- I'm sorry!
Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in the modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, while another will find it difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his everyday life.

• Content:

Meanwhile, the etiquette of verbal communication plays a vital role for a person’s successful activity in society, his personal life and the building of strong family and friendly relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Speech etiquette norms are very diverse, each country has its own peculiarities of communication culture.

• speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication; its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you competently convey your thoughts to your interlocutor and quickly achieve mutual understanding with him.

Mastery etiquette of verbal communication requires acquiring knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. To more successfully master communication culture skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

Basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for mischief. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters different styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess a situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, and competently express one’s thoughts distinguishes a person of high culture, education and intelligence.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for three stages of conversation:

• starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)
• main part
• final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting; it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters: the youngest greets the elder first, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the adult man, the junior greets the elder. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

IN ending a call use formulas for stopping communication and parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).

Main part of the conversation

Following the greeting, a conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases spoken after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. There are often situations when the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the ending of the conversation that follows.

• speech etiquette formulas - stable expressions

A solemn atmosphere and the approach of an important event require the use of speech patterns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. The situation can be either official or informal, and the situation determines what formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

A mournful atmosphere in connection with events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not routinely or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, and be accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can become a reason for criticism or reproach. When carrying out orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to make a request to a colleague. There is also a need to approve someone else’s proposal, give permission for implementation or a reasoned refusal.

The request must be extremely polite in form (but without ingratiation) and understandable to the addressee; the request must be made delicately. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form and use the affirmative. Advice should be given uncategorically; giving advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

It is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor for fulfilling a request, providing a service, or providing useful advice. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely, it lifts the mood of the interlocutor and encourages a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional overtones.

Speech etiquette situations

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

• personalities of the interlocutors
• place
• time
• motive

Personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Taking into account the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - “You” and “You”. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and greater formality in the conversation.

A place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for that place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events; the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to an extensive conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show respect, express a friendly attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette makes certain demands on representatives of its culture and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given a special meaning, and faith in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality was strong. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring about certain events.

But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with the difference only in the forms of implementation of speech norms of etiquette. Each cultural and linguistic group has formulas for greeting and farewell, and respectful addresses to elders in age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, unfamiliar with the peculiarities national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, poorly brought up person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different nations; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of our time

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of the culture of verbal communication is changing radically. The speed of changes occurring in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on the idea of ​​​​the inviolability of social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Study of norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a specific act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire trust in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the peculiarities of foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

Main feature Russian speech etiquette One can call it its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The previous monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into classes from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged classes - master, sir, master. At the same time, there was no uniform appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the previous classes were abolished. All addresses of the old system were replaced by two - citizen and comrade. The citizen's appeal has acquired a negative connotation; it has become the norm when used by prisoners, criminals, and detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

During communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, auntie, guy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, however, in modern society they are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the previous types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address comrade, it is legally enshrined as an official address in law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, communist organizations, and in the collectives of factories.

In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGUI Library were used.

The meaning of SPEECH ETIQUETTE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

