Codification literary norm is reflected in official recognition and description in the form of rules (prescriptions) in authoritative linguistic publications (dictionaries, reference books, grammars). Normalization activities are opposed by anti-normalization (denial of scientific normalization and codification of language) and purism (rejection of any innovations and changes in language or their outright prohibition).
Types of norms: imperative and dispositive. Basic norms of a literary language: orthoepic, spelling, punctuation, grammatical, word-formation, lexical, stylistic.
Imperative(mandatory) norms establish only one form of use as the only correct one. Violation of this norm indicates poor language proficiency. Dispositive - provide the possibility of choosing options, regulating several ways of expressing a linguistic unit. Their use is advisory in nature.
Changes in norms are preceded by their emergence options, which actually exist in a language at a certain stage of its development, are actively used by its speakers.
Language options- these are formal varieties of the same linguistic unit, which, although the meaning is identical, differ in the partial discrepancy of their sound composition.
The “norm-variant” relationship has three degrees.
1. The norm is mandatory, but the option (primarily colloquial) is prohibited.
2. The norm is mandatory, but the option is acceptable, although undesirable.
3. The norm and the option are equal.
A sharp and unmotivated deviation from the literary norm - incorrect spelling of words, errors in pronunciation, word formation, contrary to the grammatical and lexical laws of the language - is qualified as error . An error is either a reflection of incorrect information or an inaccurate response to it, which can be fraught with various consequences. Thought of Academician V.V. Vinogradov that " study of deviations from the national literary language norm cannot be separated from consideration of changes in the social structure...of society", predetermined the emergence of linguoecology, a science closely related to " the purity of the speech environment of man and his people».
But deviation from the norm can be conscious, carrying a certain meaning. It is acceptable among educated and professional connected people, when such a peculiar game with an easily perceived subtext introduces an element of ease and irony into the communication of interlocutors who understand each other well. In journalism, in fiction, violation of language norms turns out to be artistically significant, i.e. is a literary device.
The existence of literary and non-literary (colloquial, colloquial) forms, their interrelation and mutual influence determine the emergence and existence of the problem of language uniformity and its normativity. The problem of language normativity is one of the long-standing problems of linguistics. Despite the fact that the norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture, there is still no generally accepted definition of it. Stand out following definitions language norm: a) a language norm is an exemplary one, fixed by literary and scientific works, a rule protected by science and the state that regulates the formation of words, their stress, pronunciation, etc.; b) a linguistic norm is the use linguistic units, recommended by dictionary and reference publications and supported by authority famous figures literature, art, science, education; c) a language norm is a model of word formation, inflection, word usage, and the formation of syntactic units (word combinations and sentences) generally accepted in a given language community. Thus, a linguistic norm should be understood as a rule, a model of word formation, inflection, and word usage. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of language elements, the rules for their use in a certain period. The main sources of the norm include the works of classical writers; works modern writers, continuing classical traditions; publishing funds mass media; generally accepted modern usage; linguistic research data. However, we note here that compliance with authoritative sources (works famous writers or the works of famous scientists) is often considered almost the most important feature literary norm. However, it should be remembered that, for example, in work of art not only the literary language can be reflected, but also dialects and vernacular language, therefore, when identifying norms based on observations of texts fiction it is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, the actual author’s speech, and on the other hand, the language of the characters. Some researchers believe that the most important feature of a literary norm is a purely quantitative factor - the degree of use of a linguistic phenomenon. However, it should be kept in mind that high degree the frequency of use of a language variant, being important in determining the linguistic norm, can also characterize speech errors. Norms are not invented by linguists, but reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language are supported speech practice. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them. It can be argued that linguistic phenomenon should be considered normative if it is characterized by the following features: compliance with the structure of the language; massive and regular reproducibility in the process speech activity majority of speakers; public approval and recognition.
1. Tradition and written recording. Language is generally traditional in nature. Each new generation improves the literary language, takes from the speech of older generations those means of expression, which are most consistent with new socio-cultural tasks and conditions of speech communication. This is facilitated by fixation in texts(written, partly oral).
In compositional speech structure texts the principles are formed internal organization linguistic elements and methods of their use in connection with tasks of this text, depending on the functional purpose style, to which the text belongs.
Traditionality contributes to the formation known types tests, known methods organizations speech means of this literary language.
2. General obligatory norms and their codification.
Within the framework of a literary language, all its units and all functional spheres (book and colloquial speech) are subject to a system of norms.
3. Functioning within the literary language colloquial speeches along with book speech.
The interaction of these two main functional and stylistic spheres of the literary language ensures its socio-cultural purpose: to be means of communication native speakers of the literary language, the main means of expressing national culture.
4. Branched multifunctional style system. The functional-style stratification of the literary language is determined by social need specialize language means, organize them in a special way in order to provide speech communication native speakers of the literary language in each field human activity. Functional varieties of literary language are realized in written and oral form.
