Victory of Russian troops
| V. S. Zavoiko | David Price † Frederick Nicholson Fevrier De Pointe |
Petropavlovsk defense- defense by Russian troops of the city of Petropavlovsk (now Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky) and the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula during the Crimean War.
The entire population of the city and its environs (about 1,600 people) also joined in preparations for the defense. Work on the construction of seven coastal batteries and the installation of guns lasted for almost two months around the clock, day and night. The defenders of Petropavlovsk erected fortifications, carved out platforms for batteries in the rocks, inaccessible to amphibious assault, removed the guns from the ships, manually dragged them along the steep slopes of the hills and installed them on the shore.
The batteries covered Petropavlovsk like a horseshoe. At its right end, at the rocky tip of Cape Signalny, there was a battery (No. 1), protecting the entrance to the inner roadstead. Also on the right, on the isthmus between Signalnaya Cape and Nikolskaya Sopka, another battery was located (No. 3). At the northern end of the Nikolskaya Sopka, on the very shore, a battery was built to prevent landings in the rear and attempts to capture the port from the north (No. 7). Another battery was erected on the bend of an imaginary horseshoe (No. 6). She had to keep the defile and the road between Nikolskaya Sopka and Kultushny Lake under fire if the enemy managed to suppress the resistance of the coastal battery. Then there were two batteries (No. 5, No. 4 - Krasny Yar) - they lay on the left along the bank on both sides of the main battery on the Koshka sand spit (No. 2).
Fighting
At noon on August 17 (29), 1854, forward posts at the lighthouses discovered a squadron of six ships. A combat alarm sounded in Petropavlovsk. A three-masted steamer separated from the squadron and began measuring the depths on the approaches to Cape Signalny and the entrance to the harbor. When the boat left the port, the ship retreated at full speed.
The main enemy attack was directed at two batteries - No. 3 (on the isthmus) and No. 7 (on northern tip Nikolskaya Sopka).
From an article by K. Mrovinsky:
“The enemy divided his squadron into two halves and, placing one half against one battery, and the other against the other, simultaneously opened fire on them. The batteries, bombarded with cannonballs and bombs, having only 10 guns, could not resist 113 guns, most of which were bomb guns (cannonballs weighing 85 English pounds were found on the shore), and after three hours of resistance, almost all of the guns were damaged, and the servants with batteries was forced to retreat."
The detachments of M. Gubarev, D. Mikhailov, E. Ankudinov, N. Fesun, K. Pilkin were given the order to “knock the enemy off the mountain”, at the same time the detachment of A. Arbuzov was sent, three more small detachments from the teams of batteries No. 2, 3, 7. All units total number numbered just over 300 people. Taking up a position in the ditch of Battery No. 6 and in the surrounding bush, the detachments opened aimed fire on the approaching Anglo-French, and then overthrew them in a bayonet charge.
The battle lasted more than two hours and ended on Nikolskaya Hill with the defeat of the British and French. Their units were defeated separately and suffered heavy losses during the retreat, which turned into a stampede. Having lost 50 people killed, 4 captured and about 150 wounded, the landing force returned to the ships. The Russians received a banner, 7 officer's sabers and 56 rifles as trophies.
After a two-day lull, the Anglo-French squadron sailed on August 26 (September 7), satisfied with the schooner Anadyr and the commercial ship of the Russian-American company Sitka intercepted at the exit from Avacha Bay. "Anadyr" was burned, and "Sitka" was taken as a prize.
Victory and results
Chapel in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in memory of the defense of 1854
After the attempt of the Anglo-French allies to capture Petropavlovsk ended in complete failure,
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(O. Serova) 5) And here and there the first yellow leaf, spinning, falls onto the road. (F. Tyutchev) 6) The mighty stream of the Volga, rushing down, scattered thousands of splashes. (K. Paustovsky) 7) The cranes were crowing and, building up their triangles, they went down to rest on the low bank of the Pine. (M. Prishvin) 8) Yellow leaves floated sharply and stopped, clinging to snags. (K. Paustovsky) 404. Read the sentences. Find single parts in them. Where do they stand in relation to the predicate verb? Which question is being answered and which member of the sentence are they? In what cases are single gerunds not isolated? Why? Draw a conclusion.
1) Leaning on her elbows, Tatyana writes. (A. Pushkin) 2) Paler, the dawn subsides. (I. Nikitin) 3) The roses turn pale as they open. (A.
Block) 4) The pine trees are shaking and swaying. (V. Bryusov) 5) We had dinner (not) in a hurry and almost silently. (G. Markov) 6) You enter the hall dancing (L. Tolstoy) 7) The wind hummed (not) ceasing. (V. Veresaev) 8) A nightingale worked among the foliage. He worked tirelessly. (E. Vinokurov) 9) From morning until late at night, Fyodor worked (tirelessly).
(M. Gorky) 10) The clock, hissing, struck twelve times in the hall.
(I. Bunin) 405. Read the sentences. Find isolated circumstances. Ask them a question. How are isolated circumstances expressed? What are these circumstances? Explain the placement of punctuation marks.
Bis_8.indd 335 09.26.2011 17:01: 1) Despite the muddy roads, it was a magnificent morning. (A. Chekhov) 2) This time, despite the frost, my mother agreed to go out to the gathered peasants and took me out. (S. Aksakov) 3) Judging by the clock, the sun has already risen more than an hour, but the fog completely hid it. (V. Obruchev) 4) These islands, due to the cold climate, are always covered with layers of ice and snow... (V. Obruchev) 5) The night, contrary to usual, was warm and very clear, thanks to the north wind, which blew away the fog. (V. Obruchev) 6) I was recently in Gurzuf near the Pushkin rock and admired the view, despite the rain. (A. Chekhov) 406. 1. Read the text. Give it a title. Determine the type and style of speech. What role do isolated circumstances play in creating the expressiveness of a text?
Stepping on my bare, tanned feet, I crept along the meadow stitches, caught fish in the river... And I again leaned over the water, reflecting the high summer sky. The familiar stream still runs, murmuring on the stones. Green beards of algae creep along the bottom and sway. A small fish - just like then - slid like a silver arrow along the bottom and disappeared... I wash my face in the stream, and in the mirror of the water I see a gray head, my reflected face. Drops clear water dripping from your hands.
Playing with colorful bunnies, the stream flows along the rocky bottom. And suddenly, as if alive, a pensive boy with a sun-bleached blond head appears in my memory. Having rolled up his porticoes, he wandered along the stream here. Over his head, velvet-blue dragonflies stopped, froze in the air, fluttering their wings... Visions of distant childhood visit me. Lying on the bank of a stream, I look into the sky, where a deep, endless expanse opens up under the branches swayed by the wind. White fluffy clouds float in the sky. The same white golden clouds floated then. The leaves on the trees also rustled, and in the depths of the blue sky, with outstretched wings, a buzzard hawk swam. Perhaps, on the bank of the stream, he now sees a tired traveler, Bis_8.indd 336 09.26.2011 17:01: lying down to rest in the green shade of the trees.4 (I. Sokolov Mikitov) 2. Find isolated circumstances expressed by the gerund and participial phrase . Ask them questions. Explain why they require separation.
407. 1. Read the text. Determine its theme, main idea.
How can you title it? What style, type of speech would you classify it as?
By what signs did you determine this?
One clear, cold morning, Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a ride on horseback, taking with him three pairs of greyhounds, a stirrup and several yard boys with rattles, just in case. At the same time, Grigory Ivanovich Muromsky, tempted by the good weather, ordered his short filly to be saddled. Approaching the forest, he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, wearing a checkman lined with fox fur, and waiting for a hare, which the boys were driving out of the bushes with shouts and rattles. There was nothing to do. Muromsky, like an educated European, drove up to his opponent and greeted him with respect. Berestov answered reluctantly. At this time, the hare jumped out of the forest and ran across the field. Berestov and the stirrup man shouted at the top of their lungs, released the dogs and then galloped off at full speed. Muromsky's horse, which had never been hunting, got scared and bolted. Muromsky, who proclaimed himself an excellent horseman, gave her free rein and was internally pleased with the opportunity that saved him from an unpleasant interlocutor. But the horse, having galloped to a ravine that it had not previously noticed, suddenly rushed to the side, and Muromsky did not sit still. Having fallen rather heavily on the frozen ground, he lay cursing his short mare, which, as if having come to its senses, immediately stopped, feeling itself without a rider. Ivan Petrovich galloped up to him, asking if he had hurt himself. Meanwhile, the stirrup brought the guilty horse, holding it by the bridle. He helped Muromsky climb onto the saddle, and Berestov invited him to his place. Muromsky could not refuse, feeling obliged, and so about Bis_8.indd 337 09.26.2011 17:01: at once Berestov returned home with glory, having hunted the hare and leading his enemy wounded and almost a prisoner of war.
The neighbors chatted quite amicably while having breakfast.
Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, because he admitted that due to the injury he was not able to ride home on horseback. Berestov accompanied him all the way to the porch, and Muromsky left, taking his word of honor to come for a friendly dinner in Priluchino the next day. Thus, the ancient and deeply rooted enmity seemed ready to end due to the timidity of the scanty filly. (According to A. Pushkin) 2. Write down sentences with isolated circumstances. Underline them. Explain why they are separated.
3. Find definitions in the text. How are they expressed? In what cases is it necessary to separate them with commas?
§38. Standalone Add-ons Supplements with prepositions except, instead of, in addition to, over, including, except for, except for, along with, etc. can be isolated. with the meanings of inclusion, exclusion, substitution. The isolation of these phrases, as well as circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions, is associated with their semantic load, prevalence, and the desire of the speaker to emphasize their role in the sentence.
408. Write down the sentences. Find the isolated members. What parts of the sentence are they? Determine their meaning. For what purpose are they separated by commas?
1) It began to rain, and the whole company, with the exception of the princess, returned to the living room. (I. Turgenev) 2) I have never breathed such air anywhere except in our area. (K. Paustovsky) 3) Everything on earth was described, with the exception of such rare and hellish places as Kara-Bugaz. (K. Paustovsky) 4) Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared up and promised Bis_8.indd 338 09/26/2011 17:01: a quiet morning for us. (M. Lermontov) 5) Many of us, in addition to bookcases, also have a treasured shelf. (V. Inber) 6) All of May, with the exception of a few clear days, sunny days It was raining continuously. (M. Sholokhov)7) Dust and heat were everywhere, with the exception of our favorite place in the garden. (L. Tolstoy) 409. 1. Read the text. What style would you classify it as? By what signs did you determine this?
The role of flora and fauna in human life is difficult to overestimate. Development natural resources began with the development of biological resources.
In addition to plant resources, fauna resources are also distinguished.
The plant world provides humans, along with food and feed, fuel and raw materials. For a long time, people have used the fruits of wild growing plants - berries, nuts, fruits, mushrooms. He learned to grow plants useful to him and cultivate them.
Meadows, pastures, hayfields are an excellent forage base for livestock farming. Thousands of plants, including herbs and shrubs, are raw materials for the production of medicines. In medicine, all ma have been successfully used for a long time medicinal plants, many of which came to it from folk copybooks.
The forest provides humans, in addition to edible fruits, wood - ornamental and construction wood, and chemical raw materials.
2. Explain the placement of punctuation marks in sentences four of that paragraph.
3. Write down words and phrases related to scientific vocabulary. With which academic disciplines that you study at school, is the content of this text related?
What information could you add to the story about resources 4.
fauna of Russia? What sources will you use for this? Write a short message about this, including sentences with separate clarifying additions with prepositions except, along with, instead, etc.
Bis_8.indd 339 09.26.2011 17:01: 410. Copy the sentences, adding the missing punctuation marks. Emphasize the additions in them. Do I need to separate them with commas?
1) Soon the birds fell completely silent except for one stubborn one. (I. Goncharov) 2) Apart from the monotonous knock of the ax, nothing disturbed the calm of the sad forest. (D. Grigorovich) 3) Everyone except Varya loudly applauded the singers.
(A. Stepanov) 4) He was distinguished beyond his beautiful and pleasant appearance good manners. 5) No one except his valet saw him without powder. (I. Turgenev) 6) Very slowly, Alexey opened his eyes and saw in front of him, instead of a German, a brown furry spot. (B. Polevoy) 7) The mood of the crew was higher than usual. (A. Novikov-Priboy) §39. Clarifying members of sentence 411. Read and compare the sentences in two columns. Determine which parts of the sentence are the highlighted words? Pay attention to the intonation with which the individual parts of the sentence are pronounced.
1) Beyond the meadows, in the blue 1) Behind the meadows, in the blue grove, grove, the cuckoo was cuckooing. in the alley of the garden, in the old lilac tree (I. Bunin), a cuckoo was hammering.
2) Books: textbooks, dictionaries, then 2) Books, for example, textbooks of poetry - filled nicknames, dictionaries, filled the entire shelf.
the entire rack.
3) In a clearing, near a forest edge 3) In a clearing, near a forest edge, near a road, on a field edge, I saw blue flowers.
flowers. (K. Paustovsky) I. Clarifying members of a sentence are isolated members that explain, clarify, and concretize the meanings of other members of the sentence (specified).
Bis_8.indd 340 09.26.2011 17:01: Both the main and minor members of the sentence can be specified and explained. But most often the circumstances of the place or time are specified, less often - the manner of action, as well as definitions.
The same question can be posed to the clarifying isolated members as to the qualifying member of the sentence, but more specific - where exactly? where exactly? when exactly?
In oral speech, clarifying terms are highlighted by intonation, and in writing - by commas, in the case of a bright emotional coloring - by a dash: Here, in the forest region, my love for living, joyful nature was born, native land. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov);
That summer, in the evening dawns, a steppe golden eagle flies from under the clouds to the top of the mound. (M. Sholokhov);
This story is short, about three printed sheets. (I. Turgenev).