SPEECH ETIQUETTE

- a system of stable communication formulas prescribed by society to establish verbal contact between interlocutors, maintain communication in the chosen tonality in accordance with their social roles and role positions relative to each other, mutual relations in official and informal settings. In a broad sense, R. e., associated with semiotics. and the social concept of etiquette, carries out a regulatory role in the choice of one or another register of communication, etc. , "Congratulations!" etc.). The loss of the coordinates “I - you - here - now” by the statement takes it beyond the limits of R. e. (cf. “Congratulations!” and “Yesterday he congratulated her”). Units of R.e. formed by the simultaneous act of event nomination and predication and represent performative statements-actions studied in pragmatics. Systematic organization of thematic (and synonymous) series-formulas of R. e. goes to semantics. level, for example in Russian language: “Goodbye”, “Farewell”, “See you later”, “All the best”, “All the best”, “Bye”, “Let me say goodbye”, “Let me take my leave”, “I have the honor”, ​​“Ours to you” etc. Wealth is synonymous. rows of units of R. e. is caused by the coming into contact of communicants with different social characteristics during different social interactions. Marked units, used primarily. in one environment and not used in another, they acquire the properties of social symbolism. R. e. represents a fuictio-nalio-semantic. universal. However, he is characterized by a bright national character. specificity associated with the uniqueness of usual speech behavior, customs, rituals, non-verbal communication of representatives of a particular region, society, etc. phraseologists. system of formulas R. e. contains a large number of phraseological and SPEECH 413 units, proverbs, sayings, etc.: “Welcome|>, “Bread and salt!”, “How many years, how many winters!”, “Have fun!” etc. Forms of appeals are also nationally specific, including those formed from their own. names (see Anthroponymy). The term "R. e." first introduced in Russian studies by V. G. Kostomarov (1967). Actually scientific. study of the R. e. system in language and speech was started in the USSR (from the 60s of the 20th century - the works of N. I. Formanovskaya, A. A. Akishiya, V. E. Goldin). Problems of R. e. are studied within the framework of sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, and speech culture. # Kostomarov V. G., Rus. speech etiquette, “Rus. language abroad", 1967, No. 1; Ah m shina A. A., Formanov-ekaya N. I., Rus. speech etiquette, M., 1975; 3rd ed., M., 1983; National and cultural specificity of speech behavior, M., 1977; Formanovskaya N. I., Rus. speech etiquette: linguistic. and methodology, aspects, M., 1982 (lit.); 2nd ed., M., 1987; hers, Use of Russian. speech etiquette, M., 1982 (lit.): 2nd ed., M., 1984; well, you said: “Hello!” Speech etiquette in your communication, M., 1982; 3rd ed., M., 1989; e e e, Speech etiquette and culture of communication, M., 1989; National and cultural specificity of speech communication of the peoples of the USSR, M., 1982: Theory of speech acts, in the book: NZL, v. 17, M., 1986; Goldok V. E., Speech and Etiquette, M., 1983 (lit.); Austin J. L., Performative—constative, in the book: Philosophy and ordinary language, Urbana, 1963. H. I. Formanovskaya.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what SPEECH ETIQUETTE is in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• ETIQUETTE in Wiki Quotebook:
  Data: 2008-09-05 Time: 18:21:53 * Etiquette is intelligence for those who do not have it. (Voltaire) * Bad...
• ETIQUETTE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  - rules, procedure for behavior in a public place, in the presence of other persons, when ...
• ETIQUETTE in Statements of famous people:
  
• ETIQUETTE in the Dictionary One sentence, definitions:
  - This is when you yawn with your mouth closed. ...
• ETIQUETTE in Aphorisms and clever thoughts:
  This is when you yawn with your mouth closed. ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Encyclopedia of Sober Living:
  - (French etiquette - label, label) - a set of rules of behavior relating to external manifestations, attitude towards people (dealing with others, forms ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Lexicon of Sex:
  (French), the established order of behavior when performing ritual actions (for example, family and marriage...
• ETIQUETTE in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (French etiquette), a system of requirements for human behavior in various situations: at work, in an educational institution, on vacation, etc. ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (French etiquette) an established order of behavior somewhere (initially in certain social circles, for example, at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc. ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (French etiquette), a set of rules of conduct and treatment accepted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (French etiquette), established order, adherence to certain norms of behavior (for example, at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles and ...
• ETIQUETTE
  [French etiquette] strictly established order and forms of treatment at the court of monarchs, in relations between diplomats and ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a, pl. no, m. Established, accepted order of behavior, forms of treatment. Courtier e. Speech e. Observe e. Etiquette - being etiquette, ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, m. Established, accepted order of behavior, forms of treatment. Diplomatic e. Speech e. II adj. etiquette, ah...
• ETIQUETTE in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  ETIQUETTE (French etiquette), an established order of behavior somewhere (originally in certain social circles, for example, at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles and ...
• ETIQUETTE
  ethics"t, ethics"you, ethics"that, ethics"tov, ethics"that, ethics"there, ethics"t, ethics"you, ethics"that, ethics"tami, ethics"those, ...
• SPEECH in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  speech"th, speech"i, speech"e, speech"e, speech"th, speech"th, speech"th, speech"x, speech"mu, speech"th, speech"mu, speech"m, speech" th, speech"y, speech"e, speech"e, speech"th, speech"y, speech"e, speech"x, ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  -ah, only food. , m. 1) A set of rules of ritualized behavior, treatment, accepted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in ...
• ETIQUETTE in the Dictionary for solving and composing scanwords:
  Rules …
• ETIQUETTE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (French etiquette) an established order of behavior somewhere. (e.g. courtier...
• ETIQUETTE in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [fr. etiquette] established order of behavior somewhere. (e.g. courtier...
• ETIQUETTE in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  see sign...
• ETIQUETTE in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  decency, bonton, politeness, decency, ...
• ETIQUETTE
  
