek, on November 10, 1920 in Irkutsk under the slogan “Proletarians of all countries, unite!” The first issue of the newspaper “Mongolsh Uken” (“Mongolian Truth”) was published; a total of six issues of the newspaper were published in Irkutsk. The newspaper was secretly transported to Mongolia and played a role in the political awakening of the people.
Sukhbaatar and his friends stayed in Irkutsk for about 4 months. They were in the thick of things and saw how the life of the city was being restructured towards peaceful creative work. This was a good school for young Mongolian revolutionaries.
Soon from Urga, Sukhbaatar received an alarming letter from his wife Yanzhima, in which she reported sad news: the revolutionary circles were destroyed, the Russian Bolsheviks Tsibektarov, Kucherenko and Gambarzhevsky were shot, Maksarzhav was arrested. The White Guard troops of the Japanese protege of the Baltic baron Ungern are moving towards Urga.
We had to hurry. On November 18, Mongolian revolutionaries left for the border regions of Mongolia. On March 1, 1921, the first congress of the Mongolian People's Party took place in the Russian border city of Troitskosavsk, now Kyakhta. The congress adopted the first program and elected the Central Committee of the party.
The main task of the first program of the party was the conquest of national independence and the establishment of democracy. It stated that “by establishing the power and rights of the working people of Mongolia, eliminating exploitation and enslavement, eliminating the bitter suffering of the masses, the Party strives to create for them peaceful life, their achievement of power and spiritual flourishing, prosperity on an equal basis with other nations and peoples.”
The Mongolian People's Party, relying on the experience and support of Soviet Russia, led the Arats to storm the stronghold of colonialism and feudalism.
A few days after the party congress, the Provisional People's Government was created. Sukhbaatar became Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Army. Sukhbaatar developed a detailed operational plan for the capture of Maimachen (now Altan-Bulak), and he himself led the Cyrics in the assault. After two attacks the city was taken. The Chinese militarists fled. The Provisional People's Government asked for help from Soviet country. And help came immediately. 35th rifle division, partisans of P. E. Shchetinkin, as well as regiments of the People's Revolutionary Army Far Eastern Republic helped the Mongolian People's Army defeat numerous detachments of Russian White Guards and occupied Urga on July 6, 1921. The adventurer Ungern, dreaming of creating an Eastern Empire, was sent to Novosibirsk, where he was convicted and executed.
All the streets of the capital were crowded with people. In front of the column of Cyriks, Sukhbaatar pranced on a white horse. The naked blades, tied with blue walkers, glittered. The horsemen were followed by machine-gun carts and guns. On July 10, a permanent people's government was formed. It confirmed the appointment of Sukhbaatar as Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief. Considering the situation in the country, the new government left the Bogdo-Gegen as the head of church power.
After the anti-feudal, anti-imperialist revolution, the people's government began to carry out social-democratic reforms in the interests of the Arats. The Revolutionary Youth Union was created.
In November 1921, Sukhbaatar went with a delegation to Moscow to see Lenin. The head of the Soviet Republic greeted the leader of the Mongolian revolution very warmly. Lenin gave a number of valuable advice on how to make Mongolia socialist, bypassing capitalism. To do this, it is necessary to create industry, raise your own working class, carry out cultural revolution and nurture your national intelligentsia. Now we need to fight for economic independence, for economic growth in alliance with the working people of Soviet Russia.
November 5, 1921 Soviet state signed the first equal agreement with Mongolia on recognition of each other, friendship and cooperation. True to the principles of Lenin’s policy, the Soviet government, through a special article of the agreement, confirmed its refusal special rights and privileges enjoyed in Mongolia royal Russia, freely transferred property that previously belonged to Russia to her young neighbor, and canceled a pre-revolutionary debt in the amount of about 5 million rubles in gold. The Soviet government highly appreciated the talented leaders and their role in the defeat of Ungern's gangs. Sukhbaatar, Choibalsan and Maksarzhav were awarded the highest Soviet awards - the Order of the Red Banner. Noting the merits of Sukhbaatar in the struggle for the liberation of the Mongolian people from national and social oppression, the Mongolian government awarded him the title of Hero and a three-point peacock feather (a sign of recognition of great military merit).