Depending on the meaning, certain words can be considered both as clarifying and as non-specifying. Compare: Far away, in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is outside the forest). - Far in the forest, blows of an ax were heard (the listener is also in the forest).
II. Words are isolated that explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence, both main and secondary.
Explanatory members of a sentence name the same concept as the preceding word, but in a different way. They can join those specified with the help of special conjunctions: that is, or (in the meaning that is), namely, namely, otherwise (in the meaning that is), or otherwise: From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves. (S. Aksakov);
In this regard, even one very important event happened for both of them, namely Kitty’s meeting with Vronsky. (L. Tolstoy) Sometimes a dash is placed before an explanatory phrase instead of a comma: I want only one thing - to warn you, Mikhail Savich. (A. Chekhov) Connecting words that contain additional explanations or comments are also distinguished. They can be added using special words: even, especially, in particular, in particular, mainly, for example, including, moreover, etc.: Grandma was very fond of mushrooms in general, milk mushrooms in particular. (S. Aksakov) Bis_8.indd 341 09.26.2011 17:01: 1 Which parts of the sentence are usually specified?
2 What significance do isolated qualifying terms bring?
3 What parts of speech can they be expressed by?
412. Read the sentences. Find clarifying terms in them.
What are they for? What implications do they bring? Explain punctuation marks.
1) In the corner of the yard, under a rowan tree, a table is set for dinner.
(M. Gorky) 2) He shook his curls and looked up self-confidently, almost defiantly. (I. Turgenev) 3) One weekday morning, my grandfather and I were shoveling snow in the yard. (M. Gorky) 4) Around on the left bank, half a mile from the water, at a distance of seven to eight miles from one another, there are villages.
(L. Tolstoy) 5) A long shadow, several miles long, lay from the mountains on the steppe. (L. Tolstoy) 6) I found myself in Sormovo, in a house where everything was new. (M. Gorky) 413. Complete the sentences, selecting words from the reference materials to clarify the circumstances. Write down the completed sentences using punctuation marks.
1) Not far from this place there was a small village.
2) I have been to a birch grove in the fall. 3) Clouds were floating above.
4) A cloud was gathering ahead. 5) I'll be back tomorrow. 6) The boy got up and went to the right.
W ords for reference: by blue sky, along the shore, above a meandering river, about half of September, on the horizon, about seven o’clock.
414. Complete the sentences with appropriate clarifying members of the sentence. Write down the resulting sentences using punctuation marks. With what intonation are the clarifying parts of the sentence pronounced?
1) The watercolor, or..., was hanging on the wall. 2) The display, that is..., suddenly went out. 3) I really like playing sports, Bis_8.indd 342 09.26.2011 17:01: especially... 4) The illustration, otherwise..., was very interesting. 5) In autumn, the trees in the forest, in particular..., turned golden yellow. 6) By the arrival of birds, especially..., you can predict the beginning of spring. 7) Linguistics, or..., studies related and unrelated languages.
415. Write it down, arranging it missing signs punctuation and inserting missing letters. Highlight qualifying and qualifying words. What members of the sentence are they?
1) Here (at) far from prying eyes a young birch tree flew. (M. Isakovsky) 2) On the back blank wall of this portico or ha(l,ll)ery, six niches were made for statues, which Odintsov was going to export (from) abroad. (I. Tur Genev) 3) On the other side of the river, a nightingale began to fall. (I. Krylov) 4) Every river, even a small one, has merit on earth.
(V. Peskov) 5) The earliest ripening mushrooms, such as birch and russula, reach full development in three days. (S. Aksakov) 6) A wide two hundred meters river of flowers and grass crossed the forest.
(V. Soloukhin) 7) The thunderstorm began in the evening at about ten o’clock. (S. Aksakov) 8) It’s not for nothing that in the spring, during the flight of birds, I was inspired to wander. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) 416. 1. Read the text. Determine its main idea. How can you title it?
Central Russian native nature was my first teacher.
In my life I had to pass a variety of exams - in penmanship and Latin and anatomy, and took part in many competitions. But only great teacher- nature has not yet given me any mark. She still teaches me today.
Over the years, living in the city, we forget about the earth, grass, seeds. Many are content only with seeing a piece of sky in the window frame and listening to dispassionate “weather reports.”
And how wonderful it is when you yourself can guess the weather by the sunset, by the hubbub, and by the flight of birds.
Bis_8.indd 343 09.26.2011 17:01: I always strive from the city to the open air.
Woe to him who is blind and deaf to nature, to the forest, to the morning dawns. You have to be vigilant. See not only what is “on the surface”. (S. Konenkov) 2. Find sentences with clarifying members in the text. What parts of the sentence are they? What shades of meaning do they bring? Explain punctuation.
3. Which statement does not correspond to the content of the text?
1) I always strive from the city to the open air.
2) Nature still teaches me today.
3) I love living in the city.
4) Living in the village, we forget about the land.
4. What word do you think is in this text serves as a key? Why? Prove it.
5. Find sentences with homogeneous members in the text. Explain the placement of punctuation marks. Make diagrams.
What do you think people’s artist Sergei Ko learned from 6.
Nenkova nature? Ponder this.
We repeat the spelling Ob..sob(n,nn)y, h..ract..ristics, k..incretization, pr..education, journey, (many) centuries, dis..enchantment, (n. .) patiently, b..sp..sta(n,nn)o, Petersburg..skiy, reproduce..im..most, (densely)blue, mysterious(n,nn)y, conscientious(?)living, in (o, oo) fermentation, shiny, silky, pr. th pr..store, l..karstve(n,nn)y, crew(?), (average..)Russian, participant(?)nik.
Testing ourselves 1 Indicate the sentence in which the mistake was made.
1) I lowered the mat, wrapped myself in a fur coat and dozed off, lulled to sleep by the singing of the storm and the rolling of a quiet ride. (A. Pushkin) Bis_8.indd 344 09.26.2011 17:01: 2) The commandant of the Nizhneozernaya fortress, a quiet and modest young man, was familiar to me. (A. Pushkin) 3) Unexpected events that had an important impact on my whole life suddenly gave my soul a strong and beneficial shock. (A. Pushkin) 2 How can you continue the sentence:
Knowing the rules of punctuation, 1) you will have good grades in the quarter.
2) you will do your homework correctly.
3) not enough to write correctly.
3 Which sentence is complicated by a separate member with explanatory meaning:
1) On Saturday, after pancakes, we go skiing from the mountains. (I. Shmelev) 2) Heavy clusters of lilacs breathed the dew of grief. (Vs. Rozhdestvensky) 3) Along the entire width of the Lena, ice floes, or, in local terms, hummocks, stuck out in different directions. (V. Korolenko) 4 1. Read the text. Determine his style and type of speech. By what signs did you establish this?
Two days later I sailed to Krasnovidovo.
The Volga has just opened up. From above, across the muddy water, gray, loose ice floes stretch, swaying. The boarder overtakes them, and they rub against the sides, creaking, crumbling from the blows of sharp crystals. The high wind plays, driving a wave onto the shore, the sun sparkles dazzlingly, reflecting in bright white beams from the bluish-glass sides of the ice floes. A plank boat, heavily loaded with barrels, sacks, and boxes, is sailing. At the helm is a young man, Pankov, dapperly dressed in a bleached sheepskin jacket, embroidered on the chest with a multi-colored cord.
His face is calm, his eyes are cold, he is silent and looks little like a man. On the bow of the boardwalk, with his legs spread out, stands Kukushkin, a disheveled little man in a torn overcoat belted with a rope, with a hook in his hands, wearing a crumpled priest’s hat.
Bis_8.indd 345 09.26.2011 17:01: It’s cold. The March sun is still not warm enough. The dark branches of bare trees sway on the shore. Here and there in the cracks and under the bushes of the mountain shore there is snow in pieces of velvet. There are ice floes everywhere on the river, as if a flock of sheep is grazing. I feel like I'm in a dream.
The plankfish swims under the shore. The river swept wide to the left, invading the sandy bank of the meadow side. You see how the water rises, splashing and shaking the coastal bushes, and towards it, bright streams of spring waters roll noisily through the hollows and crevices of the earth. The sun smiles. Yellow-nosed rooks shine in its rays with black steel plumage, croaking busily, building nests. In the hot sun, a bright green bristle of grass touchingly makes its way out of the ground towards the sun. The body is cold, but in the soul there is quiet joy and tender shoots of bright hopes also arise. It’s very cozy on earth in spring. (According to M. Gorky) 2. Write out the sentences, distributing them into groups: a) with separate definitions, b) with separate circumstances, c) with clarifying members of the sentence. What questions do they answer? What do they matter? Indicate how the isolated members of the sentence are expressed. Explain why they require punctuation. What conditions does this depend on? Formulate the rules.
3. Look for appendices and inconsistent definitions in the text. Which of them are not isolated? Why? Which application requires comma delimitation?
4. Indicate the type of highlighted one-part sentence:
1) definite-personal 3) generalized-personal 2) indefinite-personal 4) impersonal 5. Find in the text a sentence with homogeneous predicates. Oh, characterize this sentence, make a diagram of it.
How do you understand the meaning of the last sentence? What ho 6.
Bis_8.indd 346 09.26.2011 17:01: Sentences with addresses, introductory words and inserted constructions §40. Introductory constructions and punctuation marks for them 417. 1. Read and compare the sentences in two columns. Which of them express the speaker’s own attitude to what is happening and being reported? What words express the speaker’s confidence about what is being communicated, doubt, assumption? Remember what these words are called. Make a conclusion in which sentences these words are members of the sentence.
1) This moonless night seemed 1) The bright future seemed just as splendid - Green was very distant (K. Pau on, as before. (I. Turgenev)stovsky) 2) In a word, his success was perfect- 2 ) In a word, the shelves are a complete riddle for me. story fight. (V. Shefner) (I. Turgenev) 3) You, perhaps, should 3) Exchange feelings and thoughts, bless fate for what cannot happen between us.
I don’t want to take off the mask. (M. Ler- (M. Lermontov) montov) 2. Parse the sentences given in the right column.
Bis_8.indd 347 09.26.2011 17:01: 3. Make diagrams of the sentences given on the left and prove that the introductory word is not a member of the sentence.
I. Introductory words are words, combinations of words or entire sentences with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating: Without a doubt, even great masters have mistakes.
(K. Fedin) - confidence;
There is so much snow here that it seems that it will never melt. (S. Marshak) - uncertainty;
Fortunately, I lived in Moscow for more than six months. (I. Bunin) - a feeling of joy.
Introductory constructions are not parts of the sentence.
They can be at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
When spoken, introductory words are distinguished by intonation (pause and relatively fast pace of pronunciation), and when written - by commas.
II. Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence. Compare: I don’t know for sure, but it seems that this whole prank was deliberate, and not improvised (F. Dostoevsky). - Probably, you heard, but you don’t want to say (M. Gorky). Sometimes you can check whether a word is an introductory word or a member of a sentence by excluding it from the sentence: without an introductory word, the structure of the sentence is preserved. However, often sentences are ambiguous and this verification method does not produce results. Compare: First of all, you need to talk about this (= first you need to talk). - First of all, is it necessary to talk about this?
(a connection of thoughts is established).
III. Are not introductory combinations by advice, by direction, by demand, by decision, by decree, by order, by plan: According to the calendar, spring will come in March (I. Goncharov).
418. 1. Read the table that lists the most common introductory words and phrases.
Bis_8.indd 348 09.26.2011 17:01: Meanings Introductory words Examples of introductory words and phrases Confidence Of course, undoubtedly, indisputably, certainly, without doubt, of course, really, of course, naturally Uncertainty It seems, seemed, probably, throughout appearance, perhaps, obviously, maybe, maybe, should be, apparently, apparently, visible, probably, probably, perhaps Various Unfortunately, fortunately, to not feeling happiness, to joy, to chagrin, to misfortune , to surprise, it’s a pity, as if on purpose, as luck would have it, to annoyance Source of in- In my opinion, in your opinion, on my formation, her (our) view, according to rumors, their affiliation is stolen, according to (someone), to someone according to a message, in opinion, according to advice, according to observations (of someone), according to legend So, therefore, it means, The connection between thus, in general, on thoughts, example, firstly, secondly, order thought finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, assessment of the other side, in one word way, as they say, in short expressions, to put it mildly, frankly speaking, it is better to say, in other words, on the contrary, however, in other words, by the way, to to say the word, therefore Bis_8.indd 349 09.26.2011 17:01: 2. Read the sentences below, observing the correct intonation. Indicate the introductory words and determine what meanings they express. Fill in the table with these examples.
1) The moose obviously walked in big leaps. (K. Paustovsky) 2) The fire, according to Leontyev, was going sideways. (K. Paustovsky) 3) Fortunately, the lake turned out to be rich in fish, most of all perch. (G. Fedoseev) 4) The sounds gradually became stronger and more continuous and finally merged into one ringing hum.
(L. Tolstoy) 5) In the evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry... (A. Pushkin) 6) Probably, each of us judges those around us to some extent by ourselves. (A. Rybakov) 7) Yes, it’s obvious that we won’t get to the snowstorm. (V. Korolenko)8) According to him, the most diverse company gathered there every Thursday. (L. Leonov) 9) He, however, was a delicate person. Soft and not stupid.