6. Literary language is characterized by flexible stability. Without it, exchange is impossible cultural values between generations of native speakers of a given language. The stability of the literary language is ensured by:
1) maintaining style traditions thanks to written texts;
2) by the action of generally binding codified norms, which serve as a reliable regulator of the synchronous existence and development of the literary language.
The stability of the Russian language is also facilitated by its unity, integrity, and the absence of local variants.
Structure literary language
SRLYa consists of two systems, each of which is deeply unique and different from each other. Each of these systems is single, integral, self-sufficient, united by its own laws, but nevertheless they are two subsystems of one system. These two systems are the codified literary language (CLL) and colloquial(RY). RL is uncodified; there are no dictionaries, reference books, or textbooks for it. It is only absorbed by direct communication between cultured people, after all, RL is one of the two systems that make up a literary (i.e. cultural) language, therefore its speakers are the same people who speak CL. The main difference between RY and KLY is the informal relationship between speakers. In the RY, the norms are not as strictly regulated as in the KL, they allow large quantity options.
CODIFICATION OF LANGUAGE
Literary language is a cultural phenomenon that has always been very fragile and vulnerable, they require protection and care. And society consciously cares about the preservation of the language. Conscious care for language is called codification of language. Codification - means ordering, bringing into unity, into a system, a holistic, consistent set (code). In language codification – also bringing into unity, into order, rejection of everything alien to the literary language and acceptance of everything that enriches it.
Codification tools are dictionaries, language reference books, textbooks for high school, scientific linguistic research, setting the standard. This is also an example of people who have an impeccable command of Russian speech (talented writers, scientists, journalists, artists, announcers); works - artistic, scientific, journalistic - that have high social and cultural authority.
Language norm
Language norm- these are generally accepted in language practice educated people rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of traditional grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means, and writing(spelling rules).
The linguistic norm develops historically and is determined, on the one hand, by the peculiarities national language, on the other hand, the development of society and its culture.
The norm is stable for a certain period and at the same time dynamic - changeable over time. Being quite stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of the language, which is in constant development. The variation that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means.
In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms:
1) orthoepic (pronunciation) associated with sound side literary speech, its pronunciation;
2) morphological related to education rules grammatical forms words;
3) syntactic, related to the rules of using phrases and syntactic constructions;
4) lexical, related to the rules of word usage, selection and use of the most appropriate lexical units.
The language norm has following features:
1) sustainability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time;
2) widespread and universally binding compliance with normative rules (regulations) as complementary aspects of “control” of the element of speech;
4) cultural and aesthetic perception(evaluation) of language and its facts; the norm consolidates all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of humanity;
5) dynamic character(changeability), due to the development of the entire language system, realized in living speech;
6) the possibility of linguistic “pluralism”(coexistence of several options recognized as normative) as a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and mobility, subjective (author) and objective (language), literary and non-literary (vernacular, dialects).
A norm can be imperative, i.e. strictly mandatory, and optional, i.e. not strictly mandatory. Imperative the norm does not allow variation in the expression of a linguistic unit, regulating only one way of expressing it. Violation of this norm is regarded as poor language proficiency (for example, errors in declension or conjugation, determining the gender of a word, etc.). Dispositive the norm allows for variation, regulating several ways of expressing a linguistic unit (for example, cottage cheese And cottage cheese etc.).
Normativity, i.e. following the norms of the literary language in the process of communication is rightly considered the basis, the foundation of speech culture.
OPTION OF LITERARY NORM
Being quite stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of language, which is in constant development. The variation that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means.
As noted , y the stability of norms is relative, because some of them are slowly but continuously changing under the influence colloquial speech. Changes in language entail the emergence options some norms. This means it's the same thing grammatical meaning, same human thought may be expressed differently.
The norm fluctuates and changes as a result of interaction different styles, interaction between systems of language and vernacular, literary language and dialects, interaction between new and old.
These vibrations create variant norms. Mass prevalence variant, its regular use and interaction with similar examples of literary language gradually turns the variant into the norm. There are three main degrees of the “norm-variant” relationship:
1) the norm is mandatory, but the option is prohibited;
2) the norm is mandatory, and the option is acceptable, although not desirable;
3) the norm and the option are equal.
Variation in the use of the same linguistic unit is often a reflection of the transitional stage from an outdated norm to a new one. Variants, modifications or varieties of a given linguistic unit can coexist with its main type.
There are equal and unequal options literary norms. In case of inequality of options, the main one is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech. A variant whose use is limited to any one style is recognized as secondary, non-main.
According to affiliation language types units are allocated the following options:
1) pronunciation (bakery-buloshnaya), otherwise-otherwise;
2) inflectional (tractors-tractors, in on the shop floor, hectare-hectares);
3) word-forming (cutting-cutting, stuffing-stuffing);
4) syntactic (ride the tram - ride the tram, wait for the plane - wait for the plane;
5) lexical (import-import, export-export, movie-film).