By 1922, all of Outer Mongolia was liberated and united into a people's democratic state. But the fight against the enemies was not over. One conspiracy follows another. Former Prime Minister Bodo and his accomplices were exposed and punished. To protect the gains of the revolution, state internal security is created.
On February 20, 1923, the labor community of Mongolia suffered a heavy loss: Sukhbaatar died. The death was unexpected for everyone. After all, just recently the country celebrated his thirtieth birthday.
A former active participant in the civil war, military specialist A. G. Nesterov, speaking on Irkutsk radio, recalled:
I came to work in Mongolia in 1924. From conversations with Mongols from various walks of life, I was convinced with my own eyes that Sukhbaatar was highly revered as a true leader working people. The military spoke about him as the bravest of the brave, about his iron will, about the talent of a commander. Ordinary people noted Sukhbaatar's care for the poor, his fairness and accessibility. They innocently, but with great sadness, said that evil demons had taken Sukhbaatar from them. In yurts over a cup of tea or kumiss I heard about him more than once: “He is ours, like us, from shepherds, he was a man of truth, he was strong and brave, he became a batar.”
They talked about Sukhbaatar as an enemy of lies and injustice, that his life was very difficult and full of hardships, but this life tempered him and raised him from a poor shepherd to a brave fighter for happiness ordinary people Mongolia.
A small scene comes to mind, indicative of the attitude of the Mongolian people towards Sukhbaatar. Somewhere in the middle of the road from Altan-Bulak, our car stopped at the yurts, and a passenger car drove up there, from which a woman got out. And suddenly Mongolian women ran out of the yurts towards the newcomer. The women excitedly repeated: Yanzhima, Yanzhima, and one of the women handed her her baby. The woman who arrived tenderly hugged the boy to her. It was clear that this beautiful woman, full of modest dignity and some kind of hidden sadness on her face, was not here random person. The Mongolian driver said in Russian with pride and respect: “This is Yanzhima, the wife of Sukhbaatar.” I wanted to look at Yanzhima’s pleasant face again and again, but the joyfully chirping women took her to the yurt, and we set off on our way...
In 1924, Mongolia was declared a People's Republic. Nowadays it has turned into an agrarian-industrial country with developed culture and science.
The Mongolian people honor the memory of the glorious revolutionary. The city, squares and streets are named after Sukhbaatar, and museums have been created. The people of Irkutsk do not forget the leader of the Mongolian Revolution.
There is a memorial plaque attached to the building of the Pedagogical Institute, which is located on Sukhbaatar Street. On it is a bas-relief of Sukhbaatar framed in Mongolian calico. At the top is the Order of the Red Banner, below is the inscription: “Sukhbaatar. 1893-1923 Founder of the People's Revolutionary Party and the People's Revolutionary State. In 1920 he lived and studied in Irkutsk.”
During negotiations on the conclusion of the Mongol-Soviet Treaty of Friendship. Moscow, November 1921
Previously, during the socialist era, Mongolia celebrated February 2nd on a national scale and organized significant events. Now the holiday is celebrated among the MPP (Mongolian People's Party), fans and relatives of the commander.
In honor of the 122nd birthday of D. Sukhbaatar on the central square of Ulaanbaatar, the leadership of the People's Party brought flowers to the monument to D. Sukhbaatar
In honor of the 122nd birthday of D. Sukhbaatar, the leadership of the People's Party brought flowers to the monument to D. Sukhbaatar in the central square of Ulaanbaatar. On this day, the merits and historical meaning personality of D. Sukhbaatar, scientific research conferences and exhibitions are organized.
The Mongolian public (at the initiative of the MPP) often discusses and criticizes the change of the name of the central square of the capital of Mongolia - the former “Sukhbaatar” - to “Genghis Khaan Square”.
