The Council of People's Commissars is the highest government body that carries out executive branch in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1946. This abbreviation stands for Council people's commissars, since this institution consisted of the heads of the People's Commissariats. This body first existed in Russia, but after its formation Soviet Union in 1922, similar formations were formed in other republics. On next year after the end of the war it was transformed into the Council of Ministers.
Emergence
The Council of People's Commissars is a government that was initially created as a temporary body consisting of representatives of peasants, soldiers and workers. It was assumed that it should have functioned until the convening Constituent Assembly. The origin of the term's name is unknown. There are points of view that it was proposed either by Trotsky or Lenin.
The Bolsheviks planned its formation even before the October Revolution. They invited the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to join the new political education, however, they refused, as did the Mensheviks and the Right Socialist Revolutionaries, so as a result a one-party government was convened. However, after the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, it turned out that it became permanent. The Council of People's Commissars is a body that was formed by the country's highest legislative institution - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
Functions
His responsibility included general management all the affairs of the new state. It could issue decrees, which, however, could be suspended by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decisions in this governing body were made very simply - by majority vote. At the same time, the chairman of the mentioned legislative institution, as well as members of the government. The Council of People's Commissars is an institution that included a special department for case management, preparing issues for consideration. Its staff was quite impressive - 135 people.
Peculiarities
Legally, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars were enshrined in the Soviet Constitution of 1918, which stated that the body should manage general affairs in the state and certain industries.
In addition, the document stated that the Council of People's Commissars should issue bills and regulations necessary for the proper functioning of state life in the country. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee controlled all adopted resolutions and, as mentioned above, could suspend their effect. A total of 18 commissariats were formed, the main ones dedicated to military, foreign and naval affairs. The People's Commissar was directly in charge of administration and could make decisions individually. After the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars began to perform not only executive, but also administrative functions.
Compound
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed in very difficult conditions of political change and struggle for power. A. Lunacharsky, who took the post of the first People's Commissar of Education, argued that its composition was accidental. V. Lenin had a great influence on his work. Many of its members were not experts in the fields they were supposed to lead. In the 1930s, many government members were repressed. According to experts, the Council of People's Commissars consisted of representatives of the intelligentsia, while the Bolshevik Party declared that this body should be a workers' and peasants' body.
The interests of the proletariat were represented by only two people, which subsequently gave rise to the so-called workers' opposition, which demanded representation. In addition to the layers mentioned in working group The institutions included nobles, minor officials, and the so-called petty-bourgeois elements.
At all, National composition SNK still causes controversy among scientists. Among the most famous politicians who held positions in this body, there are such names as Trotsky, who was involved in foreign affairs, Rykov (he was in charge of the internal affairs of the young state), as well as Antonov-Ovseenko, who served as People's Commissar for Naval Affairs. The first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars is Lenin.
Changes
After the formation of a new Soviet state Changes have also occurred in this body. From Russian institution it turned into an all-Union government. At the same time, his powers were distributed among the allied authorities. Local republican councils were created locally. In 1924, the Russian and all-Union bodies formed a single department for affairs. In 1936 this body management was transformed into the Council of Ministers, which performed the same function as the Council of People's Commissars.
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SNK- [es en ka], unchanged, m. Council of People's Commissars. ◘ Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on divorce. DSV, vol. 1, 237. Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars USSR. Shitov, 226. The Congress adopted a resolution that fully approved the policies of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars. Bondarevskaya, Velikanova,... ... Dictionary language of the Council of Deputies
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SNK- Council of People's Commissars non-destructive testing means (plural) non-destructive testing means Page people's control(name of newspaper section) ... Dictionary of Russian abbreviations
SNK European Democrats. SNK European democrats SNK Evropsky demokraty Date of foundation: 2002 Ideology: Conservatism, Ecologism, Europeanism Allies and blocs: Public affairs, Green Party ... Wikipedia
Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Sovnarkom of the RSFSR, SNK of the RSFSR) the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with October revolution 1917 to 1946. The Council consisted of people's commissars, actually ministers,... ... Wikipedia
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It was first elected at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8 (October 26, old style) 1917, chaired by Vladimir Lenin, as a provisional workers' and peasants' government (until the convening of the Constituent Assembly). Management individual industries State life was carried out by commissions. Government power belonged to the collegium of chairmen of these commissions, that is, the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to remove them belonged to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central executive committee(CEC).
After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 31 (January 18, old style) 1918 decided to abolish the word “temporary” in the name of the Soviet government, calling it the “Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of the Russian Soviet Republic.”
According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the Fifth All-Russian Congress Soviets On July 10, 1918, the government was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
In connection with the formation of the USSR in December 1922, a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, chaired by Vladimir Lenin (first approved at the second session of the USSR Central Executive Committee in July 1923).
