There are many countries in the world that are not accustomed to the attention of foreign tourists. Chad is one of them. The appearance of a traveler here is a real event for local residents. To make the reader even more deeply aware of the scale of Chad’s tourist isolation, one fact can be cited: the first organized group of tourists in the history of Russia went to this African country only in 2013.
We invite you to learn at least a little about this unknown republic, as well as virtually visit the capital of Chad in our article.
Republic of Chad: a quick introduction to the country
The country is located in the central part of the continent and has no access to the ocean. It borders with six other African countries. The capital of Chad is N'Djamena, the country's population is about 12 million people.
Chad is a country of natural contrasts. An arid tropical climate dominates in the north of the state, and an equatorial monsoon climate in the south. Accordingly, in the southern regions of the country the river network is very dense, while in the north there are practically no natural watercourses.
The north of Chad is occupied by lifeless rocky and sandy deserts with sparse vegetation, the south is occupied by classic African savannas and even forests.
The beginnings of statehood on the territory of modern Chad were formed back in the 9th century. In the 15th-18th centuries, the “golden” empire of Kanem-Borno flourished here, which later collapsed under the onslaught of local warlike nomads. In 1899, France begins the colonization of Chadian lands. A year later, the future capital of Chad, the city of N'Djamena, was founded. True, it was originally called Fort Lamy. The French quickly dealt with the armies of local African rulers, establishing complete dominance over the territory of modern Chad until 1914.
The modern Republic of Chad became independent in 1960. Today it is a poor state, whose underdeveloped economy is very dependent on foreign subsidies and investments. According to the Human Development Index, Chad occupies 186th position in the global ranking. More than half the country's population remains illiterate.
In the second half of the twentieth century, Chad experienced a series of civil wars and armed conflicts. The last of them ended quite recently - in 2010.
Chad and tourism
After reading the previous section of our article, the reader will understand why travelers from other countries are in no hurry to go to the Republic of Chad. Nevertheless, in recent years, many tourists have become interested in the exotic countries of Africa, including Chad. First of all, they are attracted by the opportunity to hunt in one of the national parks of this country.
An amazing fact: the poorer the country, the more expensive it costs the traveler. Thus, the American company Mercer recently conducted an interesting study, according to the results of which the capital of the state of Chad took second place in the ranking of the most expensive cities in the world for tourists! The average cost of daily accommodation for a foreign guest in this city is $240.
If you decide to travel to Chad, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the list of risks and threats associated with this state:
- yellow fever (when entering the country you must have a certificate of vaccination against this dangerous viral disease);
- malaria (there is a high risk of contracting this disease in Chad);
- human trafficking and child abduction;
- military threat (at any moment a new conflict may break out in the republic);
- specific features of the local culture (local people are afraid and do not like cameras, so photographing residents of the republic without their permission is highly discouraged).
But don’t think that everything is very bad in Chad. The country, of course, is poor and dangerous. But, according to reviews from many travelers, the people here are smiling, friendly and modest, which is not at all typical for a poor African state.
The classic tourist route when visiting this country is as follows: the capital of Chad, N'Djamena - Lake Chad - the cliffs of the Ennedi massif. Let's take a virtual walk along this route.
Capital of the Republic of Chad: general information
The capital of the state is located in its southeastern part, near the border and 80 kilometers from Lake Chad - the largest body of water in Central Africa. The city is located on the banks of the Shari River, so the area here is very swampy. The climate is very hot.
N'Djamena (until 1973 - Fort Lamy) was founded by French colonialists in 1900 as a military stronghold. The modern name of the capital of Chad is translated from Arabic as “a place to relax.” The city's population is growing rapidly. In 2011, its population exceeded one million people. Despite the fact that more than half of N'Djamena's population remains illiterate, a university was opened in the Chadian capital back in 1972.
The city has preserved many traces of past wars. Nevertheless, the capital of the country, Chad, is changing for the better every year: new residential areas are growing, infrastructure is being modernized, and high-quality roads are being laid. Modern N'Djamena is an important cultural, transport and commercial center of the country. Several food and light industry enterprises operate here, and there is an international airport.
The capital of Chad: general features and flavor of the city
N'Djamena reminded Ilya Varlamov more of a Middle Eastern city than a Central African one. A famous Russian blogger and traveler visited the capital of Chad in 2013. You can get an idea of the city using satellite images. This is, for example, what the residential areas of the central part of N'Djamena look like (see photo below).
The city is divided into two parts: the “European” part, in which administrative buildings, financial institutions, various companies and houses of wealthy Europeans are concentrated, and the “African” part, where the old quarters with markets, industrial enterprises and numerous workshops are located. On the outskirts of N'Djamena there are many traditional huts with conical or grass roofs.
The climate in this part of the country is unusually hot. The warmest month is April. At this time, air temperatures can reach +45 degrees. On many streets of N'Djamena there are huge jugs of water so that travelers can quench their thirst. From November to March there is a dry season, during which rain is very rare.
N'Djamena's urban transport is dominated by small and maneuverable mopeds made in China. By the way, there are quite a lot of Chinese in the city. It was they who built a luxurious hospital in N'Djamena. There are also several Chinese restaurants in the Chadian capital.
What attractions are there in N'Djamena? What should a visiting tourist visit in this city?
Avenue Charles de Gaulle
Almost the entire city from west to east is crossed by the main avenue of N'Djamena - Avenue Charles de Gaulle. It starts from Freedom Square and stretches across the entire capital to the Catholic Cathedral. On the main street of the city there are many important objects: banks, ministries, foreign embassies and the presidential palace. The central part of the avenue is built up with modern European-style buildings.
Along Avenue Charles de Gaulle, buildings from colonial times can be seen in many places. The French at one time built here seriously and thoroughly: not only individual houses, but also the names of the streets are perfectly preserved.
A distinctive feature of this part of the city (which immediately catches the eye of travelers) is the beautiful and snow-white arcades. The architectural form typical of hot cities is a legacy of the same French colonialists. After all, in such arcades, citizens can be in the fresh air without being exposed to the scorching rays of the summer heat.
Grand Marche Market
There are several markets in N'Djamena. The largest and most colorful of them is the Grand Marche. It attracts the attention of all tourists without exception. Here you can buy exotic (for us, of course) fruits and vegetables - papaya, mango, sweet potato, coconuts, and also be surprised at the huge variety of herbs and herbs. Bargaining at the Grand Marché market is not only possible, but also necessary. With skillful bargaining, the final cost of the goods can be reduced by two to three times!