Norma, being general language, requires an active attitude. The outstanding philologist L.V. Shcherba regards variations and deviations from the norm as the highest criterion in assessing the culture of speech: “When a person’s sense of the norm is cultivated, then he begins to feel all the charm of justified deviations from it.”
Therefore, in order to deviate from the norm, you need to know it, you need to understand why acceptable retreat, for example:
people on horseback instead of horses.
Codification- a legal term in origin (Late Latin codificatio from codex - book, collection of laws and facio - I do); This is the systematization of laws in a single legislative code by eliminating inconsistencies, filling gaps, and abolishing outdated norms.
Codification of the literary language - this is a systematic representation of language norms in grammars, dictionaries, sets of rules for spelling, punctuation, spelling, etc.
CODIFICATION, -And; and. [from lat. codex - book and facio - doing]
Statement of a set of rules, exemplary language use; normalization of language.< Кодификационный, -ая, -ое. К-ая комиссия.
Codification makes the literary language stable, helps it remain itself as long as possible, unites those who have spoken it and those who speak it over time. “The perfection of the literary language lies in the unity of the speech norms of fathers and children, great-grandfathers and great-grandsons.” This leads to the main difficulty of codification- search for a golden mean: the preservation of cultural and linguistic traditions should be reasonably combined with the adoption of those innovations that have become stable and widespread in the speech of educated people of our time.
Codification relies on the tradition of the existence of language in a given society, on some unwritten but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important that codification is the purposeful ordering of everything related to language and its application. The results of codifying activities are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars.
The norm as a result codification is inextricably linked with the concept of literary language, which is otherwise called standardized or codified. The territorial dialect, urban vernacular, social and professional jargons are not subject to codification: after all, no one consciously and purposefully makes sure that Vologda residents consistently okal, and residents of the Kursk village Akali, so that sellers, God forbid, do not use the terminology of carpenters, and soldiers - words and expressions of Labouche jargon, and therefore the concept of norm in the narrow sense of this term just discussed is not applicable to such varieties of language - dialects, jargons.
The problem of codification of norms
The process of fixing a norm, i.e., introducing certain rules for the use of linguistic means into dictionaries and reference books, is called codification. The language system has a level structure, depending on the level of the language there are Various types norms and, accordingly, types of dictionaries: norms of pronunciation and stress are recorded in orthoepic and accentological dictionaries, norms of word usage - in explanatory and phraseological dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, etc., morphological and syntactic norms - in special reference books and grammars.
Criteria for codifying a norm
It should also be noted that codification- a long, labor-intensive process, which in the modern economic situation becomes even more complex, so dictionaries often do not have time to reflect changes in the modern language system and some cases that require clarification remain without interpretation by specialists (for example, the actively used word trunking has not yet been included in modern dictionaries , the meaning of which we have to determine ourselves, relying on the media).
Variants of norms. Their codification.
Within the literary norm, there are options (book, colloquial), one of which is preferable. Outside the literary norms are professional, colloquial and outdated versions. Therefore, some variants of words are given in dictionaries with appropriate marks. It is best to resort to the help of the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language”. It gives a system of normative marks, which looks like this.
1. Equal options. They are united by the union and: barge and barge, waves to waves. From the point of view of correctness, these options are the same.
2. Variants of norms, of which one is recognized as the main one: a) litter “acceptable” (additional): cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, gave and extra. gave. The first option is preferable, the second is rated as less desirable; b) the mark “acceptably outdated” (additional obsolete): gathered and additional. outdated got ready. Pometta indicates that the option she evaluates is gradually being lost, and in the past it was the main one.
The dictionary also includes options that are outside the literary norm. To indicate these options, so-called prohibitive marks are introduced:
This litter may have the additional characteristic "obsolete" (not rec. obsolete). Variants bearing this mark contain an accent that was correct in the past. Today they are beyond the norm: edge! not rec. outdated spearhead, Ukrainians! not rec. outdated Ukrainians.
- “wrong” (wrong): kitchen O new! not right. To at honny, ext s cha! not right. d O bull
- “grossly wrong” (grossly wrong): document! grossly wrong. document, petition! Grossly wrong. petition.
A number of accents are associated with the professional sphere of use. There are words in which a specific emphasis is traditionally accepted only in a narrowly professional environment; in any other environment it is perceived as a mistake. The dictionary records these options:
And skra in professional speech sparks A
fl e flute musicians O vyy
To O sailors' comp A With
In addition to the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language,” a valuable guide is the “Dictionary of Stresses for Radio and Television Workers” (compiled by Ageenko F.A., Zarva M.V., edited by Rosenthal D.E.). It contains words and their forms, the placement of stress in which may cause difficulty, gives geographical names that are difficult to pronounce, the names and surnames of political figures, scientists, artists, writers, performers, names of newspapers, magazines, telegraph agencies, and musical works.