In accordance with the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, formed by a resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the term of office of the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the allied and autonomous republics— Central Election Commission of the respective republics. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was supposed to regularly report on the work done at the Congresses of Soviets of the USSR and sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
The competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR included the organization of direct management national economy and all other sectors of government life. This leadership was carried out through central sectoral bodies - non-unified (union) and united (union-republican) People's Commissariats of the USSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the People's Commissariats, reviewed their reports, and resolved disagreements between individual departments. He approved concession agreements, resolved disputes between the Councils of People's Commissars union republics, considered protests and complaints against decisions of the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR and other institutions under it, against orders of people's commissars, approved the staff of all-Union institutions, and appointed their leaders.
The responsibility of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR included the adoption of measures to implement the national economic plan and state budget and to strengthen the monetary system, to ensure public order, implementation of general management in the field of external relations with foreign countries and etc.
Legislative work was also entrusted to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: it preliminary considered draft decrees and resolutions, which were then submitted for approval by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its presidium; from the beginning of the 1930s, all bills had to be previously submitted for consideration to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, although this was not provided for by the constitution .
The 1936 Constitution added to the definition of the seat of government in state mechanism. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was defined as "the highest executive and administrative body state power". In the Constitution of 1924 the word "supreme" was absent.
According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the union and autonomous republics were formed, respectively, by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Supreme Councils of the union and autonomous republics.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formally responsible to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (SC) and accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Council it was responsible to the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, to which it was accountable. The Council of People's Commissars could issue decrees and orders binding on the entire territory of the USSR on the basis of and in execution current laws and check their implementation.
Orders, as state acts, began to be issued by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1941.
To successfully implement the functions assigned to it, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR could create committees, directorates, commissions and other institutions.
Subsequently, a large network of special departments for various industries government controlled, operating under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
The chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were Vladimir Lenin (1923-1924), Alexei Rykov (1924-1930), Vyacheslav Molotov (1930-1941), Joseph Stalin (1941-1946).
IN post-war period with the aim of introducing generally accepted international state practice names by law Supreme Council USSR on March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the People's Commissariats into ministries.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
The Bolsheviks introduced only one Jew into the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, Trotsky L.D., who took the post of People's Commissar.
The national composition of the Council of People's Commissars is still the subject of speculation:
Andrei Dikiy in his work “Jews in Russia and the USSR” claims that the composition of the Council of People’s Commissars was allegedly as follows:
Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK) 1918:
Lenin is the chairman,
Chicherin - foreign affairs, Russian;
Lunacharsky - enlightenment, Jew;
Dzhugashvili (Stalin) - nationalities, Georgians;
Protian - agriculture, Armenian;
Larin (Lurie) - economic council, Jew;
Shlikhter - supply, Jew;
Trotsky (Bronstein) - army and navy, Jew;
Lander - state control, Jew;
Kaufman - state property, Jew;
V. Schmidt - labor, Jew;
Lilina (Knigissen) - public health, Jewish;
Spitsberg - cults, Jew;
Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) - internal affairs, Jew;
Anvelt - hygiene, Jew;
Isidor Gukovsky - finance, Jew;
Volodarsky - seal, Jew; Uritsky—elections, Jew;
I. Steinberg - justice, Jew;
Fengstein - refugees, Jew.
In total, out of 20 people's commissars - one Russian, one Georgian, one Armenian and 17 Jews.
Yuri Emelyanov in his work “Trotsky. Myths and Personality” provides an analysis of this list:
The “Jewish” character of the Council of People's Commissars was obtained through machinations: not the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, published in the decree of the Second Congress of Soviets, was mentioned, and from the many times changed compositions of the Council of People's Commissars, only those people's commissariats were pulled out that were ever headed by Jews.
Thus, L. D. Trotsky, appointed to this post on April 8, 1918, is mentioned as the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, and A. G. Shlikhter, who actually occupied this post, is indicated as the People's Commissar for Food (here: “supply”) post, but only until February 25, 1918, and, by the way, he was not a Jew. At the time when Trotsky actually became People's Commissar of Military Affairs, the Great Russian Tsyurupa A.D. had already become People's Commissar of Food instead of Schlichter.
Another method of fraud is the invention of a number of people's commissariats that never existed.
Thus, Andrei Dikiy mentioned in the list of People's Commissariats the never-existing People's Commissariats for cults, elections, refugees, and hygiene.
Volodarsky is mentioned as People's Commissar of the Press; in fact, he was indeed a commissar of the press, propaganda and agitation, but not a people's commissar, a member of the Council of People's Commissars (that is, actually the government), but a commissar of the Union of Northern Communes (a regional association of Soviets), an active implementer of the Bolshevik Decree on the Press.
And, conversely, the list does not include, for example, the actually existing People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs.
As a result, Andrei Dikiy does not even agree on the number of people’s commissariats: he mentions the number 20, although in the first composition there were 14 people, in 1918 the number was increased to 18.
Some positions are listed with errors. Thus, the Chairman of the Petrosoviet Zinoviev G.E. is mentioned as the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs, although he never held this position.
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan (here - "Protian") is credited with the leadership of "agriculture".