It would be worth visiting the souvenir market in N'Djamena. Here you can buy calabash - a vessel made of dried gourd in which drinks are stored and served, clay pots and plates, and black bronze items. There are also more expensive things. For example, ivory souvenirs or snakeskin wallets.
Great Mosque
In the very center of N'Djamena is the main architectural landmark of the capital - the Great Mosque. It was built in 1978. The mosque fully lives up to its name. The size of the structure is truly impressive, and the two high minarets of the mosque are visible from afar.
Opposite the mosque is the bustling Grand Marche market. Behind it, closer to the river, is the country's main stadium, where the Chadian national football team plays, as well as a hippodrome - one of the best in all of Central Africa. By the way, the list of sports facilities in the city does not end there. On the south-eastern outskirts of N'Djamena there is a beautiful golf club.
National Museum
The Chadian National Museum was founded in 1963. It is unique in its content: various exhibits dating back to the 9th century are collected here. Many artifacts were found by archaeologists during excavations. In the museum you can get acquainted with objects of the ancient civilization of Sao.
Of particular interest are various household utensils of local peoples, musical instruments and wooden masks. The museum also has a huge collection of calabashes.
Lake Chad
Many interesting objects are located outside of N'Djamena. Thus, just 80 kilometers to the north is the relict Lake Chad - the largest body of water in Central Africa. It is known for significant fluctuations in water levels. At the beginning of the 19th century it was full of water, but thirty years later it was a swampy reservoir with rare areas of clean water. At the beginning of this millennium, the lake began to rapidly dry out again.
“The Sea of the Sahara” is how locals poetically call Lake Chad. For them, the reservoir is the main source of drinking water. Crocodiles live in the lake, and lions and buffaloes live on its shores.
Ennedi Massif
The Ennedi Massif is a unique geological formation, a picturesque rocky plateau surrounded by the sands of the Sahara. It is located in the northeastern part of Chad, near the border with Sudan.
But tourists come here not only for the sake of the landscapes. Here you can see numerous petroglyphs (rock paintings) left by ancient tribes. Almost all images contain two motifs - cattle breeding and hunting. Ancient artists carefully depicted bulls and cows, shepherds and hunters with sharpened spears on stone walls.
Finally
Chad is an amazing, mysterious and a little dangerous country. It will definitely appeal to those tourists who are already fed up with the comfortable ancient towns of Europe and the monotonous seaside resorts of Southeast Asia. The capital of Chad is a bustling and extremely colorful African city that will delight the traveler with its markets and ancient colonial buildings.
Chad- a state in northern Central Africa. In the north it borders with Libya, in the east - with Sudan, in the south - with the Central African Republic, in the west - with Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger.
The name comes from Lake Chad, which means “large expanse of water” in the Kanuri language.
Capital: N'Djamena.
Square: 1284000 km2.
Population: 8707 thousand people
Administrative division: The state is divided into 14 prefectures.
Form of government: Republic.
Head of State: The president.
Big cities: Sarkh, Mundu, Abeshe.
Official language: French, Arabic.
Religion: 50% are Muslims, 25% are Christians, 25% are pagans.
Ethnic composition: The country is inhabited by more than 200 ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are Tubu, Sara, Ba-Guirli, Taba, Dago, and Hausa.
Currency: CFA franc = 100 centimes.
Climate
The climate of the state differs depending on the region. In the north it is tropical, desert (dry and hot - from March to July, humid - from July to October, cool - in the remaining months. In the southern part, the same three seasons are distinguished, but the amount of precipitation during the rainy season falls here twice as much (up to 800-1000 mm).Flora
The flora is typical of desert areas; rare acacia and camel thorn grow; in a few oases - date palms and grapes. In the savannas there are baobab and doum palms.Fauna
The savannas are home to a large number of large mammals - elephants, rhinoceroses, buffalos, antelopes, giraffes, lions, leopards, jackals, hyenas. Hippos and crocodiles live in the lakes. Snakes, lizards, and insects are found in large quantities. Typical birds are ostriches, various swamp and water birds found along the banks of rivers and lakes.Rivers and lakes
The largest rivers are Shari, Logone, the largest lake is Chad.Attractions
In N'Djamena there is a cathedral and the National Museum, the remains of a city of Sao culture.Useful information for tourists
It is prohibited to export ivory products, animal skins, rare plants, ancient coins, bronze products, and rare birds.Inland state. It borders in the southwest with Cameroon and Nigeria, in the west with Niger, in the north with Libya, in the east with Sudan, and in the south with the CAR (Central African Republic).
Nature.
Most of the territory is occupied by plains and plateaus, which alternate with flat depressions. The northern part of the country is occupied by rocky and sandy deserts with rare oases. In the northwest is the Tibesti Highlands, where the highest point of the country is the Emi-Kusi volcano (3415 m). In the south there are semi-deserts and savannas. In the southern and southeastern regions, large areas are occupied by swamps. Minerals - aluminum, beryl, bauxite, tungsten, clay, iron, gold, limestone, kaolin (clay), caustic soda, copper, petroleum, tin, table salt, natural gas and uranium.
The climate of the northern regions is tropical, desert, and the southern regions are subequatorial. In the north, average monthly air temperatures range from +15 to +35° C. Average annual precipitation is approx. 100 mm. In the south, the air warms up to +26–30° C, and up to 1000–1400 mm of precipitation falls per year. A dense network of rivers (Batha, Logon, Mayo-Kebi, Mbere, Shari, etc.) is typical for the southern regions; there are no rivers in the northern regions. The rivers Shari (the main waterway of the country) and Logon are navigable. Large lakes are Iro, Fitri and the freshwater island of Chad (4th largest in Africa). During the dry period of the year (October-July), the harmattan blows in the northern regions - a hot north-east wind, bringing a lot of dust and sharply impairing visibility.
The flora of the northern regions is represented by shrubs and low-growing plants - ascar, drin, ephedra, jujube, etc. In the south, acacias (including hevea), baobabs, date palms and doum palms grow. Fauna - antelopes, hippos, buffalos, cheetahs, hyenas, giraffes, zebras, crocodiles, leopards, foxes, lions, rhinoceroses, monkeys, birds (ibises, bustards, ostriches, weaver birds, flamingos), elephants and jackals. Lots of snakes, lizards and insects (including termites, tsetse flies).