The main concept of our course is the concept of the SRFL norm.
The last term needs clarification: literary language is not the language of fiction, it is the language of cultured, educated people; protected by dictionaries, reference books, norms from distortions and deformations, rich functional varieties; T.
E. it has special resources for business, scientific, public, everyday and other spheres of communication; Russian language is not only the language of the Russian nation, but also the language of international communication between the peoples of Russia and some neighboring countries, the language of the UN, one of the world languages; the modern Russian language developed mainly in the 40s of the 19th century as a result literary activity A. S. Pushkin. The language of the last 168 years is called modern. We are considering its variety from the 2nd half of the twentieth century. SRL is a strict hierarchical system, and each of its elements has its own system of norms studied by normative language sciences. compliance
The term norm is used in 2 different meanings: 1) a norm is a generally accepted usage that has become established in a language; The norm is the use recommended by a grammar, reference book, or dictionary (the so-called codified norm). A codified norm is stronger than an uncodified one, especially if the codification is known to wide sections of the population. It opens up opportunities to ensure greater stability of the norm, to prevent semi-spontaneous and seemingly uncontrollable changes.
In modern linguistic works, the norm hypothesis proposed by the Romanian scientist E. Coseriu has gained recognition: “A norm is a set of the most stable, traditional implementations elements
language structure, selected and consolidated by public language practice.”
The norm presupposes a certain evaluative attitude of speakers and writers towards the functioning of language in speech: this is possible, but this is not possible; they say this, but they don’t say that; so right and so wrong. This attitude is formed under the influence of fiction (its authoritative figures for society), science (it begins to describe, “codify” norms), and school.
The norm becomes a regulator speech behavior people, however, this is a necessary but insufficient regulator, because compliance with the requirements of the norm alone is not enough to ensure that oral or written language turned out to be quite good, that is, she had the necessary finishing and culture for communication. This can be explained by the fact that the norm regulates the purely structural, symbolic, linguistic side of speech, without affecting the most important relations of speech to reality, society, consciousness, and behavior of people in communication. Speech may be completely correct, i.e., not violating language norms, but inaccessible to easy understanding. It may be logically inaccurate and contradictory, but it is correct. She may be correct, but certain cases completely inappropriate. That is why all the great writers and critics understood that speaking and writing correctly does not mean speaking and writing well.
Linguistic norms are only at first glance static and unshakable. Of course, they imply relative stability and constancy, but this does not mean that norms do not change. They reflect the dynamics of the language, its slow but steady development. People of one generation hardly notice this, but from the perspective of several generations it is possible to trace the dynamics of language norms.
The Russian linguist of the 19th century, J. Grot, spoke about this in relation to vocabulary: “At first, the word is accepted by very few; others are shy of him, looking at him distrustfully, as if he were a stranger... Little by little they get used to him, and the novelty of him is forgotten: the next generation already finds him in use and completely assimilates him..."
Thus, norms are dynamic. But this dynamics is dialectically combined with relative constancy, consistency: only what is new is learned and only those changes that are really necessary for the development of language are strengthened (for example, foreign language borrowings, which have flooded into Russian speech these days, not all of them will take root in the language).
It would seem that the norm presupposes an unambiguous decision: this is right, and this is wrong. Indeed, in the vast majority of cases this is true. But any rule is only supported by exceptions. The norms of SRLA can be variable (for example, solemn and solemn, bile and bile, sparkling and sparkling). The variability of norms is an indicator of their dynamics, “an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution.”
In the course of linguistic development, one of the variants becomes obsolete and becomes a thing of the past (for example, zala = hall = hall; turner = turner in the 19th century; beet = beetroot, sanatorium = sanatorium; piano - now m. r. and piano - f. r. . in the 19th century; tulle - obsolete. Zh. r. and tulle - now m.
The change in norms, which is a consequence of language development, is explained by linguistic (intralinguistic) and social (extralinguistic) factors. Among the intralinguistic factors one should name unification, simplification of grammatical forms; displacement of doublets; convergence (coincidence in the course of historical development two sounds into one) and divergence (splitting of one speech sound in the course of historical development into two, for example, table and table). In a course on speech culture, it is more important to consider extralinguistic factors language changes, and therefore the dynamics of norms:
1) nature of development public life(in our time - words from the field of business);
2) language policy– conscious influence of society on language development(Paul 1 and his fight against Gallicism; for example, instead of sergeant, he introduced military rank non-commissioned officer; citizen instead of tradesman);
3) degree of public freedom;
4) an objectively developing sense of proportion in the use of linguistic units (vulgarism, jargon).
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More on topic 3. The concept of language norms. Codification of literary norm:
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