(A. Chekhov) 10) She mentally looked for, in her opinion, the most convincing arguments. (M. Sholokhov) 11) It seems that this simple forest man understood my attitudes at that time better than anyone else. (L. Leonov) 12) The bouquet must have been collected not long ago. (K. Paustovsky) 13) Our nightingale was, apparently, one of the experienced old singers. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov) 14) So, I set off alone. (L. Tolstoy.) 419. 1. Read the text, title it. Determine its style. What is the role of introductory words in this text? Why are some sentences highlighted with parentheses?
I am still trying to expand and deepen my knowledge of the language. For example, sometimes I like to just read dictionaries, and it gives me a lot. Here in front of me is Dahl's dictionary...
Let’s open it up and look at at least such a familiar word as “house”. Think about this word and you will understand how many meanings are contained in it. “House” first of all means a building for living. But this, so to speak, is the most general concept. And if you say “peasant house,” then the meaning of the word already changes: it is already a hut, a hut. If you say “stone multi-storey building,” then the idea of the house is already created by another Bis_8.indd 350 09.26.2011 17:01: go. In other cases, the word “house” can also mean just some kind of shack, shack, hut. (Look, they say, what it is like, my house!) And how many different forms this word has: here there is “house”, and “house”, and “house”, and “house”, and “house”, and "domina".
Thus, if you properly understand even just the word “house”, then this will bring a lot of benefit. But there are many thousands of such words in the Russian language. (M. Isakovsky) 2. Find introductory words in the text. Determine their meaning.
3. Write out synonyms for the word house from the text. Explain the difference between them. Make sentences with them.
Read the first paragraph again. Write an essay, isa 4.
using the first sentence as a starting point. Tell (your choice) about the words: world, earth, water, sky.
421.Copy down the sentences. Emphasize introductory sentences.
Determine their structure (one-part or two-part). Explain the role and meaning of introductory structures.
1) My soul, I remember, has been looking for miracles (?) since childhood.
(M. Lermontov) 2) Shots, it seemed to me, were still heard right... (A. Pushkin) 3) You, I think, got used to these magnificent paintings. (M. Lermontov) 4) Parasha (that was the name of our beauty) knew how to wash, sew and weave. (A. Pushkin) 5) Wanting to try our luck again before sunrise (you can go for traction in the morning), we decided to spend the night in a nearby mill. (I. Turgenev) 6) As sailors say, the wind is cold..
whined (A. Chekhov) 7) Only a blue haze (n, nn) haze (popularly called “mga”) covered the reaches of the Oka River and distant forests. (K. Paustovsky) 8) My arrival - I could notice it - at first somewhat confused the guests. (I. Turgenev) 9) On a hot summer morning (it was at the end of July) they woke us up earlier than usual. (S. Aksakov) 10) Buran, it seemed to me, was still holy..
rapped. (A. Pushkin) 11) Ruffed grouse, as hunters say, like to think in the trees, to the quiet murmur of a forest river.
(M. Prishvin) Bis_8.indd 351 09.26.2011 17:01: IV. Introductory sentences have the same meanings as introductory words and phrases. When pronounced, they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing - by commas: If there are things in the world worthy of the name “miracles,” then the word, we are sure, is the first and most wonderful of them. (L. Uspensky) Introductory sentences can introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, and amendments into the main sentence, which sharply break the connections between words. Such introductory sentences are called insertive sentences.
Inserted sentences are highlighted with brackets, less often with a dash:
The passion (I can’t call it anything else) to catch and collect butterflies quickly but passionately passed through my soul. (S. Aksakov);
Alexey - the reader already recognized him - looked intently at the young peasant woman. (A. Pushkin) 1 What words and sentences are called introductory?
2 Where are such words usually found in a sentence?
3 What meaning can they express?
4 What structures are called plug-in? How do they differ from introductory structures?
422. Complete the sentences using introductory sentences from the words for reference. Write them down in a modified form, using punctuation marks.
1) The speech of a cultured, educated person should be...
correct, precise and beautiful. 2) To speak correctly and beautifully, you need... to observe the laws of logic (consistency, evidence) and the norms of literary language.
3) There are... dead languages in the world that no one speaks anymore. 4)... nothing comes so cheaply and is valued so dearly as politeness.
Reference words: as it seems to us, we are confident, as is known, as linguists believe.
Bis_8.indd 352 09.26.2011 17:01: 423. 1. Copy the text. Instead of gaps, insert appropriate introductory words that indicate the order of thoughts and their connection. Tell me what type and style of speech is characterized by the use of introductory words of this particular group.
What are the advantages of creating a text document using a word processor?
…you can quickly and easily make changes to the electronic text. Imagine that you made a mistake in the text of a greeting card. You'll have to take new postcard and rewrite the text again. And in an electronic document you can make as many corrections as you like, and they will be absolutely unnoticeable, since the latest edition document.
...there is no need to think in advance how you should look at the finished document layout. The layout can be created after typing, and you can create as many layout options as needed. For example, by typing the text of an invitation card once, you can design it in several ways and print invitations in the required quantity.
...the number of expressive means of text design increases significantly and their use becomes easier.
...most routine work is automated, such as searching for spelling and syntax errors, searching and replacing words, etc.
...special programs allow you to include fragments in another language, formulas, pictures, tables, etc. in the text.
…by creating an electronic document once, you can get an unlimited number of copies. (From the book: Computer Science and ICT) 2. Select synonyms for the words routine (work), editorial (document).
3. Tell me whether the proverb “What is written with a pen cannot be cut out with an ax” can be applied to the creation of electronic text. Give reasons for your answer.
4. Do a syntactic analysis of the phrase invitation card, find a synonym for it in the text.
Bis_8.indd 353 09.26.2011 17:01: 424. In which sentence is the introductory word used? Highlight it with punctuation marks.
1) Having sat down somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hill above a river, or finally on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened to the rustling of leaves and the whisper of grass... (V. Korolenko) 2) Finally, the banners of abusive honor are raised, rustling. (A. Pushkin) 3) Finally, we left the fortress gates and left the Belgorod fortress forever. (A. Pushkin) 425. Construct sentences using the following schemes:
1) Introductory word, ... 2) ..., introductory word, ... 3) ..., introductory word.
426. Insert into the sentence one by one the words expressing:
confidence/uncertainty, source of message, connection of thoughts. Observe what will change in the content of the sentence? Introductory words or combinations of words can be included at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.
We started climbing to the top of the mountain.
Prepare a response message in the form of a discussion about introductory words.
§41. Address and punctuation marks with it I. Address is a word or combination of words that names the one to whom or what is addressed in speech.
The address is pronounced with a special vocative intonation:
Sonya, don't cry, dear darling. (L. Tolstoy);
Hello, my handsome prince. (A. Pushkin).
Bis_8.indd 354 09.26.2011 17:01: In a letter, the address along with all the words related to it is highlighted or separated by commas: Why did you, my old lady, fall silent at the window? (A. Pushkin);
My friends, our union is wonderful. (A. Pushkin) II. The appeal may be:
t at the beginning of a sentence: O, _ t in the middle of a sentence: _, O, _ t at the end of a sentence: _, O.
If the appeal is at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, with a special feeling, an exclamation mark is placed after it: O thin birch! Why did I look into the pond? (S. Yesenin) Oh! _!
The particle o, standing before the address, is not separated from it by a comma: Your sentence, O heaven, is wrong. (M. Lermontov) In the middle of a sentence, the address is pronounced quickly, with a low tone, highlighted by small pauses, and may have a vocative intonation: Wide, O Rus', you have unfolded across the face of the earth in royal beauty! (I. Nikitin) _, Oh, _.
The address that comes at the end of the sentence is pronounced with a weakened vocative intonation: Well then! Sorry, dear shelter. (S. Yesenin), O.
If there are several addresses in a sentence that follow each other, then they are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration:
Farewell, dear village, dark grove and stumps. (S. Yesenin) _, O, O and O.
III. The appeal can be expressed:
t noun in nominative case: Don't make noise, aspen, don't dust, road. (S. Yesenin);
t adjective: Dear, good! How slow is the running of time. (A. Surkov);
Duty officer, start cleaning;
t participle: Mourners, get out of the carriages;
t numeral: Great, sixth!
The address can also be expressed by a 2nd person pronoun. Most often it is used in colloquial speech and has a connotation of rudeness and familiarity: Oh, you barbosina! (A. Chekhov) Tsyts, you! But it can also be used in solemn speech, text: Bless my work, oh you epic muse! (A. Pushkin) Bis_8.indd 355 09.26.2011 17:01: IV. The appeal can be uncommon and widespread: I love you, Peter’s creation, I love your strict, slender appearance. (A. Pushkin) An appeal is not a member of a sentence; a question cannot be asked of it.
427. Copy the sentences, adding the missing punctuation marks. Select requests. In what cases can they be used as an address? inanimate names nouns? What is this technique called? Where are the references in the sentence?
1) Maple, you are my fallen maple, icy, that you stand bending over under the white snowstorm (S. Yesenin) 2) You are a rash of bird cherry with snow, you are birds singing in the forest (S. Yesenin) 3) Oh, the first lily of the valley from under the snow you ask for the sun's rays ( A. Fet) 4) Goodbye to the sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty! (A. Pushkin) 5) Don’t the nightingale sing under my window: fly away to the forests of my homeland. (M. Koltsov) 6) O first lily of the valley from under the snow, you ask for the sun’s rays. (A. Fet) 7) He was about the sea, your singer. (A. Pushkin) 8) How I loved my majestic Caucasus of your sons in their moral customs! (M. Lermontov) 9) Why are you drooping green willow? (A. Maikov) 10) Open the window, my friend. (A. Pleshcheev) V. Address is a bright expressive means of language. Particular expressiveness of speech is given by appeals to inanimate objects: Oh, you vile glass, ... (A. Pushkin);
My dear mother earth, my forest side. (A. Tvardovsky). Expressiveness of speech is also given by repeated appeal or several appeals to one word: Hello, hello, darling, darling, darling! (A. Prokofiev) V poetic works expressiveness is achieved through the use of:
t appeals-metaphors: My autumn, autumn! Golden thought!
(V. Inber);
t metonymic appeals: Goodbye, blue eyes, I don’t blame you. (I. Gruzdev);
t appeals-periphrases: I love you, Peter’s creation, ... (A. Pushkin) Bis_8.indd 356 09.26.2011 17:01: B works of art Appeals are often a characteristic of a hero, a character: Oh, you red-haired devil! Often there are constructions similar in form to inversions.
428. Read the sentences, observing the correct intonation.
Write down sentences with appeals. Determine how appeals differ from structures similar in form. With what intonation will you read the addresses to her?
1) Nightingales, nightingales, do not disturb the soldiers. Let the soldiers get some sleep. (A. Fatyanov) 2) The nightingales have echoed in the gardens, the days are fading, and it’s time to fly away. (A. Prokofiev) 3) How often, in the sad separation of my wandering fate, Moscow, I thought about you!
(A. Pushkin) 4) Moscow... How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart! (A. Pushkin) 5) Sing me, O oriole, a desert song. (B. Pasternak) 6) The oriole is very careful at the nest.
(L. Semago) 7) And we will preserve you, Russian speech, the great Russian word. (A. Akhmatova) 8) Wake me up early tomorrow, oh my patient mother! (S. Yesenin) Do you know that...
You can't behave as you please on the Internet.
The basic norms of behavior - online etiquette - here are the same as in ordinary life: do not be rude, do not swear, do not bully and behave politely.
The letter always begins with a polite address. Since it is unknown exactly when the addressee will read it, the Internet has even come up with such a humorous form as “ Good time days!” Written message “Dear friend!” or the more formal “Dear Sergey Sergeevich!” in our country it is customary to complete exclamation point, and in English-speaking countries it ends with a business comma: My dear, ... (“My dear ...”).
Bis_8.indd 357 09.26.2011 17:01: 429. 1. Tell us what you learned about netiquette. How does it relate to basic norms of behavior? What addresses are used in online correspondence? What punctuation marks are used in addresses in Russia and other countries? What punctuation do you use?
Write a letter to your online pen pal. Russka 2.
Live it up for what you learned about networking ethics.
430. Read the sentences. Analyze what parts of speech are expressed. In what styles of speech do you think certain addresses can be used?
1) Why did you jackdaws arrive late and sit on our roof at sunset? (V. Lugovskoy) 2) Sing, little light, don’t be ashamed! 3) Goodbye, dear starlings! Come in the spring. (A. Kuprin) 4) Goodbye, dear village, dark grove and stumps. (S. Yesenin) 5) Well, lay out the tablecloth, hostess, we’ll sit with you until then. (A. Prokofiev) 6) “Stop chattering, magpies!” - said the woman in a knitted scarf. (Yu. Nagibin) 7) On the boat, return immediately! Otherwise, I open aimed fire! 8) Passerby, stop! (M. Tsvetaeva) 9) Get up, get up, you! (K. Simonov) 10) “Mish,” the younger one suddenly said, “where did this stone come from?” 11) Aunt Musya, Aunt Musya, Yulochka wants to eat... (B. Polevoy) 12) Suddenly, exhausted and subdued, oh Terek, you interrupted your roar. (A. Pushkin) 13) Oh, stitch, wait, stretch a little. (M. Isakovsky) 14) Well, match, match, help me out, don’t let the fighter down. (A. Tvardovsky) 15) Terkin, Terkin, the hour has indeed come, the end of the war. (A. Tvardovsky) 16) “Grandfather, where are you? - Shut up, restless one! (M. Sholokhov) 431. Make up sentences with appeals according to the following schemes:
1) Oh. 4) _, Oh, _.
2) Oh!. 5) _, Oh!
3) Oh! ? 6) _, Oh?
Bis_8.indd 358 09.26.2011 17:01: 432. Read an excerpt from A. Chekhov’s story “Fat and Thin.”