Population.
Most of the residents are concentrated in the south of the country. The average population density is 6.5 people. per 1 sq. km (2002). Most of the population is concentrated in the southern regions of Chad.
Its average annual growth in 2012 was 1.95%.
Birth rate – 37.99 per 1000 people, mortality – 14.85 per 1000 people.
Infant mortality is 94.78 per 1000 births. 47.9% of the population are children under 14 years of age. Residents over 65 years of age – 2.8%. Life expectancy is 49.07 years (men – 47.95, women – 50.22). (All figures are as of 2013).
Per capita income in 2012 was approx. 2 thousand US dollars.
A multi-ethnic state, one of the most ethnically complex states in the world. Counts approx. 200 ethnic groups (Arabs, Bagirmi, Dagu, Zaghawa, Kanuri, Kreish (or Kresh), Maba (or Wadai), Massalit (or Mimi), Mbum, Mubi, Sara, Tama, Tubu, Fulani, Hausa, etc.). The most numerous peoples are the Sara and the Arabs. Of the local languages, the most common are the language of the Sara people and more than 120 local dialects (Daza, Dzhonkor, Karembo, Teda, etc.). Counts approx. 1 thousand French. Chad (like Somalia and Ethiopia) is part of an area marked by acute ethnic conflicts and long-term internal wars.
The rural population is 20%. Large cities - Abeshe, Mundu (approx. 100 thousand people) and Sarkh (approx. 120 thousand people) - 2002.
One of the main exporters of migrant labor in Central Africa. During the long civil war, refugees from Chad found refuge in Benin, Sudan and other countries in the region. The problem of refugees from neighboring Sudan is acute (there are about 200 thousand people, with the help of the UN, 12 camps have been organized for them in Chad).
Religions.
51% of the population are Muslims who profess Sunni Islam, 35% are Christians (the majority are Catholics), 10% adhere to traditional African beliefs (animalism, fetishism, cult of ancestors, forces of nature, etc., fetishism is especially developed) - 2003. Islam began to penetrate to the territory of Chad at the end. 11th century Muslims live mainly in the northern regions. The spread of Christianity began in the beginning. 20th century (the first Protestant mission was opened in 1923, the Catholic one in 1929). There are also a small number of Baha'is in Chad.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
State structure.
Republic. The constitution adopted on March 31, 1996, with subsequent amendments, is in force. The head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the president, who is elected by universal direct and secret suffrage for a 5-year term. He can be elected to this post an unlimited number of times. Legislative power is exercised by a bicameral parliament, which consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. 155 deputies of the National Assembly are elected by universal direct and secret ballot for 4 years. The Senate is elected on the basis of indirect elections for a 6-year term, 1/3 of its composition is renewed every two years.
President – Déby Idriss (Idriss Déby). Elected on May 20, 2001. Serves as president since December 4, 1990.
The national flag is a rectangular panel consisting of three vertical stripes of the same size in blue, yellow and red (from left to right). It is similar to the flag of Romania, although the blue color of the Chadian flag is darker.
Administrative device.
The country is divided into 14 prefectures, headed by prefects.
Judicial system.
Based on French civil law and common law. There are Supreme, Appeal, criminal, traditional and magistrate courts, as well as a Constitutional Council.
Armed forces and defense.
The Chadian National Army plays a significant role in the political life of the country. In 2002, the armed forces numbered 30.35 thousand people. (ground forces - 25 thousand people, air force - 350 people, Republican Guard - 5 thousand people). The protection of internal order is provided by gendarmerie units (4.5 thousand people - 2002). Recruitment into the armed forces is carried out by conscription. France provides assistance in training military personnel and technical equipment for the army. A French military base (950 people) is located on the territory of Chad. Defense spending in 2003 amounted to $55.4 million. (2.1% of GDP).
Foreign policy.
It is based on the policy of non-alignment. The main foreign policy partner is France. In con. In the 1990s, relations with her became complicated, including due to accusations of the French military attaché of having ties with the Chadian opposition. Close relations are maintained with Libya (in January 2005, President I. Deby visited Tripoli). Chad is one of the founders of the Community of Sahel and Saharan States created in 1997 in Libya. Relations with neighboring Sudan were complicated by its support for Chadian rebels.
Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Chad were established on November 24, 1964, between the Russian Federation and Chad in 1992. In 2000, a bilateral intergovernmental agreement was concluded on the recognition and equivalence of educational diplomas and academic degrees.
Political organizations.
A multi-party system has emerged (about 60 political parties are registered). The most influential of them: Patriotic Salvation Movement, PDS, chairman – Abbas Maldom Bada, gen. sec. – Hissen Mahamat. Ruling party, main in 1990 as a coalition of several opposition movements; National Union for Democracy and Progress, NPDP, leader - Kumakoye Kassire Delwa. Party created in 1992; National Union for Development and Renewal, NSRO, leader - Kebzabo Saleh, general. sec. – Topona Celestin; United for Democracy and Progress, EDP, chairman - Shua. Basic Party in 1992; Union for Renewal and Democracy, SOD, leader – Kamuge Wadal Abdelkader. Party created in 1992; Federation "Action for the Republic", leader - Yorongar Ngarleji; " Chadian National Liberation Front,FROLINA", Chairman – Weddey Goukouni. Basic Party in 1965.
Trade union associations.
Association of trade unions of Chad. Created as a result of the merger in 1988 of the Trade Union Confederation of Chad and the National Association of Chadian Workers. Chairman – Jimbage Dombal, gen. sec. – Assali Hamdallah Jibrin.
ECONOMY
Chad belongs to the group of the poorest and least developed countries in the world (80% of the population lives below the poverty line).
Economic conditions have been positive in recent years, with real GDP growth reaching 13% in 2010 due to high global oil prices and good harvests. GDP growth in 2012 was estimated at 7.3%. The country's investment climate remains difficult due to limited infrastructure, a lack of skilled workers, government bureaucracy and massive corruption.
At least 80% of Chad's population derives its livelihood from agriculture and livestock raising.
The country's main financial donor is France. Assistance is also provided by the European Union, Japan, Arab states, the World Bank (WB) and the Islamic Development Bank. A significant part of the assistance is provided in the form of grants.
In 2012, GDP (at purchasing power parity) amounted to 21.34 billion US dollars, the official GDP rate was 9.723 billion US dollars. Investments – 26.8% of GDP, inflation growth was 5%.