Let us recall that in mid-2013, the Administration of Ulaanbaatar decided to change the name in honor of D. Sukhbaatar of the central square of the capital, where the legendary monument has stood since 1946. The square was named after Chinigiskhaan. However, residents of the capital note that they are still not accustomed to the new name.
Now in the central square of the capital of Mongolia there are simultaneously monuments to both Genghis Khan and Sukhbaatar, which often leads to confusion among residents and guests of the city.
So... The future leader of the Mongolian revolution was born on February 2, 1893 in a nomadic camp on south coast Kerulen River. When his parents moved to the capital of Mongolia, the city of Urgu (now Ulaanbaatar), his father served as a warden in the local prison.
Owner of Maxim
When Suha was six years old, the family moved to the Russian consulate area. There, playing with Russian children, Suhe learned Russian well, which later played a role in important role in his political and military career.
Early 20th century political situation in this region was very difficult. Most of The territory of Mongolia was a province of China. But the rule of the Chinese did not suit the majority of the Mongols, who sought independence.
“Great Khans” at dawn Soviet era in Mongolia - in the first row is D. Sukhbaatar (left) and the future legendary marshal. Worth it - V. A. Khuva. Urga. 1921 Photo dnevnik.bigmir.net
In 1911, China began bourgeois revolution. Taking advantage of this, the Mongols separated from the metropolis, forming independent state. Greater economic and military assistance in this process they were supported by tsarist Russia, which tried in every possible way to weaken powerful China.
After independence was declared, Suhe immediately enlisted in the national army. In 1912, with the assistance of Russian military advisers, the Khudzhir-Bulan School of Junior Commanders was founded, and Sukhe became one of its first students. Having a good command of the Russian language, he mastered the basics of military tactics better than other cadets and perfectly learned to shoot a Maxim machine gun. He also rode horses brilliantly, successfully passed all sports standards and was generally in full view of his superiors, who a year later appointed him commander of a machine-gun company.
After graduation military school Sukhbaatar participated in the protection of the eastern borders of Mongolia, smashed local smugglers with his detachment, and over several years of service gained authority and fame among his compatriots.
In 1914, Sukhe even led an uprising in the Khudzhir-Bulan garrison. The reason for the performance was the rotten meat that the authorities tried to feed the soldiers. A protest was lodged with the War Ministry in Urga, and government officials replaced the products with quality ones.
In 1918 military unit Sukhe defeated the army of the rebellious Bargut tribe in the Khalkhin Gol region, which opposed the central government of Mongolia. For this operation, Sukhe received the title of “bator” (that is, “hero”) and from then on began to be called Sukhe-Bator.
In 1919, China, taking advantage of the outbreak of a bloody Civil War in Russia, again occupied Mongolia. The central Mongol government was overthrown and the national army was disbanded. Shortly before this, Sukhbaatar returned to Urga and got a job as a typesetter in a local printing house.
Fight against Ungern
After the occupation of Urga by Chinese troops, underground anti-Chinese groups arose in the city, and Sukhbaatar joined one of them. These groups had close contact with Russian Bolsheviks living in Urga.
Depicted, of course, with the “leader” October revolution"V.I.Lenin
The Bolsheviks convinced the Urga underground to send a Mongol delegation to Irkutsk, occupied by the Reds. This decision was based on the considerations that to organize on our own armed uprising in Mongolia was impossible, and this required the help of the Red Army.
In mid-1920, Sukhbaatar and a group of comrades arrived in Irkutsk, illegally crossing the state border.
Meanwhile, events in Mongolia took a completely unexpected turn. Belogvardeiskaya Cossack division under the command of Baron von Ungern invaded Mongolia from the territory of Transbaikalia and completely defeated the Chinese occupation corps. Having occupied Urga, Major General Ungern ceased to obey his superior white commanders and declared himself the independent ruler of Mongolia.
He actively recruited soldiers from the former Mongolian army into his division. national army and then announced " crusade against Bolshevism." At the same time, according to Baron Ungern, the main role in this campaign was to be played by the warriors of the “yellow race” - that is, the Buryats and Mongols (there is a version that the Asian Division received its name precisely for this reason). This was a dangerous adventure, so the Bolsheviks decided to take Ungern seriously.