A number of persons are arbitrarily assigned Jewishness, for example, the Russian nobleman Lunacharsky A.V., the Estonian Anvelt Ya.Ya., the Russified Germans Schmidt V.V. and Lander K.I., etc. The origin of Schlichter A.G. is not entirely clear , most likely, he is a Russified (more precisely, ukrainized) German.
Some persons are completely fictitious: Spitsberg (perhaps referring to the investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice I. A. Spitsberg, famous for his aggressive atheistic position), Lilina-Knigissen (perhaps referring to the actress Lilina M. P., never joined the government was a member, or Lilina (Bernstein) Z.I., who was also not a member of the Council of People's Commissars, but worked as a department head public education under the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet), Kaufman (possibly referring to cadet Kaufman A.A., according to some sources, was attracted by the Bolsheviks as an expert in the development of land reform, but was never a member of the Council of People's Commissars).
Also mentioned in the list are two left Socialist Revolutionaries, whose non-Bolshevism is not indicated in any way: People's Commissar of Justice I. Z. Steinberg (referred to as “I. Steinberg”) and People’s Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs P. P. Proshyan, referred to as “Protian-Agriculture” . Both politicians had an extremely negative attitude towards post-October Bolshevik policies. Before the revolution, I. E. Gukovsky belonged to the Menshevik “liquidators” and accepted the post of People’s Commissar of Finance only under pressure from Lenin.
And here is the actual composition of the first Council of People's Commissars (according to the text of the decree):
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
People's Commissar for internal affairs— A. I. Rykov
People's Commissar of Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin
People's Commissar of Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov
The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs is a committee consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko
People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin
People's Commissar public education— A. V. Lunacharsky
People's Commissar of Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov)
People's Commissar for foreign affairs— L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky)
People's Commissar of Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov)
People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov)
People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
Fast People's Commissar on railway matters he remained temporarily unsubstituted.
The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later filled by V.I. Nevsky (Krivobokov).
But what does it matter now? The boss said 80 - 85% Jews! So that's how it was! By the way, in new textbook history, don't forget to write it down. This certainly corresponds to the geopolitical interests of Russia, since Putin believes there...
Or do you want to correct yourself? Oh, Jews, don’t even think about it! Otherwise, blame yourself. In short, now the problem with Bolshevik repressions is definitely on you!
Here exact quote from the guarantor:
“The decision to nationalize this library (Schneerson - AK) was made by the first Soviet government, and its members were approximately 80-85% Jews. But they, guided by false ideological considerations, then went for arrests and repressions of both Jews and Orthodox Christians, and representatives of other faiths - Muslims - they all rated them all with the same brush. These are ideological blinders and false ideological guidelines - they, thank God, have collapsed. And today we are, in fact, handing over these books to the Jewish community with a smile."
As they say, "Ostap suffered..."
The "VChK" request is redirected here; see also other meanings. Members of the board of the Cheka (from left to right) J. X. Peters, I. S. Unshlikht, A. Ya. Belenky (standing), F. E. Dzerzhinsky, V. R. Menzhinsky, 1921 ... Wikipedia
The "VChK" request is redirected here; see also other meanings. All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counter-Revolution and Sabotage ... Wikipedia
The Turkic Commission, a commission for the affairs of Turkestan, authorized to represent the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet socialist republic. Formed post. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated October 8. 1919 composed of: G. I. Bokiy, F. I. Goloshchekin, V ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
"VChK" request is redirected here. See also other meanings. Members of the All-Russia Cheka board (from left to right) J. X. Peters, I. S. Unshlikht, A. Ya. Belenky (standing), F. E. Dzerzhinsky, V. R. Menzhinsky, 1921 All-Russian Extraordinary Commission ... Wikipedia
Turkic Commission, Commission for Turkestan Affairs. Formed by a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated October 8, 1919. It included: G. I. Bokiy, F. I. Goloshchekin, V. V. Kuibyshev, Ya. E. Rudzutak, M. V. Frunze, Sh. Z. Eliava (later its composition... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
DECREES of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR- from December 18 1917 On civil marriage, on children and on maintaining civil registers (SU RSFSR, 1917, No. 11, Art. 160) and from December 19. 1917 On dissolution of marriage (SU RSFSR, 1917, Art. 152), signed by V.I. Lenin, formulated the principles... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Cheka of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR- All-Russian Cheka All-Russian Cheka of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Crimes ex officio under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR since 20... ...
"SNK" request is redirected here. See also other meanings. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (SNK, Sovnarkom) from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946 the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of its existence also legislative) body... ... Wikipedia
SNK- Sibneft NK "Sibneft" SNK Siberian Oil Company OJSC http://www.sibneft.ru/ organization, energy. SNK special supervisory commission Chechnya Dictionary: S. Fadeev. Dictionary of abbreviations... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
Books
- Criminal Code of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Official text as amended on July 1, 1950 and with the appendix of article-by-article systematized materials. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1950 edition...
- Criminal Code of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. The official text as amended on July 1, 1950 and with the appendix of article-by-article systematized...