Labor resources.
The economically active population is approx. 49% (2000).
Agriculture.
The main sector of the economy, providing up to 70% of foreign exchange earnings. The share of the agricultural sector in GDP is 51%, it employs 80% of the population (2012). 2.86% of land is cultivated (2001). The main export crops are cotton and peanuts. Pulses, sesame (sesame), corn, mango, cassava, vegetables, millet, wheat, rice, sugarcane, sorghum, taro, dates and yams are also grown. Gum arabic (acacia resin) is produced - a raw material for the food, textile and pharmaceutical industries. Animal husbandry (breeding camels, goats, cattle, horses, sheep, donkeys and pigs) is the traditional occupation of 40% of the population. Natural pastures cover an area of approx. 49 million hectares. Chad ranks first in Central Africa in terms of livestock population. Frequent droughts, locust infestations and tsetse flies cause damage to agriculture. Fisheries are developing, the annual catch of fish (carp, perch, catfish, etc.) is approx. 90 thousand tons
Industry.
Share in GDP – 7% (2012). The mining industry is developing: the extraction of oil, caustic salt (natron), gold, limestone and clay. Since 1993, the Doba oil field has been developed, producing approx. 225 thousand barrels of oil per day (estimated oil reserves will last for 25–30 years). The manufacturing industry is represented mainly by enterprises processing agricultural products (cotton gins, sugar refineries, butter factories, flour mills, meat processing plants, breweries, tobacco factories). The textile and chemical industries (2 perfume factories and an enterprise for the production of plastic shoes), metalworking, production of building materials, and a bicycle assembly plant are developing. Handicraft production, including agricultural implements, has been developed.
International trade.
The volume of imports significantly exceeds the volume of exports: in 2003, imports (in US dollars) amounted to 760 million, exports - 365 million. The bulk of imports are machinery and transport equipment, industrial goods, food products, petroleum products and textiles. Main import partners: France (28.6%), USA (20.7%), Cameroon (14.6%) and the Netherlands (4.7%) - 2003. The main export products are cotton, live cattle and gum arabic. in the USA (25%), Germany (17%), Portugal (15.9%), France (6.8%) and Morocco (4.5%) - 2003.
Energy.
The problem of electricity shortage is acute. 2% of the population have access to it, the rest use wood, charcoal and dung as fuel. Chad has some of the highest electricity tariffs in the world. Electricity is generated at a thermal power plant (N'Djamena), using petroleum products as fuel. The new thermal power plant in Koma (50 km from the town of Doba) provides only oil production by the American company Exxon-Mobil. In 2003, the World Bank (WB) provided a $55 million loan to upgrade equipment in Chad's energy sector.
Transport.
The problem of developing the transport network and cargo transportation is acute. There are no railways, the main mode of transport is road. Most of the roads are suitable for use only during the dry season (October-July) and require major repairs. The length of roads is approx. 40 thousand km (with hard surface - 412 km of roads) - 1999. The European Union provides assistance in the construction of highways. In rural areas, camels and donkeys are used for transportation. The length of waterways is 2 thousand km (2003). In 2012, there were more than 50 airports and airstrips (9 of them are paved). The international airport is located in the capital. Since 2003, the Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline has been operating (1050 km).
Finance and credit.
The monetary unit is the CFA franc (XOF), consisting of 100 centimes; strictly tied to the euro. In the beginning. In 2004, the national currency exchange rate was: 1 USD = 581.2XOF.
Tourism.
The development of the tourism industry is hampered by political instability and the lack of extensive infrastructure. Foreign tourists are attracted by the diversity of natural landscapes, flora and fauna, as well as the unique culture of local peoples. In 2000, the country was visited by 43.03 thousand tourists from France, the USA, Canada and Germany and other countries (in 1997 their number was 26.9 thousand people).
Sights: National Museum in N'Djamena, Siniaka-Minia Nature Reserve, Zakouma and Manda national parks, the picturesque coast of Chad and the monuments of the ancient culture of Sao (5th century BC - 17th century AD) ).
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
Education.
Koranic schools in Chad began operating on Wednesday. 19th century, European-style schools were created in the 1920s. Officially, 6 years of primary education are compulsory, which children receive from the ages of 6 to 12 years. Secondary education (7 years) begins at the age of 12 and takes place in two stages - 4 and 3 years. The higher education system includes the National University (opened in the capital in 1972), the National School of Administration and Graduate Studies (founded in 1980), a medical school (founded in 1990) and several technical colleges. In 2002, 186 teachers worked at five faculties of the university and 4.05 thousand students studied. Training is conducted in French and Arabic. According to UNESCO data for 2003, Chad is among the countries with the lowest rates of female primary school enrollment. In 2003, 47.5% of the population was literate (56% of men and 39.3% of women).
Healthcare.
The UN report on the humanitarian development of the planet in 2004 ranked Chad in 175th place. Doctors are trained abroad and at the Faculty of Medicine of the University in N'Djamena. In January 2005, parliament passed a law to combat AIDS.
Architecture.
Traditional dwellings among peoples leading a sedentary lifestyle are round in shape, the walls are made of adobe, and the roof is grass, conical or flat. The nomadic population lives in collapsible tents on a wooden frame, covered with camel skins or mats made of palm leaves. In modern cities, houses are built from brick and reinforced concrete structures.
Fine arts and crafts.
The origins of fine art in Chad began long before our era: rock paintings discovered in the area between Lakes Chad and Fitri date back to the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. The art of Sao is widely known. Sao culture, which existed in the 5th century. BC. – 17th century AD in the territories of modern southern Chad, northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon.
Common crafts are: blacksmithing (making vessels, dance and ritual masks from brass and copper, etc.), wood carving, making wooden musical instruments, making and painting pumpkin vessels (calabashes), pottery, hand weaving (making brightly colored fabrics) colors for national clothing called “bubu”), leather production is especially well developed (water skins, snakeskin shoes, wall rugs, saddles, bags, various boxes and vessels made of ox skin). Artistic crafts - making carpets from camel wool, decorative embroidery, weaving items from raffia palm leaves, tree branches and millet stems, making bronze and copper animal figurines, as well as polychrome paintings from butterfly wings. The production of jewelry made of gold, silver (massive jewelry with carnelian and ostrich egg shells), bronze and copper is especially interesting.
Literature.