On February 9, 1921, Sukhbaatar was appointed commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army. revolutionary army and began recruiting soldiers. On March 1, the 1st Congress of the Mongolian People's Party was held in the city of Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta). the Provisional People's Government of Mongolia was formed there.
Sukhe-Bator in this government took the positions of chief of staff and commander-in-chief. Through his efforts, the People's Army grew quantitatively, qualitatively and, by Mongolian standards, represented a real force.
Simultaneously from Central Russia in Transbaikalia there was an uninterrupted supply of weapons and ammunition. In May, regular units of the Red Army also arrived to help - the former partisan detachment Shchetinkina, Neumann's rifle division, 35th cavalry regiment, commanded by the future marshal Soviet Union Konstantin Rokossovsky.
At the beginning of June, units of Ungern's Asian Division were repulsed by Shchetinkin in the area of the village of Zhelturinskaya. White's attempts to break through to railway on the left bank of the Selenga River also failed. But decisive events took place near Kyakhta, where the “mad baron” and Sukhbaatar met. The first clashes between the “Red Mongols” and the Ungernovites took place on the Orkhon River. Then the Mongol part of the Asian Division, led by Prince Bayargun, approached Kyakhta.
Sukhbaatar decided to give defensive battle and positioned his soldiers accordingly around the city. The battle began on June 5. First, the Red artillery and machine guns came into play, and then Sukhbaatar led his tseriks (soldiers) in a mounted attack. Bayargun was defeated. Ungern’s main forces arrived in time and restored the “status quo,” but on June 13, Neumann’s division and Shchetinkin’s detachment entered the picture and finished off the Asian division.
Sukhbaatar's troops could only pursue the retreating enemy. The winners moved deeper into Mongolia, and as they advanced, a kind of Mongolian war began. Civil War in miniature.
Some of the princes stood firmly for the whites, while others went over to the side of Sukhbaatar. Baron Ungern was captured by his Mongol bodyguards and handed over to the Reds.
Mysterious death
On July 6, 1921, units of the Red Army and the “Red Tse-riks” entered Urga. Governance of the country passed to the People's Government of Mongolia. Sukhbaatar received the post of Minister of War there, and under his leadership the creation of regular army. Mandatory conscription and united military uniform, a school for training national personnel and a hospital for military personnel were opened.
In fact, all power in Mongolia belonged to Soviet Bolsheviks, who at an accelerated pace decided to lead medieval Mongolia from feudalism straight into socialism. In September 1921 in Soviet Russia a plenipotentiary delegation was sent, which included Sukhbaatar. In Moscow, she met with Lenin and signed an agreement of friendship and cooperation with the RSFSR.
The Mongolian People's Party, led by Sukhbaatar, due to its obvious “immaturity,” was not allowed to be called communist, but was allowed to enter the Comintern as a sympathizer.
Widow of D. Sukhbaatar Yanzhima and son Galsan. Ulaanbaatar, October 1939
Upon returning home, squabbles broke out in the People's Government of Mongolia, and a fierce struggle for power began.
Sukhbaatar quickly dealt with his opponents through brutal repression. In the winter of 1923, having received news that the Japanese and White Guards were preparing another conspiracy, Sukhbaatar introduced martial law in Urga. He regularly traveled around the capital, checking the guards. During one of these trips, Sukhbaatar caught a severe cold and died on February 20, 1923.
People said that in this way the curse of the Buddhist lamas, who hated the revolutionaries closing the temples, came true. Versions were also put forward about the poisoning of Sukhbaatar by political opponents. In any case, his sudden death remained an unsolved mystery.