At the Nikolaevskaya railway station, two friends met: one fat, the other thin.
Porfiry! - the fat one exclaimed when he saw the thin one. - Is that you? My darling! How many winters, how many years!
Fathers! - the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! Where did you come from?
The friends kissed each other three times and looked at each other with eyes full of tears. Both were pleasantly stunned.
Well, how are you doing, friend? - asked the fat man, looking at his friend enthusiastically. - Where do you serve? Have you achieved the rank?
I serve, my dear! I have been a collegiate assessor for the second year now and I have Stanislav. The salary is bad... well, God bless him! My wife gives music lessons, I privately make cigarette cases out of wood.
Great cigarette cases! I sell them for a ruble apiece. If someone takes ten pieces or more, then, you know, there is a concession. We make some money. I served, you know, in the department, and now I’ve been transferred here as the head of the same department... I’ll serve here. Well, how are you? Probably already a civilian? A?
No, my dear, lift it higher,” said the fat man. - I have already reached the rank of secret... I have two stars.
The thin one suddenly turned pale and petrified, but soon his face twisted in all directions with the broadest smile;
it seemed as if sparks were falling from his face and eyes. He himself shrank, hunched over, narrowed... His suitcases, bundles and cardboard boxes shrank, wrinkled... His wife's long chin became even longer;
Nathanael stood tall and fastened all the buttons of his uniform... - I, Your Excellency... It’s a pleasure, sir! A friend, one might say, from childhood and suddenly became such a nobleman, sir! Hee hee.
Well, that's enough! - the fat man winced. - What is this tone for?
You and I are childhood friends - and why this respect for rank?
Bis_8.indd 359 09.26.2011 17:01: - For mercy's sake... What are you... - the thin one giggled, shrinking even more. - Your Excellency’s gracious attention... seems like life-giving moisture... 2. Write out sentences with appeals from the text. Indicate what parts of speech they are expressed by. Make diagrams of them. Explain punctuation.
3. Keep track of which addresses are used at the beginning of the text, and which ones are used at the end. What do you think this depends on?
4. Find the paragraph in which A. Chekhov depicts how the thin one changes before our eyes, and not only he, but even things. Which part of speech helps you see this?
The procedure for parsing a simple sentence 1. Name the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (declarative, interrogative, imperative).
2. Determine the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Indicate the type of sentence in relation to reality (affirmative or negative.) 4. Establish that the sentence is simple by highlighting its grammatical basis.
5. Parse the sentence according to the members of the sentence:
a) subject and predicate;
b) minor members, included in the subject;
c) minor members included in the predicate.
Indicate how the members of the sentence are expressed.
6. Consider the structure of the sentence:
a) two-part or one-part. For a single-component, indicate the type - definite-personal, indefinite-personal, impersonal, nominative.
b) widespread or not widespread;
c) complete or incomplete. In incomplete ones, determine which term is missing.
7. Indicate whether the sentence is complicated or uncomplicated. For complicated ones, set the type of complication: homogeneous members, about Bis_8.indd 360 09.26.2011 17:01: assembled members, appeal, introductory words and sentences.
433. 1.Read the text. Determine the type of speech. By what criteria did you establish this?
1854 The first separate edition of the poems of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was published, causing approving responses from his contemporaries. The young Leo Tolstoy, having read this collection for the first time, admitted that he was “dimmed” by the magnitude of Tyutchev’s talent. Subsequently... Tolstoy, naming him among his favorite poets, said that “one cannot live without him.”
An amazingly subtle description of Tyutchev’s poetic talent was left by I.S. Turgenev took an active part in the preparation and publication of the first collection. He compares the aroma of Tyutchev’s poems with the “delicate smell of violets”:
“The violet does not reek with its scent for twenty paces around:
you have to get close to it to feel its scent.”
Tyutchev is usually called the “singer of nature.” In his lyrics, he created excellent... “landscapes in verse” imbued with... deep philosophical thought.
The poetic world of Tyutchev amazes anyone who ever opens a volume of his poems. (I. Koroleva) 2. Copy the text, inserting the missing letters and adding missing punctuation marks.
3. Choose synonyms for the words: approving (responses), strike (twenty steps around), amaze (everyone).
4. Emphasize the isolated circumstances. What parts of speech are they expressed by? Do morphological analysis one or two parts.
5. Find isolated definitions. How are they expressed? Explain the placement of punctuation marks.
6. Parse the highlighted sentence.
Bis_8.indd 361 09.26.2011 17:01: Review of what was learned in 8th grade 434. 1. Read the text. Find keywords and define a topic. Do you think the title conveys the theme or main idea?
Specify the number of microthemes. Do microtopic boundaries coincide with paragraph boundaries? Prove it. What type of speech would you classify this text as?
Why? Identify ways to connect sentences in the text.
Young leaves 1) Spruce trees bloom with red candles and dust with yellow torment.
2) I sat down right on the ground near an old huge stump. 3) This stump inside is complete rot and would probably have crumbled completely if the hard outer wood had not cracked into planks, like in barrels, and each plank would not have leaned against the rot and held it. 4) And a birch tree grew from the dust and has now blossomed. 5) And many different berry herbs, blooming from below, rose to this old huge stump.
6) The stump held me back, I sat down next to the birch tree, trying to hear the rustling of the fluttering leaves, but could not hear anything. 7) But the wind was quite strong, and through the spruce trees forest music came here in waves, rare and powerful. 8) The wave will run far away and not come, and the noise curtain will fall, complete silence will appear for a short minute, and the finch will take advantage of this: it will roll out briskly, persistently. 9) Listen! 10) It’s joyful to listen to him - you’ll think about how to live well on earth! 11) But I want to hear how pale Bis_8.indd 362 09.26.2011 17:01 whisper: the yellow, fragrant, shiny and still small leaves of my birch. 12) No! 13) They are so tender that they only tremble, shine, smell, but do not make noise. (According to M. Prishvin) 2. From sentence 4, write down the word with the spelling at the root -rast/-ros-. Explain its spelling.
3. What rule determines the spelling of words: crumbled, cracked, blossomed, took advantage, rolled out?
4. Write out examples of unambiguous and polysemantic words from the text, indicate their meaning.
5. In what meaning is the word rolled out used in the text?
1) While rolling, gain speed.
2) Roll in different directions.
3) Sound loud and booming.
6. Replace the phrase forest music, built on the principle of agreement, with a synonymous phrase with the connection control. Write down the resulting phrase.
7. Indicate the sentence in which the predicate is a compound nominal.
1) 1 2) 6 3) 7 4) 9.
8. Determine what tense the predicate verbs are in. Why do you think the author uses verbs in different tense forms?
9. Name the type of one-part sentence 9.
1) definite-personal 2) indefinite-personal 3) impersonal 4) generalized-personal 10. Indicate a sentence in which a separate circumstance is expressed by an adverbial phrase:
1) 3 2) 5 3) 6 4) 8.
11. Write out a sentence with homogeneous members that correspond to and. Explain punctuation.
Vetsuet scheme 435. 1. Expressively read the texts from the works of V. Soloukhin, highlighting the intonation features of the sentences with your voice.
Identify the theme that unites them. What worries and interests the author? How does he talk about this in the first text? And in the second? What is the main idea of these texts? Determine the type of speech of these texts. Prove it.
Bis_8.indd 363 09.26.2011 17:01: I. 1) It’s beautiful to look at people mowing from afar! 2) It’s good to admire a skilled, good mower up close! 3) These uniform, economical swings of the scythe, this rhythmic rotation of the shoulders, when the scythe is pulled back, swings slowly, as if a spring is compressed at the same time, which then quickly, sharply pushes the scythe in the opposite direction, and the scythe falls on the right leg and on the right side , and even exhales out loud: “H-ha!”
4) The shirt on the chest is open, the face and neck are sweating, and the reflections of the dawn lie on the face: even now paint a picture.
5) But here’s what’s strange. 6) As soon as you take the scythe and stand in a row, both the surroundings and the clouds immediately disappear somewhere.
7) The whole world narrows, what remains in it is a yellow wooden window, a crooked bluish blade of a scythe, along the groove of which dew runs, washing away the grass fines, a small patch of standing grass that has to be cut, and even from time to time Bis_8.indd 364 26.09. 2011 17:01: a rusty block sliding along a gentle sting, now from one side, now from the other. 8) And if you raise your head and look around or look to where the swath should end, then, as luck would have it, at that very moment a stream of hot sweat will flow into your eyes, and will obscure the white light, and sting your eyes so that what there are clouds and surroundings! (“Dew Drop”) II. 9) Why has haymaking been the favorite job and favorite time in the village for a long time? 10) Because, out of all peasant work, it was carried out jointly, united everyone, made friends, collectivized. 11) All year long, the peasants did not dig in their own plot, but during the haymaking they went out to one place with the whole village, or, as it was called, the whole world, stood behind each other, competed with each other, and joked around in moments of rest. 12) It was like a holiday.
13) They walked there and back singing. (“Vladimir country lanes”) 2. Replace the colloquial word zastit with a stylistically neutral synonym.
3. From sentences 2-3, write down words with the spelling -tsya / -tsya in verbs. Explain their spelling, formulate a rule.
4. Will the words uniting, collectivized be text synonyms?
5. Describe the words competed, joked, dug. Are they bookish or colloquial?
6. Explain how you understand the meaning of the expression with the whole world.
7. Find in the text antonyms for the words close, slowly.
8. Find a synonym for the word admire.
9. Are the words uniform and rhythmic synonyms?
10. What type of predicate should it end in (sweeping)?
1) simple verb 2) compound verb 3) compound nominal 11. What role does it play? interrogative sentence, How do you think?
12. Specify the type of one-part sentence 5.
1) definite-personal 2) indefinite-personal 3) generalized-personal 4) impersonal.
Bis_8.indd 365 09.26.2011 17:01: 13. Indicate which sentence the characteristic corresponds to:
simple, narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part common, complicated by homogeneous predicates:
1) 3 2) 4 3) 6 4) 11.
14. Write out from the text a sentence with homogeneous subjects connected by a repeating conjunction and. Make a diagram of them. Explain the punctuation.
436. 1. Read the text expressively, highlighting the intonation features of the sentence with your voice. Determine its topic and main idea.
1) Nikolai Nikolaevich saw his street and his house. 2) His heart began to pound. 3) He stood for a few minutes, caught his breath, crossed the street with a firm step, entered the yard, tearing off the boards from the boarded up windows. 4) He thought: the main thing is to chop off the boards, open the doors, open the windows, so that the house can live its own permanent life. 5) The house always seemed to him large, spacious, smelling of the warm air of the stoves, hot bread, fresh milk and freshly washed floors.
6) And even when Nikolai Nikolaevich was little, he always thought that not only “real people” lived in their house, not only grandmother, grandfather, father, mother, brothers and sisters, but also countless uncles and aunts who came and went , and also those that were in the paintings hanging on the walls in all five rooms. 7) And this feeling that the “people from the pictures” actually live in their house never left him, even when he became an adult. (According to V. Zheleznikov) 2. Are the words healed, life, live, alive and have the same root?
3. Write out from the text the words in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “In complete passive participles of the past tense NN is written.”
4. Find antonyms in the text.
5. In what meaning is the adjective hard used in the text:
1) Retaining its shape and size, unlike liquid and gaseous.
Bis_8.indd 366 09.26.2011 17:01: 2) Hard, strong.
3) Stable, durable.
6. Indicate the fourth “extra.”
saw a constant smelling hammered steam room freshly washed caught my breath boarded up coming to open countless leaving 7. Find syntactically non-free phrases in the text. What meaning do they express?
8. Indicate a sentence in which one of the homogeneous members of the sentence is a compound verbal predicate.
1) 1 2) 3 3) 5 4) 7.
9. Write out a sentence from the text with two rows of homogeneous members of the sentence. Emphasize them. Make diagrams of them.
10. Indicate a sentence in which homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by a double conjunction:
1) 3 2) 5 3) 6 4) 11. Find in the text a sentence with a separate agreed definition. Explain the punctuation with it.
437. 1. Read the text. What type and style of speech can he be classified as? How did you determine this? Title the text. What will the title reflect - the topic or the main idea?
1) Rarely does a road exist without bridges. 2) The creaking of logs, the hum of iron spans or the silence of stone remains in the memory. 3) Of all human buildings, bridges are the most poetic.
4) I thought: why is this? 5) Probably because they stand above the water, because it is a means to step over an obstacle, because the bridge is part of the road, and the road and traffic always excite and delight. 6) Finally, bridges connect people.
7) How many bridges are there on earth? 8) It’s hardly possible to count them. 9) Hanging, pontoon, stone, log, bamboo, metal, concrete, lifting and movable, viaducts and aqueducts... 10) In St. Petersburg alone there are more than five Bis_8.indd 367 09.26.2011 17:01: hundreds of bridges. 11) If you try to drive across our land from the west to the Amur, how many times will the rails run over the water! 12) And how many bridges and walkways over small rivers and ravines, over floodplains, lowlands and streams!
13) Bridges, like people, have age and do not live forever.
14) Reinforced concrete is durable. 15) Iron workers are given an average of one hundred years. 16) A hundred years - and it needs to be changed. 17) On Far East, near Khabarovsk, stands one of the veteran bridges.
18) Anyone who traveled by train through the Amur remembers the long, alarming roar, the longest on the entire journey from west to east.
19) Amur Bridge is the longest of our bridges. 20) Four kilometers of patterned steel connect the Amur shores...
21)...Big bridges and small ones, made of two logs, with a birch railing, are equally dear to us, because bridges connect people. (V. Peskov) 2. Determine the number of microthemes in the text. Briefly formulate the idea of each micro-topic.