Based on the traditions of oral folk art. During the colonial period, literature developed in Arabic. The alphabet of local languages (based on Arabic and Latin graphic characters) was created in 1976. The emergence of national literature in French began in the 1960s. The first published literary work was the novel Child from Chad J. Seida (1967). Writers, poets and playwrights - A. Bangui, H. Bruno, K. Garang (pseudonym of K. Dzhimeta), M. Mustafa (pseudonym of B. Mustafa).
Music.
National music has long traditions. Playing musical instruments, singing and dancing are closely related to the daily life of local peoples. Musical instruments - algaita (a type of oboe), balafons, drums, clarinets, bells, xylophones, lutes, rattles, rattles, trumpets and flutes. Particularly popular are ensembles of three large double-sided drums. Dancing - baiyan, ndassion And Ndon Mbesi(accompany the initiation rite), gift(entertainment dance) gag(performed during a burial ritual), mdomnag (hunter dance), etc.
Theater.
Modern national theatrical art was formed on the basis of rich traditional creativity, including folk storytellers. The first permanent theater troupe, “Dzhange” (translated from the local language as “ballet”), was created in 1970.
Press, radio broadcasting, television and Internet.
The daily newspaper Le Progrès (Progress) and the daily newsletter Info-Tchad (Info-Tchad) are published regularly in French. There are also several periodicals published irregularly. The news agency Chad Information Agency (Agence-Info Tchad) has been operating since 1966 and is controlled by the state. Broadcasting of its own television programs began in 1987. In 2002, there were 15 thousand Internet users.
STORY
Pre-colonial period.
Archaeological finds indicate that the territory of modern Chad was inhabited ca. 6 thousand years ago
In the 5th century BC. south of the island of Chad in the basin of the Logon and Shari rivers the so-called. Sao culture. The Sao people were engaged in fishing, hunting and farming; metalworking and ceramics production developed. In the 7th–8th centuries. n. e. Zaghawa nomadic pastoralists came to the northeastern regions of Chad. Having subjugated the indigenous peoples, in the 9th century. they created the early state formation of Kanem, which became one of the most powerful and stable in Western Sudan. In the 11th century The rulers of Kanem converted to Islam. The state reached its heyday in the 13th century, largely due to the active slave trade that it conducted with the countries of North Africa. Infighting between numerous claimants to the throne weakened Kanem and led to its collapse in the end. 14th century
In con. 15th century in one of the former provinces of Kanem, his ruling dynasty created the state of Bornu with its capital Ngazargama. In the 16th century On the territory of Chad, the states of Bagirmi and Wadai also formed, which constantly waged wars among themselves and with Bornu. In the 1890s, weakened by internal strife, Bagirmi, Bornu and Wadai were captured by the troops of the ruler Rabbah Khubair.
Colonial period.
The first Europeans were English explorers D. Denham and H. Clapperton. The penetration of the French began in the 1890s. After the defeat of the Rabbaha state by French troops (1900), Bagirmi and Vadai became colonial possessions of France. In 1914, the territory of Chad was declared a separate colony of France with the administrative center in Fort Lamy. A system of governance based on the use of traditional rulers was introduced. In the 1920s, Christianity began to penetrate the colony. The southern regions of Chad developed at a faster pace than the northern ones. The support of the French administration was the local nobility, primarily the Sara people, who converted to Catholicism. After the forced introduction of cotton into the economy (1925), Chad turned into a raw material appendage of the metropolis. Forced labor was widely used on plantations and public works.
In 1946, Chad received the status of an “overseas territory” of France, which gave it the right to representation in the French parliament and the creation of its own territorial assembly. The first political organizations arose in 1947 - the Democratic Union of Chad and the Progressive Party of Chad (PPC), the local section of the Democratic Rally of Africa (DOA). The HRCP expressed the interests of the Christian minority in the southern regions of the country. One of its leaders was trade union leader François Tombalbaye. In November 1958, Chad was declared an autonomous republic within the French Community. Elections to the Legislative Assembly (May 31, 1959) brought a landslide victory for the HRCP. On August 11, 1960, the independent Republic of Chad was proclaimed.
Period of independence.
The head of the first government was F. Tombalbai, who was elected chairman of the Human Rights Council in September 1960. The constitution adopted on November 28, 1960 established a multi-party system in the country; in the field of economics, a course was taken to develop entrepreneurship and attract foreign investment. The government enjoyed the support of the former metropolis.
In 1962, mass unrest began in the north of the country among Muslims dissatisfied with government policies. The representative of their interests was the underground military-political organization “Front for the National Liberation of Chad” (FROLINA), created in 1965. Anti-government protests of Muslims were suppressed with the help of French troops in 1969. A new wave of protest was caused by a campaign of forced Africanization of the country’s population (replacing Christian names with African ones). , the introduction of a ritual initiation rite, etc.), started by the government in 1973. In April 1975, as a result of a military coup, President F. Tombalbaye was killed, and power passed to General Felix Mallum. His attempts to achieve national reconciliation, including the creation of a coalition government with the participation of FROLINA leader Hissène Habré, were unsuccessful. In November 1979, a transitional government was formed headed by the head of the FROLINA armed forces, Goukouni Oueddey.
In March 1980, armed clashes between the forces of H. Habré and G. Weddey began. The severity and lengthy nature of the civil war was aggravated not only by ethnic and religious contradictions, but also by active interference in internal affairs on the part of France and Libya (the latter’s troops were brought into the country at the request of the government of G. Weddey). The economic situation in Chad also worsened as a result of severe droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Thanks to the intervention of the OAU, Libyan troops left Chad on November 16, 1981. However, clashes between government troops and rebels did not stop. In 1982, H. Habré occupied the city of N'Djamena (the name of the capital since 1973), and G. Oueddei created his own government in the north of the country.
On December 1, 1990, power was seized by General Idriss Deby, a native of the Zaghawa nationality (leader of the Patriotic Salvation Front, formed in March of the same year in Sudan). In April 1991, on the basis of this organization, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (PAS) party was created. On December 4, 1990, I. Deby was proclaimed president. The armed confrontation lasted until 1993, when, as a result of a national conference (January-April), a charter was adopted that regulated the political development of Chad during the transition period. According to this document, until multi-party elections were held, I. Deby remained the head of state and supreme commander in chief. The multi-party system was introduced in April 1993.