Sukhbaatar Damdin is a Mongolian politician and statesman, founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution of 1921. Born in 1893 in the family of a poor Arat, Uzemchin by nationality. In his youth he worked as a driver. In 1912 he was drafted into the Mongolian army and commanded a squadron. Repeatedly participated in battles against Chinese militarists and bandit detachments of the Japanese agent Babujaba. For his courage he was nicknamed “baatar”, which means hero, hero. This honorary nickname became an integral part of his name. From 1919 he worked as a typesetter at the Urga printing house. Here he met Russian revolutionaries. In 1919 he created an illegal revolutionary circle. In 1920 he headed the revolutionary organization that was formed as a result of the merger of his circle with a similar circle of Choibalsan.
The creation of this organization laid the foundation for the Mongolian People's Party, which took shape in March 1921 (from 1925 it became known as the MPRP). Together with Choibalsan and others, he launched a campaign among the Arats for the creation of detachments to fight the Chinese militarists and Russian White Guards who occupied Mongolia in October 1920. Under the leadership of Sukhbaatar, the 1st Congress of the Mongolian People's Party was held in March 1921, calling on the Mongolian people to revolt and defining the tasks of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution. Sukhbaatar was elected to the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party. Since March 13, 1921 he was a member of the Provisional People's Government, Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Army. Under the leadership of Sukhbaatar, the young regiments of the People's Army defeated the Chinese militarists on March 18, 1921 near Maimachen (now Altan-Bulak). The Mongolian people's army under the command of Sukhbaatar and units of the Soviet Red Army that came to the aid of the Mongolian people in May - August 1921 defeated the White Guard troops of Ungern. On July 6, 1921, Urga (now Ulaanbaatar) was liberated. On July 10, the Provisional People's Government was reorganized into a permanent People's Government; Sukhbaatar became part of it, taking the post of Minister of War. For outstanding services in the fight against the White Guard gangs - the common enemy of the Soviet and Mongolian peoples - Sukhbaatar was awarded the Soviet Order of the Red Banner. On November 5, 1921, he participated in the signing of the Agreement on Friendship between the RSFSR and Mongolia in Moscow and was received by Lenin.
Memory
Mausoleum of D. Sukhbaatar and H. Choibalsan at the Altan-Ulgii cemetery (Mongol. Altan-Olgiy), Ulaanbaatar
On February 22, 1923, Sukhbaatar died. He was buried in a mausoleum in the center of Ulaanbaatar (Sukhbaatar Square). In 2004, a public movement emerged in Mongolia to demolish the Sukhbaatar and Choibalsan mausoleum in central Ulaanbaatar. For the reburial of the ashes of two “people’s proletarian leaders” in a cemetery for prominent government and politicians More than 20 presenters have already performed political parties And social movements countries.
After the mausoleum, Sukhbaatar was initially buried in the cemetery for eminent figures of Mongolia in Altan-Ulgii near Ulaanbaatar, according to historical tradition- the body is placed in a coffin on a thick layer of salt to slow down decomposition. Later, his remains were placed in a stone urn and transferred to the tomb.
The Selenge Aimag Museum is located in the town of Sukhbaatar, Mongolia. It is dedicated to the Mongolian tribal formation called Selenge. The museum building is made in cylindrical shape in white tones with blue and brown accents.
The roof of the building is crowned with glazed turrets. The unique design of the structure is characteristic of the architecture of Mongolia. The Selenge aimag museum presents the history of tribal education and many other exhibitions dedicated to the history, architecture and art of the city. This place attracts many tourists from different corners peace.
Sukhbaatar statue
The monument to Sukhbaatar is a sculpture of the great military man, the famous leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution, which shook up the life of the people in 1941. The statue is located in the central square of the city of Baruun-Urt, Mongolia.
The figure of the founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, born on February 9, 1921 in the city of Urga, is depicted on a horse, which symbolizes the courage and heroic spirit of the latter during the revolutions. The sculpture is installed on a high pedestal, decorated with tiles, on which is embossed in gold letters on Mongolian language an eternal inscription glorifying the exploits of the glorious commander.
The most popular attractions in Sukhbaatar with descriptions and photographs for every taste. Choose best places for visiting famous places Sukhbaatar on our website.