3. From sentence 9, write down the words in which the spelling n/nn obeys the rule: “If an adjective is formed from a noun with a stem in -n, then nn is written in it.” Parse these words according to their composition.
4. Find the fourth “extra”
poetic endless durable released 5. Indicate a sentence in which the subject is expressed syntactically by a non-free phrase with an emphatic meaning.
1) 2 2) 3 3) 10 4)7.
6. Write out a sentence from the text with homogeneous subjects connected separation union. Describe this proposal.
7. Explain the placement of the dash in sentence 19.
8. Indicate a sentence with a qualifying clause.
1) 5 2) 11 3) 12 4)17.
Bis_8.indd 368 09.26.2011 17:01: 9. Indicate the type of one-part sentence 8.
1) definite-personal 2) indefinite-personal 3) generalized-personal 4) impersonal 10. Find in the text a sentence with an introductory word denoting a sequence of thoughts. Explain punctuation.
438. 1. Read the text. Determine its topic and main idea.
What is special about this topic? Title the text so that the title reveals both the topic and the main idea. Name the type of speech of this text. Prove it. By what signs did you determine this?
1) Walking along a country road was Screw, a freckled, snub-haired boy, the kind that vocational schools graduate in batches. 2) A winter uniform peacoat wide open, in one’s hand an old hat with earflaps, lined with a mysterious blue-gray animal.
3) Screw’s feet are wearing ordinary work boots with iron rivets on the sides. 4) It’s, of course, a little difficult to tap dance in such shoes, but stomping along an unpaved road is even very deft, especially if you take good strides.
5) Screw carried his earflap hat behind one ear and slapped it on his trouser leg with every step. 6) Screw is walking, waving his hat.
7) Screw is in a good mood! 8) The head of the station let him go home for five whole days. 9) “Here you have,” he says, “two days in May, one day off and two days from me personally. For the fact that you delve into the matter.” 10) True, Screw is only listed as a trainee in the brig. 11) But this is by order, and if so, then there is no difference.
12) His first paycheck is in the side pocket of his pea coat. 13) He didn’t even count how much there was. 14) It was much more important to realize that they finally exist and that he earned them with his own hands.
15) “We need to buy my mother a gift for the holiday,” thought Screw. - When I come to the city, I won’t go home straight away, but first I’ll go shopping. To go home straight with a gift. Just what to buy? A box of chocolates? Some more expensive ones. So that they are tied with a ribbon. Will she eat it herself? He’ll take a piece or two, and give the rest to Vitka. And only for that Bis_8.indd 369 09.26.2011 17:01: wai: he will eat everything at once. Maybe a handbag? Or a dress?..
Beautiful, with flowers. I’ll be glad!” 16) It was pleasant for Screw to mentally dress his mother in everything new: he imagined how his mother, worried, her face turning pink, would try on gifts in front of the mirror, and from these mental pictures he was imbued with a feeling of honestly deserved respect. 17) “Wear it, mother, for your health,” he will say. “If I earn more money, I’ll buy it better.”
18) He was pleased to give his mother various good things.
19) It was a whole discovery for him. 20) He didn’t know this before, because he was not yet a working man. 21) He turned over in his mind many different things that he would like to bring to his mother.
22) There are a lot of good things in the world, and you want to give it all away at once. (According to E. Nosov) 2. Find and write down words with unpronounceable consonants. Explain their spelling.
3. Formulate a rule that governs the spelling of words:
shop, shoes, candy, pocket.
4. From sentence 16, write down a word with an alternating unstressed vowel at the root. What does its writing depend on?
5. Find 1-4 words in the sentences with evaluation suffixes. What are these suffixes? What are they used for?
6. Write out from the text words whose spelling follows the rule: “In adjective suffixes -ONN/-ENN is written NN.” Highlight the suffixes in them.
7. Find in the text a stylistically neutral synonym for the word to fall.
8. Find the fourth “extra.”
walked I will come to recognize the knocked out they will take to buy bandaged carried wear to dress deserved spanked I will earn worrying unknurled 9. Indicate which sentences contain syntactically non-free phrases denoting quantity.
1) 5 2) 8 3) 12 4) 14.
Bis_8.indd 370 09.26.2011 17:01: 10. Determine the type of predicate in sentence 11.
1) simple verb 2) compound verb 3) compound nominal 11. Indicate which sentence the characteristic corresponds to:
simple, narrative, exclamatory, one-part denominative, common, uncomplicated.
1) 2 2) 3 3) 7 4) 12.
12. From sentences 2-4, write down heterogeneous definitions together with the word being defined. How does the fact that they are heterogeneous affect the placement of punctuation marks?
13. In sentence 2, find a separate agreed definition. Write it down along with the word being defined, explain the placement of punctuation marks.
14. In the given sentence from the text, all commas are numbered. Indicate the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.
Tap dancing in these ones is (1) of course, (2) a bit difficult, (3) but stomping along an unpaved road is very clever, (4) especially if you take good strides.
15. How do Screw’s plans characterize him? How does he feel about the money he earns? What was more important to him?
Write an argumentative essay. Express your opinion 16.
connection to the hero of this passage.
439. 1. Read an excerpt from N. Teffi’s story “Nowhere.” Why do you think it is titled like that? Determine the main idea of the text.
How can you title this passage? What type of speech does this text belong to? How will you prove this?
1) At the pier of the old port of a Russian northern city, a boy was sitting on a bunch of ropes. 2) Thin, with an elongated neck, a sharp, tense muzzle.
3) At first he sat on the pedestal on which the mooring cables are wound, but the loaders pushed him away. 4) He moved further away, but they drove him out from there too. 5) He’s used to being chased away from everywhere and being a nuisance to everyone here. 6) Nothing can be done. 7) He still won’t leave.
Bis_8.indd 371 09.26.2011 17:01: 8) His nostrils flare, his eyes sparkle and run around like a mouse’s, he licks his lips, twirls his sharp muzzle, absorbs the smells.
9) It smells like fish, resin and something else spicy, exciting, unfamiliar. 10) This is the smell of the ship that is now being loaded. 11) This is an absolutely unprecedented smell, the breath of those distant lands that do not exist in the world.
12) From below, the smooth walls of the ship seem impregnable, mercilessly high. 13) And the reflection of the waves trembles like a sparkling lace mesh on its sides. 14) Maybe they caught him with this net and are holding him. 15) How wonderful everything is!
16) Ask the sailor where the ship came from?
17) He will answer:
From Jamaica.
18) Either from Java or from the Canary Islands.
19) Wonderful, exciting names.
20) But there is probably some other unknown name that can only be heard in the deepest sleep.
21) One sailor said that the most wonderful thing is to climb to the top of a huge middle mast. 22) She always sways a little, even in the calmest weather. 23) And so, if you look from there, from above, at the world, you will see extraordinary things. 24) Firstly, the ship itself will seem small, like a stand. 25) That's all sea bottom clearly visible. 26) There, at the bottom, there are monsters: one-eyed, eight-legged, rooster-fish, saw-fish, swordfish, sea cat, sea horse, sea urchin.
27) Everything is huge, everything is terrible, not like on earth.
28) - Where is the country that doesn’t exist? - the boy asked the big ones.
29) - Leave me alone! - they answered him. 30) - Nowhere.
31) Then this boy grew up and recently told me how he was sitting in the port. 32) But even now in his dreams he often swings on the top of a huge mast and feels how the wind ruffles his hair and carries his ship to the country of “Nowhere”, about which he supposedly Bis_8.indd 372 09.26.2011 17:01: if only in reality she yearns, but in reality she does not understand that she is the one she yearns for.
2. Which syllable is stressed in the word wonderful? Will the meaning of a word change if the emphasis is placed on a different syllable? What are these words called?
3. Write out from the text the words in which the spelling of the prefix is determined by the rule: “If a prefix is followed by a voiceless consonant, then at the end of it is written a letter denoting a voiceless consonant.”
4. Find in the text words with an unpronounceable consonant at the root of the word. Formulate a rule for writing them.
5. Indicate words with the prefix not- that are not used without not-.
Unfamiliar, unprecedented, impregnable, unknown, extraordinary Explain the spelling of other words from not found in the text.
What rule does it obey? Formulate the spelling rules for not/nor with in different parts speech. Give examples.
6. Write out from the text the words with the prefix pri-. What rule governs their spelling? Give examples of words with the prefix pre-.
7. Find in the text exception verbs from the I conjugation. Why are they exceptions? Put these verbs into the 3rd form. pl. h.
How many stems can a verb have? Write down the basics of these verbs and try to form all possible participles from them. Which verbs failed to form participles? Why?
8. Indicate the fourth “extra.”
swell sharp close shine spicy little run lace away leave me alone wonderful quietly 9. Explain the writing of adverbs on o/a.
recently first often from there only always a little Bis_8.indd 373 09.26.2011 17:01: 10. Prove that the adverbs above, below, in reality are written correctly. How to distinguish between the spelling of adverbs and nouns with a preposition?
11. What part of speech is the word big in sentence 28?
In what meaning is this word used? Why do you think the author uses the word big? What synonym can replace it?
12. Are contextual synonyms for the words impregnable, tall?
13. How do you understand the word mercilessly high? For what purpose is it used?
14. Find in the text a phrase corresponding to the pattern x “place + adj.”
15. Indicate a sentence in which the subject is expressed by a syntactically constrained phrase with the meaning of quantity.
16. Replace the phrase seabed, constructed according to the principle of agreement, with a synonymous phrase with the connection control. Write down the resulting phrase. Is it possible to rearrange the phrases sea cat, sea horse, sea urchin so that there is a control connection. Why?
17. Why do you think the word sea is used three times in sentence 26? What do the phrases sea cat, sea horse, sea urchin mean? What are these phrases?
18. Find the fourth “extra” in each column. Explain your choice.
old port viewed from above northern city the distant lands sway a little on his sides The Canary Islands interfere with everyone on a bunch of ropes wind the cables the breath of the lands licks his lips sat in the port smells of fish moved further away to hear the name 19. Indicate the type of predicate in sentence 25.
1) simple verbal 2) compound verb 3) compound nominal Bis_8.indd 374 09.26.2011 17:01: 20. Determine the type of one-component sentence 9.
1) definite-personal 2) indefinite-personal 3) generalized-personal 4) impersonal 21. Match the numbers of the sentences and their characteristics.
1) 6 A. Definitely personal 2) 14 B. Indefinitely personal 3) 19 C. Generalized personal 4) 23 D. Impersonal 5) 25 E. Nominal 22. Find incomplete sentences in the text. For what purpose are they used? What might complete replicas look like?
23. Explain the hyphenated spelling of words in sentence 26. Are these words single applications with a defined word or denote a concept, term?
24. Indicate in which sentence the definitions are homogeneous. Explain punctuation to them.
1) 1 2) 12 3) 13 4) 19.
25. Write a sentence with a generalizing word with homogeneous members. Explain the punctuation in this sentence. Make a syntax analysis of it. Make a diagram.
26. Find introductory words in the text. What do they mean? How do you divide them in a sentence?
27. All commas in the sentence are numbered. Write down the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.
But there is, (1) probably, (2) some other, (3) unknown, (4) name, (5) which can only be heard in the deepest sleep.
28. By what means is comparison expressed in the text? What members of our sentences are comparative turnover How about the union?
Explain punctuation to them.
29. Re-read the last paragraph. How do you understand the words “country of Nowhere”? What is the boy yearning for? What is his deepest dream? Why do you think the author believes that the hero of this story “in reality does not understand that he is yearning for her”?
What are you dreaming about? Try to talk about your dream, 30.
using homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences.
Bis_8.indd 375 09.26.2011 17:01: Dictionary of spelling difficulties Academy Debut interior allegory motto incident alligator declaration skillful ensemble declare art aroma decoration true artillery delegate architecture delicate Cavalry assortment diploma candidate asphalt discussion carnival certificate dignity coloring attraction- colossal Kayak strength combination immortality commission businessman Like-minded companion biographer nickname composer majority composition Blinds component Size firebird, conservatory TV.p. heat vertical conference video camera bird correspondent showcase pearl couturier imagination embody Architecture Laboratory in a hurry architect landscape laureate Guarantee Ideal legend harmony illumination brilliant illustrated Maneuver horizontal route graceful improvisation migration grandiosity intellectual microphone microelement Bis_8.indd 376 09.26.2011 17:01: diversity no prototype Fantasy multimedia proportion fireworks multimedia prototype festival animation pedestal film library On the go Revenge Chameleon by heart regulate hobby like resolution rental recommendation Value relic civilization Obelisk rehearsal civilized isolation restoration Champion personify ambitious speaker Certificate navigate secretary March implement symphony patronize scanner Predecessor compatriot Ecology genuine specialty experimentation amaze strategy vat pedestal exploitation resolution Talented expressive devotion broadcast element transformation route erudition privilege Increased priority Solitude prologue universal Bis_8.indd 377 09.26.2011 17:01: Contents RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE CIRCLE SLAVIC LANGUAGES SPEECH (REPEAT AND LEARN NEW things) §1. Text. Types of speech......................................... §2. Speech styles........................................ §3. Conversational style.................................... §4. Scientific style................................................... §5. Formal business style......................... §6. Journalistic style........................... REVIEW (BASED ON WHAT STUDYED IN GRADES 5-7) SYNTAX AND PUNCTUATION VOCABULARY. PROPOSAL §7. Phrase. Types of phrases........................ §8. Types of connections between words in a phrase.................................... §9. Proposal......................................... §10. Intonation. Logical stress................... §11. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement.............. §12. Types of sentences by emotional coloring................................ §13. Affirmative and negative sentences.................................... TWO-PART SENTENCE MAIN MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE §14. Subject and ways of expressing it................... §15. Predicate. Types of predicate................................... §16. Simple verbal predicate........................ §17. Compound verbal predicate.................................... §18. Compound nominal predicate.................................... §19. Dash between the subject and the predicate................. SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE §20. What are the minor members of a sentence................................... Bis_8.indd 378 09.26.2011 17:01: § 21. Definition. Types of definitions......................... §22. Addition. Types of additions........................ §23. Circumstance.