In 1994, due to the deterioration of the internal political situation in the country, the transition period was extended for another year. In January 1996, in Gabon, a declaration on the principles of internal settlement was signed between representatives of the Chadian authorities and the opposition. After a referendum, in which 3.5 million Chadian citizens participated, a new constitution was adopted on March 31, 1996.
The 1996 presidential elections were held on a multi-party basis and took place in two rounds. I. Deby was elected president with 69% of the votes. Elections to the National Assembly (November 1996) brought victory to the PDS. In economic policy, the government relied on the further development of oil fields, which began in the end. 1970s Oil production at the Doba field (south of the country) began in 1993. Its development was carried out by an international consortium, which included the American companies Exxon-Mobil (40% of shares) and Chevron (25% of shares), as well as the Malaysian company Petronas." To the beginning 1998 34 state enterprises were privatized (the privatization program was adopted in 1992). In order to control the management of oil revenues, the Chadian parliament in 1999 adopted a law creating a special board consisting of 9 members. The Chadian economy was benefited by the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994 - economic growth rates in 1997 exceeded 4.1%.
Chad in the 21st century
In the presidential elections on May 20, 2001, I. Debi (PDS candidate) won, receiving 63.17% of the votes. According to the new electoral law of 2001, the number of deputy seats in the National Assembly was increased from 125 to 155. Elections to the National Assembly were held on April 21, 2002 and brought a landslide victory for the PDS (110 seats), the UDP received 12 seats, the Federation “Action for the Republic” – 9.
After the 1,050-km Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline was put into operation in October 2003, the country became an oil exporter (including to the United States).
The situation in the border areas of Chad is being destabilized by the armed conflict in the Sudanese region of Darfur. In May 2005, in some camps for Darfur refugees, bloody clashes between refugees and UN personnel occurred (their reason was an attempt to stop the profiteering of humanitarian aid established by some refugees). According to the UN, as a result of the conflict, approx. 1.8 million people became refugees, many of them took refuge in neighboring Chad.
The Chadian government's additional costs associated with the continued influx of refugees from Sudan's Darfur resulted in non-payment of wages. They caused a strike of civil servants, which lasted from the end. 2004 to early 2005. In January, mass strikes also took place in educational institutions in Chad for the same reason. In February 2005, Prime Minister Moussa Faki Mahamat resigned and Agriculture Minister Pascal Yoadimnadji was appointed head of government. The new government named the fight against poverty and improvement of the country's governance system as its main domestic policy priorities. It was also announced that in 2005 an additional 400 million CFA francs would be allocated from oil revenues for the social sector and 600 million for the development of the education sector.
On May 16, 2004, a group of military personnel attempted a coup in the country. The reason for the action of the rebels - people from the Zaghawa people - was their dissatisfaction with the policies of I. Debi in the Darfur conflict. As a result of 48-hour negotiations, the crisis was resolved without bloodshed.
On May 26, 2004, the National Assembly adopted an amendment to the constitution, according to which the president can be elected to this post an unlimited number of times. However, in January 2005, President I. Deby announced that, despite the constitutional reform, he did not intend to run in the 2006 presidential elections. He also denied allegations that he intended to make his 26-year-old son Brahim his successor.
The problem of crime is acute, especially in the capital. After a long civil war, the population still has a significant amount of weapons, which also come from neighboring Sudanese Darfur. Government initiatives to combat crime have not produced lasting results. The new government, formed in July 2004, established the Ministry of Public Security.
The second civil war began in December 2005 and ended in January 2010. In fact, it was a continuation of the military conflict in Darfur (Sudan), when hostilities moved to Chad, because The Chadian authorities supported the opposition in Darfur; many mercenaries from Chad fought on the side of the rebels.
Conflict in Chad broke out between Chadian government forces and opposition forces as the United Front for Democratic Change advanced into Chadian territory. But rebel groups and Sudanese government forces also took part in the conflict. The President of Chad announced the start of war between Chad and Sudan. In April 2006, the opposition, with the help of Sudanese troops, tried to take the capital of Chad, the city of N'Djamena, because their goal was to overthrow the current president. But Chadian government troops repulsed the attack, and the Chadian president was supported by the UN Security Council and French President N. Sarkozy.
On May 3, 2006, presidential elections were held, in which I. Deby was re-elected (64.6% of the vote).
In October 2007, a peace agreement was signed between the opposition and the government. But already in November of the same year, hostilities resumed.
In January 2009, opposition groups united into a single coalition, the Union of Resistance Forces, whose goal was to overthrow President Deby.
On April 25, 2011, the next presidential elections took place. Deby was re-elected again with 83.59% of the votes.
Recently, there have been no full-scale hostilities, but it was only on January 15, 2010 that a peace treaty was signed between Sudan and Chad. Chadian forces were withdrawn from Sudan, but isolated attacks and skirmishes still took place.
On May 2, 2013, it was announced that another coup attempt to overthrow President I. Deby had been thwarted. The participants in the conspiracy were arrested.
Recently, full-scale military operations have not been carried out, but only on January 15, 2010, a peace treaty was signed between Sudan and Chad. Chadian forces were withdrawn from Sudan, but isolated attacks and skirmishes still took place.
Lyubov Prokopenko
CHAD
Republic of Chad, a state in Central Africa. It borders on the south with the Central African Republic, on the east on Sudan, on the north on Libya, on the west on Niger, on the southwest on Nigeria and Cameroon. Area - 1284 thousand square meters. km. Population - 6892 thousand people (1998). The capital is the city of N'Djamena (531 thousand inhabitants in 1993). Formerly a colony of France. On August 11, 1960, Chad was declared an independent state.
Chad. The capital is N'Djamena. Population - 6892 thousand people (1998). Population density - 5.4 people per 1 sq. km. Urban population - 14%, rural - 86%. Area - 1284 thousand square meters. km. The highest point is Mount Emi-Kusi (3415 m), the lowest is 240 m above sea level. Main languages: local African, Arabic, French (official). Main religions: Islam, animist beliefs. Administrative division - 14 prefectures. Monetary unit: CFA franc = 100 centimes. National holiday: Independence Day - August 11. National anthem: "Rise to work, people of Chad."