Types of circumstances................................ §24. Word order in a sentence........................ §25. Incomplete sentence........................... SINGLE SENTENCE §26. What is a one-part sentence? Types of one-part sentences................................................... §27. Definitely personal proposals................... §28. Vaguely personal sentences................... §29. Generalized-personal proposals...................... §30. Impersonal offers............................... §31. Name sentences............................ COMPLEX SENTENCE HOMOGENEOUS TERMS OF THE SENTENCE §32. Sentences with homogeneous members................... §33. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions........................ §34. Generalizing word with homogeneous members................................. SEPARATE MEMBERS OF SENTENCES §35. Proposals with isolated members................ §36. Separate definitions and applications................... §37. Special circumstances........................ §38. Separate additions................................ §39. Clarifying members of the sentence...................... §40. Introductory constructions and punctuation marks with them................................. SENTENCES WITH ADDRESSES, INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND INSERTED STRUCTURES §41. Addressing and punctuation marks with it.............. REPEATING WHAT STUDYED IN 8TH CLASS Bis_8.indd 379 09.26.2011 17:01: Educational publication Bystrova Elena Aleksandrovna Kibireva Lyudmila Valentinovna Voiteleva Tatyana Mikhailovna Fattakhova Nailya Nuryykhanovna RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 8th grade Textbook for general education institutions Edited by an academician Russian Academy education E.A. Bystrovoy Editor E. Obukhova Art editor N.G. Ordynsky Serial external and internal design A.S. Pobezinsky Artist Yu.N. Ustinova Proofreader G.A. Golubkova Layout L.H. Matveeva Signed for publication on September 1, 2011. Format 70x90/16.
Offset paper. Offset printing.
You can't understand Russia with your mind,
The general arshin cannot be measured:
She will become special -
You can only believe in Russia.
F. I. Tyutchev, 1866
December 5, 2014 marked the 211th anniversary of the birth of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - Russian poet, privy councilor, diplomat, publicist, public figure, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
The poetry of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev belongs to the enduring values of the literature of the past, which even today enrich human spiritual culture. He wrote about Russia, about Russian nature, but at the same time he spent 22 years abroad, rarely spoke Russian, even in Russia, mainly in French and German.
In Europe, where Tyutchev lived, he developed as a poet, as a person and as a translator. As an outstanding poet, Fyodor Ivanovich received recognition from his contemporaries. His personality and creativity are distinguished by deep originality, which reflected the most characteristic features of the era.
The poet lived a long life for those times - 70 years (from 1803 to 1873), and was a contemporary of many historical events, to which he responded in his letters and articles. Tyutchev was at the center of European civilization. He was distinguished by his broad education, excellent knowledge of European languages, breadth of interests, active work of thought, great creative potential, and a complex, rich, bizarre world of feelings.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev for us is one of the greatest Russian poets. This attitude towards him was established, however, only relatively recently, at the beginning of the 20th century. He was poorly understood by his contemporaries; They didn’t value him enough. This is explained by two reasons: firstly, Tyutchev far outlived the era when poetry was in the foreground, i.e., the Pushkin era, and secondly, he was considered a fiction writer, a secular person who wrote poetry in his spare time, and political ones at that: lyrical ones were read very little.
Even those who loved his poetry did not give him much space in Russian literature; Yes, he himself did not make any claims against him. He was a “poet for poets.” And he would have remained so if not for the new flowering of Russian poetry.
F. I. Tyutchev is a poet of the fifties and sixties of the 19th century, although in essence he was a poet of Pushkin’s time and belonged to the pre-Lermont generation; he was 11 years older than Lermontov. His friends were Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky and Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky.
The poetic heritage of F. I. Tyutchev is small in volume - a little more than 400 poems and translations have survived to this day. Tyutchev himself literary fate cared very little about his poetry. He was not a writer at all. It was not for nothing that he wrote only poetry in Russian. A few articles (always on political topics), like the vast majority of letters, are written in French. And he didn’t so much create poetry as they were created in him. He never spoke about them, did not seem to attach any importance to them.
Until 1836, no one had almost any idea that there was such a poet Tyutchev. During two visits to Russia, he renewed relations with some circles of writers. His first poem, written at the age of sixteen, appeared in 1818 in the “Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.” His poems from 1828 to 1835. were published in various publications, in the almanacs “Urania” (1826), “Northern Lyra” (1827), “Galatea” (1829 and 1830), “Rose of the Graces”, “Orphan”, magazines like “Rumor ”, then in “Telescope”, “Northern Flowers” (1827-1830). But most of these publications (except for the last two) were very little distributed, and the name of Tyutchev in Russia remained almost unknown. Tyutchev’s German friends, although they knew that he wrote poetry (the great Heine himself called him a poet in his letters), of course, could not appreciate his poetry due to ignorance of the language.
By that time, the poet had already created such poems as “Who did not eat his tears with bread ...”, “Insomnia”, “Cicero”, “Spring Thunderstorm” and many others.
I love the storm in early May,
When the first thunder of spring
As if frolicking and playing,
Rumbling in the blue sky...
(“Spring Storm”, 1820)
Chamberlain Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev “wrote” poems. But this is not important for service, nor for life. It was necessary for his colleague and friend, Prince Ivan Sergeevich Gagarin, to become interested in his writings and, together with his closest friends, take upon himself concern for the fate of the manuscripts.
After urgent requests from Prince Gagarin, Tyutchev handed over the notebooks with poems to the Krudener family, who took his poems to St. Petersburg - through Zhukovsky and Vyazemsky they got to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who was then publishing the Sovremennik magazine. They say that Pushkin was indescribably delighted when he received copies of poems by an author who lived and worked in Munich at that time. Pushkin published 24 of them in Sovremennik at once under the title “Poems sent from Germany” and with the inscription F.T. After that, true connoisseurs and admirers of poetry began to look for this inscription on the pages.
For 20 years, the name of this F.T. was known only in the narrowest circle of writers. Fyodor Ivanovich himself called his poetic archive “paper trash.”
After this, Tyutchev’s poems continued to appear in Pushkin’s Sovremennik both during Pushkin’s life and after his death until 1840 inclusive, already in the magazine that became Nekrasov’s. Over 5 years (1836-1840) 39 poems by the poet were published in Sovremennik. But over the same years - not a single printed review.
Meanwhile, in 1848-1849. Tyutchev created the following poems: “When in a circle of murderous worries...”, “Human tears, oh human tears...”, “Like a pillar of smoke brightens in the heights,” “To a Russian woman,” while the poet did not make any attempts to their publications.
Far from the sun and nature,
Far from light and art,
Far from life and love
Your younger years will flash by
Living feelings die
Your dreams will be shattered....
And your life will pass unseen,
In a deserted, nameless land,
On an unnoticed land, -
How a cloud of smoke disappears
In a dim and foggy sky,
In the autumn endless darkness...
(“To a Russian woman,” late 1840s)
In 1850, Nekrasov, who highly praised the poet and called his lyrics one of the “few brilliant phenomena” of Russian poetry, wrote an article in Sovremennik: “Russian minor poets” - Tyutchev was among the authors. By the way, Nekrasov’s publication of this article prompted Tyutchev to publish a number of poems in the magazine “Moskvityanin”.
In 1851-1854. the famous Moscow publisher Nikolai Vasilyevich Sushkov (Tyutchev’s son-in-law) published the collection “Rout” for charitable purposes. In 1851, Tyutchev’s translation of Schiller’s choral song “Victory Celebration” was published for the first time. In 1852, five poems by Tyutchev were published in Raut.
IN famous article Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol from “Correspondence with Friends” Tyutchev stands next to the young authors. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov, Ivan Andreevich Krylov and Alexey Vasilyevich Koltsov were considered famous at that time.
Despite Fyodor Ivanovich’s skepticism towards the release of the first collection of his poems, Turgenev nevertheless persuaded him, and in April 1854, 92 poems of the poet were published in the appendix to the 44th issue of the Sovremennik magazine. Ivan Sergeevich published his article “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev” in the “Criticism” section of this issue. In it, following Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, he introduced the reader to “one of our wonderful poets, as if bequeathed to us by Pushkin’s greetings and approval.”
Another 19 poems were additionally published in the next, 45th issue of the magazine. In the same year, these poems were published as a separate book.
In 1854, the first collection of Tyutchev's poems was published. The work of collecting, and partly editing, fell to Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. Nikolai Vasilyevich Sushkov, who ran a literary salon, made a lot of efforts to prepare Tyutchev’s first collection of poetry.
Tyutchev himself did not take any part in the publication, as if these were not his poems. Anyway, the book came out. She finally attracted the most famous people of the time to Tyutchev. This was the second discovery of F.I. Tyutchev - lyrics in his homeland, and this time the success was great.
Don't argue, don't bother...
Madness seeks, stupidity judges;
Heal daytime wounds with sleep,
And tomorrow whatever will be will be.
While living, be able to survive everything:
Sadness, and joy, and anxiety.
What do you want, what do you worry about?
The day will be survived - and thank God.
(1851)
Leo Tolstoy believed that without a volume of Tyutchev’s poems “one cannot live” and put him “above Pushkin.” Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov, Apollon Grigoriev - everyone admired his poems.
The 1854 edition became one of the main sources in the formation of the poet’s “Complete Works” in 1912.
In 1861, translations of Tyutchev’s poems into German were published as a separate publication in Munich.
In May 1868, the second and last lifetime edition of Tyutchev’s poems was published, prepared by Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov (husband of Tyutchev’s eldest daughter Anna) and the poet’s youngest son Ivan. They were helped by the poet's wife and daughters.
Not all of Tyutchev’s lyrical legacy has reached us; some of his poems, through an unfortunate mistake or carelessness, were burned while sorting out his papers or were lost. They say about Tyutchev that after writing a new poem on some piece of paper, he would crumple up the piece of paper and throw it under the table. Ivan Aksakov reports that for the 1868 edition it was not possible to obtain the originals from the hand of the writer himself. But still, this collection was published.
The collections published during the poet’s lifetime are not an expression of his author’s will, since he himself did not, as already mentioned, take direct part in preparing them for publication. We do not know how Tyutchev reacted to the first of these publications. As for the second, it met with sharp condemnation from the poet. “He doesn’t joke with the muse,” Leo Tolstoy said about Tyutchev. Not everything written in poetic form, according to F.I. Tyutchev, was worthy of publication, and even more so of reprinting.
Here is an ugly list of my poems -
Without looking into it, I give you to them,
I could not persuade my idle laziness,
So that she could at least briefly take care of him.
In our age, poems live for two or three moments,
Born in the morning, will die by evening...
So why bother? Hand of Oblivion
It will fix everything in a few minutes.
(1868)
The poet was wrong. Poems such as Tyutchev’s do not live for “two or three moments.” He forgot what Turgenev wrote about him back in 1854: “Tyutchev can tell himself that he created speeches that are not destined to die.”
The subsequent collection and publication of the poet's literary heritage was carried out by his widow, children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. In 1886, “Works of F.I. Tyutchev” was published. Poems and political articles." This publication was prepared by the poet's widow Ernestina Fedorovna Tyutcheva and Apollon Nikolaevich Maykov. The next collected works were published fourteen years later. Its initiators and authors of the preface were Daria Fedorovna and Ivan Fedorovich Tyutchev - the daughter and son of the poet.
The most widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, reaching the “Russian hinterland,” was a collection of works published as a supplement to the mass magazine “Niva” with an essay by Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov about the life and work of Tyutchev.
The regional scientific Pushkin Library can be proud that the collection of the rare books department includes publications associated with the name of F. I. Tyutchev. This book collection can be considered as a historical monument of Russian culture, which allows you to find out what book works of the poet the library has.
Of the poetic heritage of F. I. Tyutchev, including lifetime publications preserved in the library’s collections, two collections published in St. Petersburg are of interest: “Tyutchev’s Poems” (1854). One of them is a reprint from the Sovremennik magazine with an introductory article by I. S. Turgenev “A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev.” The publication preserved in the library collection is: “F. I. Tyutchev. Biographical sketch I. S. Aksakova.” The book, published in Moscow in 1874, with a photograph of F.I. Tyutchev, has a dedicatory inscription: “D. To V. Polenov from the author,” as well as the bookplate of Dmitry Vasilyevich Polenov himself, a historian and diplomat.
Of interest is the publication “Tyutchev F.I. Complete Works” (supplement to the Niva magazine), edition of 1913.
"F. I. Tyutchev. Poems" is a publication of the war years (1945) with an introductory article and comments by K. P. Pigarev. The text of the collection basically repeats the text of Tyutchev’s complete collection of poems, published in the large series “The Poet’s Library” (Leningrad, 1939). This edition includes a little more than half of Tyutchev’s entire poetic heritage.
In total, the rare book department contains about 15 editions of works by F. I. Tyutchev from different years.
This was the result of the poetic path of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - who in our time has become one of the most read and most quoted poets of the 19th century centuries - centuries of classical Russian poetry.
How a pillar of smoke brightens in the heights!
How the shadow below glides elusively!..
“This is our life,” said
you to me, -
Not light smoke shining in the moonlight,
And this shadow running from the smoke..."
(1849)
He wrote very little, but everything he wrote bears the stamp of true and wonderful talent, often original, always graceful, full of thought and genuine feeling.
There are two forces - two fatal forces,
We've been at their fingertips all our lives,
From cradle days to the grave, -
One is Death, the other is Human Judgment...
(1869)
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich - Russian poet, corresponding member St. Petersburg Academy Sciences, one of the most outstanding representatives of philosophical and political poetry.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in the Ovstug estate, Oryol province, into an old noble family of the middle estate. Father - Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev served as a caretaker in the “expedition of the Kremlin building”. Mother - Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya. The poet spent his childhood in Ovstug, teenage years in Moscow. The young poet-translator S. E. Raich was involved in the upbringing and training of Tyutchev. He taught Fyodor Ivanovich Latin and ancient Roman poetry, and encouraged Tyutchev’s first poetic experience.
In November 1814 he wrote the poem “To my dear daddy!” This is the first of the poet's poems that have come down to us.
Since 1817 F.I. Tyutchev began attending lectures as a volunteer at the Literature Department at Moscow University. And in 1819 he was enrolled as a student at this university. In 1821 he graduated from the university with a candidate's degree in literary sciences.
At the beginning of 1822, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Sent to Munich as a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission. Here he meets Schelling and Heine. Tyutchev marries Eleanor Peterson, née Countess Bothmer, with whom he has three daughters. From that time on, his relationship with the Russian literary life is interrupted for a long time.
Tyutchev's poetry first received recognition in 1836, after the publication of his poems in Pushkin's Sovremennik.
In 1837, Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian mission in Turin.
July 17, 1839 F.I. Tyutchev married Ernestina Dörnberg, née Baroness Pfeffel. Due to his unauthorized departure to Switzerland for his wedding to E. Dernberg, Tyutchev was excluded from the list of Ministry officials. He resigned and settled in Munich.
In 1844 he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was again hired to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In May 1847, the Tyutchevs' son Ivan was born.
In 1848 - 1849, under the impressions of the events of political life, Tyutchev created such beautiful poems as “Reluctantly and timidly...”, “When in the circle of murderous worries...”, “To a Russian woman”, etc. In 1854 he published the first collection of poems, in the same year a cycle of love poems dedicated to Elena Denisyeva, his mistress and the same age as his daughter, was published.
On April 17, 1858, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was appointed chairman of the Committee for Foreign Censorship. During this period, Tyutchev's poetry was subordinated state interests. He creates many “journalistic articles in verse”: “Gus at the stake”, “To the Slavs”, “Modern”, “Vatican Anniversary”.
In 1860, Tyutchev and Deniseva traveled a lot around Europe. Their son Fedor is born.
In 1861, a collection of poems in German was published.
Since 1864, Tyutchev has been losing people close to him: Denisyev dies of consumption, a year later - two of their children, his mother.
August 30, 1865 F.I. Tyutchev was promoted to Privy Councilor. Thus he reached the third, and in fact even the second degree in the state hierarchy.
In March 1868, the second edition of Tyutchev's poems was published. The last years of the poet’s life were also overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, and daughter Maria died. The poet's life is fading. On July 15 (July 27), 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died in Tsarskoe Selo.
they could hardly persuade me to read Tyutchev. But when I read it, I was simply dumbfounded by the magnitude of his creative talent” (L.N. Tolstoy in the memoirs of his contemporaries. M., 1960. T. 1, p. 484).
The appearance of ninety-two poems by Tyutchev in the appendix to the third book of Sovremennik for 1854 caused a number of responses in the press. Tyutchev’s work was assessed very critically by a reviewer of “Pantheon”, who wrote that among the poet’s poems published in “Sovremennik” there are “two dozen good, two dozen mediocre, the rest are very bad” (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV, book 3, dep. IV, p. 17). According to the assumption of K.V. Pigarev, the appearance of this “unfavorable review” may have prompted Turgenev to come up with an article (see: Pigarev K. Life and creativity of Tyutchev. M., 1962, p. 140). In the next book of the "Pantheon" it was given negative feedback about Turgenev’s article, which, according to an anonymous reviewer, “contains a lot of strange, erroneous and sophisticated things.” Dissatisfied with the topic that Turgenev evaluates Tyutchev too “highly”, the reviewer argued that “criticism was not successful for I.S.T., and he in vain left for her the type of works in which he is so great” (Pantheon, 1854, vol. XIV, book 4, section V, p. 31).
Tyutchev and German culture
With such a universal provision, everyone knows that the bills could not pass. So they are. could they establish a principle contrary to their own intention? Moreover, if they intended to lay down the principle that wherever Congress controls, the people should do what they think fit for slavery, why did they not allow the people of the District of Columbia, in their enactment, to abolish slavery within those limits? If they had then laid down the principle of allowing people to do what they liked with slavery, why didn't they apply that principle to those people?
Page 524. That’s why we couldn’t ~ Pushkin’s greetings and approval bequeathed to us- F. I. Tyutcheva.- In the appendix to the March book of Sovremennik for 1854, 92 poems by Tyutchev were published. For the first time, Tyutchev's poetry received recognition back in 1836, when copies of his poems, through the mediation of P. A. Vyazemsky and V. A. Zhukovsky, were transferred to Pushkin. “Witnesses of the amazement and delight with which Pushkin greeted the unexpected appearance of these poems, filled with depth of thought, brightness of colors, news and power of language, are still alive,” recalled P. A. Pletnev (Teacher of the Second Branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. St. Petersburg, 1859. Book V, pp. LVII). Yu. F. Samarin also wrote about this: “Eyewitnesses told me how delighted Pushkin was when he saw the handwritten collection of his poems for the first time. He rushed around with them for a whole week...” (Links, M.; L., 1933. Book 2, p. 259). In Sovremennik (1836, vols. III and IV) 24 poems by Tyutchev were published under the general title: “Poems sent from Germany,” with the signature “F. T." After Pushkin’s death and until 1840, Tyutchev’s poems continued to be published in Sovremennik, and “with a few exceptions, these were poems selected, apparently, by Pushkin himself” (see article by K. V. Pigarev in the book. : Tyutchev F.I. Poems. Letters. M., 1957, p. 7).
All the people are living witnesses that this was their only opinion. When we make new acquaintances, we, as before, will try to control them in some way. Now, in turn, let me ask a few questions. If the Missouri Compromise was overturned on any or all of these issues, why didn't the team listen sooner?
This argument seems wonderful to me. It is as if one could say that whites and blacks are no different from each other. He admits, however, that there is a literal change in the bill; and that he made the changes in deference to other senators who would not support the bill.
...to the captivating, although somewhat monotonous, grace of Fet...- Fet became close to a number of St. Petersburg writers, especially Turgenev, in 1853. From then on, for many years, Fet’s poems, before they appeared in print, were submitted to the court of Turgenev, who was the first literary adviser and leader of the poet. Since 1854, Fet's poems began to systematically appear in Sovremennik, and in 1855, with the participation of Turgenev and other employees of this magazine,
This proves that these other senators thought the change essential; and that the judge thought that their opinion should be set aside. Disagreement arose between the advocates and the opponents of slavery regarding its establishment in the country which we purchased from France. The South, and then the best part of the purchase, was already in the state of slaves. The disputes were settled by granting Missouri as a slave state; but with the agreement that throughout the remainder of the purchase, north of a certain line, there should never be slavery.
As to what was to be done with the remainder south of the line, nothing was said; but perhaps the just consequence was that it should come into slavery if it so desired. The southern part, with the exception of the portion above mentioned, subsequently entered into slavery as the State of Arkansas. Finally, settlements began in it. Over time, Iowa became free state, and Minnesota was granted a territorial government without lifting restrictions on slavery.
A collection of Fet's poems was prepared for publication, published in 1856. 2
During these years, Turgenev highly valued Fet's poetry. In the article “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province. S. A-va" the name of Fet was named by him next to the name of Tyutchev (present, volume, p. 521). Lines from Fet’s poems were also quoted by Turgenev in works of art (“Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district”, 1849; “Correspondence”, 1854).
Finally, the only remaining portion, north of the line, Kansas and Nebraska, was to be organized; and it is proposed and carried to cross out the old dividing line of thirty-four years, and to open this whole country to the introduction of slavery. Now this, in my opinion, is clearly unfair. After an angry and dangerous argument, the parties became friends, sharing the bones of contention. One party first appropriates his share, without any power that should be violated in the possession of it; and then seizes the other party's share.
It was as if two starving people shared their only bread; he hurriedly swallowed his half, and then grabbed the other half in the same way as he put it to his mouth! It is argued that slavery will not go to Kansas and Nebraska anyway. This is a palliation - a lullaby.
...energetic ~ passion of Nekrasov...- Nekrasov’s poems at the end of the 1840s and throughout the 1850s aroused Turgenev’s interest not only for their inherent purely poetic merits, but also due to their clearly expressed social orientation. This is confirmed by Turgenev’s letters to Nekrasov himself. “Your poems to *** are simply Pushkin-like good - I immediately memorized them,” Turgenev writes to the author on July 10 (22), 1855 about the poem “Long Rejected by You.” Comparisons of Nekrasov's poems with Pushkin's (the highest praise from Turgenev) are also found in his other letters. Thus, on November 18 and 23 (November 30 and December 6), 1852, analyzing the original text of Nekrasov’s poem “Muse,” Turgenev wrote to the author (and I. I. Panaev): “... the first 12 verses are different and resemble Pushkin’s texture " When a collection of the poet’s poems was published, Turgenev again emphasized in a letter to E. Ya. Kolbasin dated December 14 (26), 1856 social significance of his creativity: “And Nekrasov’s poems, collected into one focus, are burned” 3.
I have some hope that this will not happen; but let's not be too confident. Therefore, it is not a climate that will leave slavery in these territories. Is there anything special about the country? Missouri adjoins these territories along its entire western border, and slavery is already found in each of its western counties. Slavery rested entirely on the old western frontier of the state, and when, very recently, a portion of that frontier, in the northwest, was moved a little farther west, slavery followed an entirely new line.
Now that the restriction has been removed, what should prevent it from moving forward? There will be no peculiarity of the country - there will be nothing in nature. Will this nation be prevented? The coming scenes are all in favor of expansion. The Yankees who are against him may be more numerous; but in military phrase the battlefield is too far from their base of operations. But it is said that there is no law now in Nebraska concerning the subject of slavery; and that in this case, having taken a slave there, his freedom operates. This is good book law; but is not a rule of actual practice.
...to the correct, sometimes cold painting of Maykov...- The poetry of A. N. Maikov, whose first collection of poems was published in St. Petersburg in 1842, apparently left Turgenev rather indifferent. Neither quotations from Maykov’s poems nor reviews of his work can be found in Turgenev’s letters of the 1850s. The opinion about Maikov’s poetry expressed in Turgenev’s article is close to what V. G. Belinsky wrote about him (see: Belinsky, vol. 10, p. 83).
Wherever slavery existed, it was first introduced without law. The oldest laws we find concerning it are not laws introducing it; but regulating it as if it already existed. Now the white man takes his slave to Nebraska; who will inform the Negro that he is free? Who will take him before the court to check the question of his freedom? Unaware of his legal emancipation, he continues to chop, split and plow. Others bring and move in the same track. Finally, if the time ever comes for a vote, on the question of slavery the institution already exists in the country and cannot be removed.
Page 525. ...they all seem to be written ~ Goethe wanted...- Turgenev has in mind the following thought of Goethe, given in the book of I.-P. Eckermann “Conversations with Goethe in the last years of his life” (recorded on September 18, 1823): “All my poems are “poems about” (on occasion), they are inspired by reality, they have soil and foundation in it.”
2 Nikolsky Yu. Materials on Fet. 1. Corrections by Turgenev of Fetov’s “Poems”, 1850 (Russian Thought, Sofia, 1921, August-September, pp. 211 - 227, October - December, pp. 245 - 263); Blagoy D. From the past of Russian literature. Turgenev - editor of Fet (Print and Revolution, 1923, book 3, pp. 45 - 64); Bukhshtab B. The fate of the literary legacy of A. A. Fet (Lit Nasl, vol. 22 - 24, p. 561 - 600).
The facts of its presence and the difficulty of its removal will weigh in its favor. Hold it until a vote can be taken, and a vote in favor of it cannot be obtained from any of the forty thousand people on earth who were collected by the usual motives of emigration and settlement. To get slaves into the country at the same time as the whites, in the early stages of settlement, is the exact share which the Nebraska measure played and won in this.
We have some experience of this practical difference. Notwithstanding Proclamation 87, a number of negroes were brought into Illinois and kept in a state of quasi-equal slavery, but not enough to vote the people in favor of the institution when they came to the Constitution.
3 On Turgenev’s attitude to Nekrasov’s poetry, see B. I. S. Skvortsov. Turgenev on contemporary poets. - Teacher zap. Kazan State University named after V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin. 1929, book. 2, p. 389 - 392; Evgeniev-Maksimov V. Life and work of N. A. Nekrasov. M.; L., 1950. T. II, p. 329.
Page 526. ...in the beautiful expression of Vauvenargues...- Vauvenargues(Vauvenargues) Luc Clapier (1715 - 1747) - famous French moralist, author of the work “Paradoxes, mélés de Réflexions et de Maximes” (1746). Turgenev cites saying XXV from the second book of this work.
But in neighboring country Missouri, where there was no 87 ordinance - there were no restrictions - they were carried out ten times, a hundred times, just as quickly, and actually made a slave of the state. If this is so, the opening of new countries into the establishment, increases the demand and increases the price of slaves, and thus effectively makes slaves free people, forcing them to be brought from Africa and sold into slavery.