Nature. Most of Chad's territory is occupied by plains and plateaus, alternating with flat depressions. At the bottom of the largest of them there is shallow Lake Chad, the area of which varies from 10.4 thousand to 26 thousand square meters. km depending on fluctuations in the flow of the rivers feeding it (Shari et al.). Sometimes there is a flow from Chad along the El Ghazal channel into the Bodele depression. In the north of Chad lies the massive ancient Tibesti highlands with the Emi Koussi volcano (3415 m), the country's highest point. It is composed of crystalline shales, sandstones and lavas. In the east of the country the surface is also rising. Here are the Erdi, Ennedi and Vadai plateaus, composed mainly of sandstones. The northern half of the country falls within the Sahara Desert. Sand dunes, both fixed and moving, as well as other aeolian landforms are common here. Remnant hills, or tori (locally called kagas), are often found. The southern regions of Chad occupy semi-deserts and savannas of the natural region of Sudan. In the south and southeast of the country, large areas are occupied by swamps. In the north of Chad the climate is tropical and desert. Average monthly temperatures range from 15 to 35° C. Average annual precipitation does not exceed 100 mm. In the south the climate is subequatorial. Average monthly temperatures are 26-30° C. Average annual precipitation is 1000-1400 mm. In the north, rocky and sandy deserts predominate; in the central part, semi-deserts (desertified savanna) predominate. In the extreme south there is a typical savannah with baobab trees and doum palm.
Population. Chad has long served as a place where contacts took place between the peoples of North Africa, the Sahara and Sudan, bearers of different cultures and religions. Therefore, the ethnic composition of the population of this relatively small country is extremely diverse. The languages of seven groups of large language families are represented here (Nilo-Saharan, Semitic-Hamitic and Niger-Kordofanian). The official language is French. Islam is widespread among the desert peoples - Bedouin Arabs, Tuaregs and Fulbe, who are engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. They raise camels and cattle. The main activities of the Hausa are trade and agriculture. The Hausa city-states were united into a centralized state during the religious wars of the early 19th century. The Vadai are skilled farmers who have achieved great success in artificial irrigation techniques. They use livestock manure as fertilizer. The Kanebu are primarily engaged in livestock farming. The Tuba lead a nomadic life in the arid eastern and northern regions. The non-Muslim population lives in the more densely populated savanna woodland belt. Here the largest ethnic group - the Sara - is distinguished by its dispersed settlement. Their main occupations are fishing and farming. Hakka farmers are equally dispersed in the same areas. Following the arrival of high-yield grain crops from the New World in central Africa, the Hakka gradually moved over four centuries to areas with more humid climates where they could grow these crops, displacing the indigenous hunter-gatherer populations.
Political system. Between the early 1960s and the early 1980s, when Chad was in civil war, the country changed several constitutions. After the repeal in March 1979 of the basic law adopted a year earlier, Chad was left without a constitution. Hissène Habré, who assumed the presidency in June 1982, governed the country with the help of a 30-member Council of State. In the early 1980s, there were no political parties in Chad. Until this time, the main contradictions existed between the Arabized Muslims of the central and northern parts of the country and the non-Muslim population of the southern regions. After Habré removed Goukouni Oueddei from the presidency in 1982, the main rival forces became the factions led by these sworn enemies. Habré and Oueddei are Muslims and come from northern Chad. Until 1976, they were part of the leadership of the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINA), which fought against the southerners. In 1976, Habré created his own organization - the Armed Forces of the North. In 1989, a new constitution was adopted, which provided for the creation of a parliament and the election of the president by direct vote. After the rebels seized power in the country, the constitution was suspended in 1990. The transitional government led by Idriss Déby, one of the leaders of the coup, drafted a new constitution that created the legal basis for the formation of a multi-party democracy in Chad. In 1996, the majority of voters supported the adoption of a new constitution, which is currently in force. Chad maintains close ties with France and pro-French African countries. France provided Chad with significant military assistance. Chad is a member of the Organization of African Unity and the UN.
Economy. The majority of Chad's self-employed population is concentrated in the south. Subsistence farming predominates. Chad's economic development has been hampered by years of constant political instability. The emergence of commodity production began only after the Second World War. The main commercial crop is cotton; its seeds and fiber are exported. Livestock farming is also an important sector of the economy. 85% of the country's working population is employed in agriculture. In 1995, GDP was estimated at $3.3 billion, or $600 per capita. Agriculture, livestock breeding and fishing account for about half of GNP, industry - 18%, transport and services - 34%. The rate of economic growth lags behind the rate of population growth (approx. 2.6%), and the share of GNP per capita is steadily declining. The main pastoral areas are the northern and central regions of Chad. Mainly cattle, goats, sheep, camels, donkeys, and horses are bred. In terms of livestock size, Chad ranks second among African countries (after Mali). Agriculture is widely developed in the southern regions of the country. The main food crops are millet and sorghum; peanuts, cassava, date palm, corn and rice are also grown. Cotton production is controlled by a French company, part of its shares belongs to the Chadian government. Large livestock farms, slaughterhouses and meat-packing plants are owned by foreign capital. Trade in live cattle is developed. Industry is poorly developed and is represented mainly by cotton gin plants (more than 20), enterprises for processing livestock products and peanuts. A textile mill has been operating in Sarkh since 1967. Soda production has been established in Lake Chad. In 1996, an agreement was reached between Chad and one of the international oil companies to produce oil for export. Electricity for industrial needs is generated at thermal power plants running on oil. The road network is poorly developed. The total length of roads is 32 thousand km, of which approx. 1 thousand km. There is an international airport in N'Djamena, which is served by the national airline. Until the mid-1990s, Chad faced a chronic trade deficit. However, in 1995, export earnings ($226 million) exceeded import costs ($225 million). The main trading partners are France, Portugal, Germany, Nigeria, Cameroon and South Africa. The share of cotton in exports is at least 50%, livestock products - 30%. Chad is part of the French franc zone and is a member of the Monetary Union of Central Africa and Cameroon. Together with four other French-speaking countries, it has a common Central Bank and a common currency, the CFA franc. Since the 1970s, Chad's budget has consistently run deficits. Until recently, a significant share of the budget expenditures was made up of military expenditures. After the end of the border conflict with Libya, the main budget item was the cost of implementing economic programs. Government expenditures in 1994 amounted to $222 million (half of which was spent on investment in the economy), and budget revenues amounted to $136 million. France and other EU countries provide financial assistance to Chad.
Public education. Schools at Christian missions became the basis for the formation of the public school system. More than half of the adult population is illiterate. In the early 1990s, 600 thousand children were studying in primary schools, and 73 thousand in secondary schools. The majority of the teaching staff in secondary schools and technical schools were French. In 1972, the University of Chad opened in N'Djamena.