It is said that fair justice in the South requires us to consent to the extension of slavery into new countries. It is kindly provided that of all those who come into the world, only a small percentage are natural tyrants. This percentage is no greater in slave states than in free states. The vast majority, both in the south and in the north, have human sympathies, from which they can no longer separate themselves as much as they can from their sensitivity to physical pain. These sympathies in the breasts of the Southern people are manifested in many ways, their sense of wrong in slavery and their consciousness that, after all, there is humanity in the Negroes.
...to construct a five-act fantasy about some Italian painter ~ third-rate galleries...- This refers to “Giulio Mosti”, a dramatic fantasy in verse by N.V. Kukolnik, in four parts with an interlude, written in 1832 - 1833, and his dramatic fantasy in verse “Domenichino”, in two parts. In both works the main characters are Italian artists. For Turgenev’s sharply negative attitude towards the Puppeteer’s dramaturgy, see also his article “Lieutenant General Patkul” (current ed., Works, vol. 1, pp. 251 - 276).
If they deny it, let me ask them some simple questions. If you didn't feel it was wrong, why did you join in making men depend on it? The practice was nothing more than bringing wild blacks from Africa, selling them, buying them, for example. But have you ever thought of hanging men for catching and selling wild horses, wild buffalos, or wild bears. If you can't help it, you sell to him; but if you can help it, you will get him out of your door.
You won't recognize him as a friend or even as honest man. Your children should not play with it; they can ride freely with little blacks, but not with the children of the “slave trader.” If you have to deal with it, you try to get through the job without touching it. unite with the men you meet, but with the slave trader you avoid ceremony - instinctively shrinking from the serpentine contact. If he becomes rich and leaves business, you still remember him and continue to observe the ban, terrorizing him and his family.
YEAR OF THE TIGER They say that those born this year are characterized by ardor, passion, enthusiasm, and recklessness
FORM AND CONTENT CHANGE
In order to strengthen the officer corps, the length of service in non-commissioned officer ranks for promotion to officers has been halved for all categories of volunteers.
It is allowed to accept young nobles into regiments as volunteers (with the rights of cadets), who, after training directly in the regiment, receive officer ranks. This procedure is established only for wartime.
For the first time, officer braided shoulder straps appeared on a field overcoat with one gap for senior officers, two for staff officers and zigzags for generals with stars according to rank.
The recruitment set is divided into three types: ordinary (age 22-35, height not less than 2 arshins 4 inches), reinforced (age not determined, height not less than 2 arshins 3.5 inches), extraordinary (height not less than 2 arshins 3 inches).
You are not a man who deals in corn, cattle, or tobacco. How is it that this huge amount of property will operate without owners? We do not see free horses or free cattle running in large numbers.
And now, why would you ask us to deny the humanity of the slave? and evaluate him only as an equal hog? Why ask us to do something you won't do yourself? Why ask us to do anything that two hundred million dollars couldn't get you to do?
But one big argument in support of repealing the Missouri Compromise is still to come. This argument is the “sacred right of self-government.” Our honorable Senator seems to have found great difficulty in getting his antagonists, even in the Senate, to meet him fairly on this argument, said some poet.
TELEGRAPHS ARE MULTIPLE
Electromagnetic telegraphs were installed between St. Petersburg on the one hand and Kronstadt, Warsaw and Moscow on the other.
LIGHT FINANCIAL STRAIN
Measures have been taken to limit the exchange of credit notes for silver.
THEY DON'T FORGET ABOUT FAITH
On the right bull of the Annunciation Bridge in St. Petersburg, in the gap between the wings of the drawbridge, the chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was built according to the design of the architect A. I. STAKSHNEIDER. IN next year the bridge will be renamed Nikolaevsky.
“Fools rush where angels fear to tread.” My belief that each man should do what he pleases with all that is solely his own underlies my sense of justice. The doctrine of self-government is right—absolutely and eternally right—but it has no application, as has been attempted here. If he is not a man, why then can he who is a man, as a matter of self-government, do what he pleases. But if the Negro is a man, is it not a complete destruction of self-government to say that he too should not govern himself?
The Holy Cross community of sisters of mercy was founded to care for the wounded on the battlefield. Grand Duchess ELENA PAVLOVNA, Baroness E. F. RADEN and N. I. PIROGOV actively contributed to its creation. He will stand at the head of the community during the Sevastopol defense. The maid of honor of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna EDITA FEDOROVNA RADEN, born in 1825, led all organizational work. She would die in 1885.
When a white man governs himself, what is self-government; but when he governs himself, and also governs another person, that is, more than self-government - it is despotism. If the Negro is a man, why does my ancient faith teach me that "all men are created equal"; and that there can be no moral right in one man making the slave of another. Judge Douglas often, with bitter irony and sarcasm, paraphrases our argument by saying, “The white people of Nebraska are good enough to govern themselves, but they are not good enough to govern a few poor Negroes.”
RUSSIAN FLEET
A.I. BUTAKOV moved the Aral shipyard to fort No. 1 (Kazalinsk).
SEX LIFE OF STATE STALLIONS
Over the course of 10 years, 225,295 mares were bred to state-owned stallions, of which 81,769 belonged to landowners, 40,208 to people of various ranks, and 102,718 to peasants.
WALK THROUGH MOSCOW
Before the Big One Stone bridge in Moscow there is a booth with a watchman walking around it. As night falls, the watchman calls out to passers-by with the words: “Who’s coming?” To this you must answer: “Everyman!” If there is no answer, the peace officer has the right to stop the silent person and question him about who he is and where he is heading. Such cases usually end well - with the award of five or two kopecks from the offender. On special days, the guard puts on a dress uniform - a semi-tailcoat made of gray soldier's cloth and the same trousers, a huge shako - and picks up a halberd.
Our Declaration of Independence reads. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. The master not only controls the slave without his consent; but he governs him by a set of rules quite different from those which he prescribes for himself. In support of his application of the doctrine of self-government, Senator Douglas endeavored to assist him in seeking the opinions and examples of our revolutionary fathers.
I like the feelings of those old people; and gladly comply with their opinions. That is the question; and we will let the fathers themselves answer this. It's about discrimination between them and him. But there is no basis for his claim that their opinions - their example - their authority - are on his side in this dispute. Again, this is not Nebraska, but a territory, part of us? And if we give up control of this, are we giving up the right to self-government? What good is it for the government when there is nothing left for it?
ON THE WORLD ARENA...
GREAT BRITAIN. In March, the Manchester Chartist Convention (Labor Parliament) was opened.
SPAIN. The revolution has begun. It will last until 1856.
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES. Treaties between Japan and Western powers are concluded. This process will continue for four years.
Having achieved the conclusion of the Shimoda Treaty, Japan entered into joint ownership of Sakhalin with Russia.
WARS. In March, England and France, having sent their squadrons into the Black Sea, declared war on Russia and openly sided with Turkey.
In August, the superior forces of the Anglo-French fleet twice tried to land troops in Petropavlovsk, but were repulsed with heavy losses.
In September, the Allied army of more than 60,000, including British, French and Turkish troops, landed near Evpatoria. The commander-in-chief of the Russian army, the elderly Prince A.S. MENSHIKOV, concentrated his troops in the Bakhchisarai region in order to maintain contact with the internal provinces of the country. Only the garrison of the fortress remained in Sevastopol (about 45 thousand soldiers and officers). The defense was led by admirals VLADIMIR ALEXEEVICH KORNILOV, PAVEL STEPANOVICH NAKHIMOV, VLADIMIR IVANOVICH ISTOMINS, who died on the Sevastopol bastions. The construction of the fortifications was carried out by military engineer E.I. TOTLEBEN. Part of the Russian fleet was sunk at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay, naval guns were removed and placed on fortifications, sailors joined the garrison of the fortress. The siege began in October.
USA. Two new states were formed - Kansas and Nebraska. The question of the spread of slavery in them is left to the discretion of the inhabitants of the states. Started Civil War under the leadership of J. Brown, J. Montgomery, that is, the Missouri Compromise was abolished. The Republican Party was created for this reason.
UPRISING. Eureka Rebellion - gold miners rebelled at the gold mines in Ballarat (Colony of Victoria).
MEANWHILE...
ANUCHIN DMITRY entered the second grade of the Larinsky gymnasium.
BUKHAREV ALEXANDER MATVEEVICH, born in 1824, was born into the family of a deacon in Tver province, after graduating from Tver Seminary he entered the Moscow Theological Academy, which he graduated from at the age of 22. Shortly before graduating from the Academy, Bukharev became a monk - not without hesitation. At the Moscow Theological Academy, Bukharev was a professor (in the department of Holy Scripture), but from this year he took the department of dogmatics at the Kazan Academy and at the same time became an inspector of the Academy.
BER. The BERA expedition visited Sarepta, Kamyshin, Astrakhan, Novopetrovsky, on the islands and at the mouth of the Ural River, went again to Astrakhan, then to the western shore of the Caspian Sea, the Black Market at the mouth of the Terek and the Astrakhan salt lakes.
VASILCHIKOV V.I., born in 1820 Since October, he has been acting as chief of staff of the Sevastopol garrison.
DOBROLYUBOV N. A., born in 1836, at the end of the year he became the head of a circle of students, where they read foreign publications, subscribe to newspapers and magazines, and publish a handwritten newspaper “Rumors”. Next year he will write in his diary: “It’s as if I was deliberately called by fate to the great cause of a revolution!..”
KERN FEDOR SERGEEVICH, captain 2nd rank, commands the frigate "Kulevcha".
KROPOTKIN. The wife's two sisters moved into the KROPOTKIN family. They had a house and a vineyard in Sevastopol, due to Crimean War they were left homeless and propertyless. When the Allies landed in Crimea, the residents of Sevastopol were told that there was nothing to fear, but after the defeat at Chernaya Rechka they were ordered to leave as soon as possible. There were not enough horses, and the roads were clogged with troops moving south. The youngest of the sisters, a thirty-year-old girl, smokes cigarettes one after another and picturesquely talks about the horrors of the road.
MAKSIMOVICH K.I. has been studying the scientifically unknown Amur region and the Ussuri region since July. This year he took an excursion along the coast of the Tatar Strait to the mouth of the Amur (Nikolaevsk) - Mariinsk - Lake Kizi.
SMIRNOV N.P. graduated from the university as the second candidate (the first was B.N. CHICHERIN, who would become a professor at Moscow University) and entered the Civil Chamber as a scribe for seven rubles a month.
L. N. TOLSTOY writes in his diary on June 15: “Exactly three months of idleness and a life with which I cannot be satisfied... For the last time I say to myself: if three days pass during which I do nothing for the benefit of people, I'll kill myself."
TYUTCHEV. Poems by F. I. TYUTCHEV, previously published (in 1826) and remaining almost unnoticed, were published as an addition to Sovremennik and aroused enthusiastic praise from critics. In the future, Tyutchev will enjoy fame as a poet of the predominantly Slavophile camp.
USHINSKY KONSTANTIN DMITRIEVICH, born in 1824, from this year got the opportunity to return to pedagogical activity as a teacher at the Gatchina Orphan Institute. In 1859 he was appointed inspector of the Smolny Institute.
KHRULEV S. A., born in 1807, has been at the disposal of Prince A. S. MENSHIKOV since December. He will be the chairman of the committee for testing new bullets.
CHEKHOV P. E. married EVGENIYA YAKOVLEVNA MOROZOVA. He will have six children: ALEXANDER, NIKOLAY, ANTON, IVAN, MARIA AND MICHAEL.
THIS YEAR WILL BE BORN:
DOROVATOVSKY SERGEY PAVLOVICH, future agronomist-social activist, publisher. He would die in 1921;
ELPATIEVSKY SERGEY YAKOVLEVICH, future writer and doctor. He would die in 1933;
IGNATOV VASILY NIKOLAEVICH, future populist. He would die in 1885;
LAUR ALEXANDER ALEKSEEVICH, future homeopathic doctor, playwright and journalist. He would die in 1901;
MATTERN EMILY EMILIEVICH, future Moscow justice of the peace and translator of dramatic works. He would die in 1938;
future novelist, humorist and playwright MYASNITSKY. He would die in 1911;
PAVLOV ALEXEY PETROVICH, in Moscow, in the family of second lieutenant P. A. Pavlov, future geologist, academician, professor at Moscow University, founder of the Moscow school of geologists. He would die in 1929;
PREOBRAZHENSKY ALEXANDER LAVRENTIEVICH, in the Tula province in the family of a priest, future Metropolitan of Yarolavsk and Rostov Agafangel. He would die in 1928;
SAVINA MARIA GAVRILOVNA, future actress. She would perform on stage from the age of eight, become one of the organizers and chairmen of the Russian Theater Society and die in 1915;
SERGEENKO PETER ALEXEEVICH, future fiction writer and publicist. He would die in 1930;
CHERTKOV VLADIMIR GRIGORIEVICH. He would die in 1936.
WHO WILL DIE THIS YEAR:
GOLUBINSKY FEDOR ALEXANDROVICH, born in 1797, teacher of philosophy at the Moscow Theological Academy, priest;
KARAMZIN ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH, born in 1814 A cavalry detachment under his command fell into a Turkish outpost and was completely exterminated;
KORNILOV VLADIMIR ALEXEEVICH, born in 1806, vice admiral who led the defense of Sevastopol. On October 5, he was mortally wounded by a cannonball on the Malakhov Kurgan in a battery of nine guns.
LAVAL EKATERINA IVANOVNA, born 1800, in Siberia, wife of Prince Sergei Petrovich Trubetskoy, sentenced to hard labor, countess, who followed her husband;
PROKHOROV TIMOFEY, manufacturer who brought Trekhgorka worldwide fame, one of the calico kings of Russia.