Story. In the 7th-8th centuries. In the areas north and east of Lake Chad, nomadic pastoralists Zaghawa appeared, who could have been one of the Bereber tribes. The newcomers, who had a better social organization, conquered the indigenous population - the legendary people of So, settled Negroid farmers who lived in fortified cities and did not have a centralized state. Created in the 8th century. One of the Zaghawa groups, the state of Kanem turned out to be one of the most powerful and stable state entities in central Sudan. Members of the ruling dynasty of Kanema Seifuwa married women from, and as a result, from the 13th century. there were black rulers on the throne of the country. The Seyfuwa dynasty ruled not only Kanem, but also its successor - the state of Bornu until 1846. After in the 11th century. The rulers of Kanem converted to Islam, Kanem became the center of Muslim culture in central Sudan. Kanem reached the apogee of his power in the Lake Chad basin area in the 13th century. The welfare of the state directly depended on the number of slaves supplied to the slave markets of the North African coast. The treasury of the rulers was also replenished by taxes from the peasantry and tribute from vassal tribes. At the end of the 14th century. The weakened Seyfuwa dynasty was forced to cede power to contenders for the throne from among the leaders of the nomadic Bulala tribe. Seyfuwa moved to that part of Kanem's possessions, which is located southwest of the lake. Chad, and founded a new state there, Bornu. Over the following centuries, the Bornu rulers from their capital Ngazargama (in modern Nigeria) made repeated attempts, with varying degrees of success, to restore their authority over Kanem and other smaller state entities in Chad. In the 16th century The states of Bagirmi and Wadai were formed on the territory of Chad. Their Muslim rulers profited from the trade in slaves captured from pagan tribes, and constantly fought among themselves and with Bornu. In the 1890s, weakened by internal strife, Bagirmi, Wadai and Bornu were captured by the troops of the Sudanese conqueror Rabbah Zobeir. After French troops defeated Rabbah in 1900, Bagirmi and Wadai became part of the French colonial possessions. The penetration of Europeans into the territory of modern Chad dates back to 1822, when an expedition of two English explorers, Dixon Denham and Hugh Clapperton, appeared in these places. In 1870-1871, the territory of Chad was explored by the expeditions of Heinrich Barth and Gustav Nachtigall. The French expanded their influence in the area from the 1890s, and in 1913 they conquered all of Chad. In 1914 Chad became a colony of France. From 1946 to 1958, Chad had the status of an "overseas territory" of France, which gave it the right to representation in the French parliament and the creation of a territorial assembly. On August 11, 1960, Chad was declared an independent state. The leaders of the Chadian national liberation movement were Gabriel Lisette, a black West Indian who founded the Progressive Party of Chad (PPC), and François Tombalbaye, a former trade union leader, the first prime minister and first president of the Republic of Chad. In 1962, unrest began among Muslims in the northern part of the country. In 1965, the underground military-political organization Front for the National Liberation of Chad (FROLINA) was formed. In 1969, to suppress anti-government armed protests in the north, at the request of the Chadian government, French troops were brought into the country. In 1973, on the initiative of President F. Tombalbaya, an Africanization campaign was launched, within the framework of which citizens of the country had to change their Christian names to African ones, as well as undergo a ritual initiation rite. The president himself took the African name Ngarta. In April 1975, he was killed during a military coup, and power in the country passed to General Felix Mallum. Meanwhile, in the north, the rebels continued to put up armed resistance, and in 1978 Mallum had to form a coalition government with the participation of FROLINA leader Hissène Habré. However, the attempt to achieve national reconciliation failed: violent armed clashes began between supporters of Mallum and Habré. In March 1979, both resigned, and in November a transitional government of national unity was formed, headed by Goukouni Oueddei. Already in March 1980, armed clashes between Habré's forces and Oueddey's troops resumed in the capital N'Djamena. Thousands of civilians have died and many more have fled the country. In November 1980, at the request of Weddey, Libyan troops arrived in Chad. Habré's troops were forced to retreat, after which minor clashes continued only in the east of the country. Soon, the Chadian government announced plans to unite Libya and Chad into a single state, however, faced with sharp criticism from other members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), President Weddey was forced to abandon this intention. After Libyan troops were withdrawn from Chadian territory in November 1981, their place was taken by OAU peacekeeping forces. The armed struggle between government forces and the rebels did not stop. Having established control over the northern regions of the country, in June 1982 Habré's armed forces captured N'Djamena. Weddey fled the capital, and Habré declared himself president. But the ousted president did not give up his claims to the post of head of state and in mid-1983, at the head of an army of three thousand, which Libya helped to form and arm, he launched an attack on N'Djamena from the north. In August of the same year, Weddey's troops captured Largeau and continued to move south towards the capital. France, meanwhile, sent troops and warplanes to N'Djamena to support Habré's regime. In the same year, Weddey created his own government in the north. With the support of French troops, by 1988 Habré managed to oust Libyan military units from Chadian territory. In December 1990, a Libyan-backed rebel group that declared itself the Patriotic Salvation Movement (PSM) seized power in the country. The leader of this group, General Idriss Deby, became the President of Chad. The armed confrontation continued until 1993. Both sides agreed on a ceasefire and the creation of a transitional government led by Deby. Democratic elections were planned for 1996. In these elections, Déby was elected president with 67% of the vote. In 1997, multi-party parliamentary elections were held, in which deputies were elected to the federal legislative body - the Supreme Council of the Transitional Period. The majority of parliamentary seats were won by candidates from Deby's PDS party.
LITERATURE
Subbotin V.A. Colonies of France in 1870-1918. M., 1973
Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .
Synonyms:See what "CHAD" is in other dictionaries:
Chad- chad/... Morphemic-spelling dictionary
1) a closed lake in the Center. Africa; state in Chad, as well as Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria. In one of the dialects of the Kanuri language, common on the shores of the lake, there is a large expanse of water, a lake. See also N'Djamena, Central African Republic... Geographical encyclopedia
A (y), sentence about the child, in the child; m. 1. Acrid, suffocating smoke from damp wood, unburnt coal, burning fatty substances, etc. Powder part. In tobacco smoke. The fire was burning, emitting a smoky hue. Burn from the smoke. To be, to walk as if in a daze (about the state... encyclopedic Dictionary