• SPEECH in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  adj. 1) Correlative in meaning. with noun: speech (1*1), associated with it. 2) Characteristic of speech (1*1), characteristic of it. 3) ...
• SPEECH in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• ETIQUETTE in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  etiquette...
• SPEECH in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• ETIQUETTE in the Spelling Dictionary:
  etiquette...
• SPEECH in the Spelling Dictionary.
• ETIQUETTE in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  established, accepted order of behavior, forms of treatment Diplomatic e. Speech e. Observe …
• ETIQUETTE in Dahl's Dictionary:
  husband. , French rank, order, secular custom of external rites and decency; accepted, conventional, brittle politeness; ceremonial; external ritualism. -tny,...
• ETIQUETTE in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
  (French etiquette), an established order of behavior somewhere (initially in certain social circles, for example, at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc. ...
• ETIQUETTE
  etiquette, m. (French йtiquette). 1. units only The established order of actions, behavior, forms of treatment (in high society, at court and ...
• SPEECH in Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  speech, speech. Adj. to speech in 1 sign. Speech skills. Speech...
• ETIQUETTE
  etiquette m. Established order of behavior, forms ...
• SPEECH in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
  speech adj. 1) Correlative in meaning. with noun: speech (1*1), associated with it. 2) Characteristic of speech (1*1), characteristic of it. ...
• ETIQUETTE
  m. Established order of behavior, forms ...
• SPEECH in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  adj. 1. ratio with noun speech I 1., associated with it 2. Characteristic of speech [speech I 1.], characteristic of it. ...
• ETIQUETTE
  m. Established norms of behavior, accepted rules and forms of behavior in any environment or in certain conditions; ceremony...
• SPEECH in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  I adj. 1. ratio with noun speech I 1., associated with it 2. Characteristic of speech [speech I 1.], characteristic ...
• SPEECH EMBOL
  (Greek embolos - wedge, plug). Manifestation of speech stereotypy. Observed in deep, cortical, motor aphasia. Most often - a word or...
• SPEECH PRESSURE in the Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms:
  Pathological increase in speech activity, specific speech excitation, which may not be accompanied by excitation of mental and motor activity. Speech is often lost...
• SPEECH ACT in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  — purposeful speech action performed in accordance with the principles and rules of speech behavior accepted in a given society; unit of normative...
• JACOBSON ROMAN in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
  (1896-1982) - Russian linguist, semiotician, literary critic, who contributed to the establishment of a productive dialogue between European and American cultural traditions, French, Czech and Russian...
• ROSENSTOCK-HUSSI in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
  (Rosenstock-Huessy) Eugen Moritz Friedrich (1888-1973) - German-American Christian thinker, philosopher, historian, belonging to the spiritual tradition of the dialogical type. Born in a liberal...
• DISCOURSE in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
  (discursus: from Latin discere - to wander) - a verbally articulated form of objectification of the content of consciousness, regulated by the dominant in a particular sociocultural ...
• OPOYAZ in the Lexicon of non-classics, artistic and aesthetic culture of the 20th century, Bychkova:
  (“Society for the Study of Poetic Language”) Created in 1916 in St. Petersburg by representatives of the formal method in literary criticism. OPOYAZ included scientists...

speech etiquette

a system of stable communication formulas prescribed by society to establish verbal contact between interlocutors, maintain communication in a chosen tone in accordance with their social roles and role positions relative to each other, mutual relations in official and informal settings. In a broad sense, R. e., associated with the semiotic and social concept of etiquette, plays a regulatory role in the choice of one or another register of communication, for example, “you” or “you” forms, addresses by name or using another nomination, method of communication, accepted in rural life or in an urban environment, among the older generation or youth, etc. In the narrow sense of the word R. e. constitutes a functional-semantic field of units of friendly, polite communication in situations of addressing and attracting attention, acquaintance, greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, congratulations, wishes, requests, invitations, advice, proposals, consent, refusal, approval, compliments, sympathy, condolences etc. Communicative stereotypes of R. e., without introducing new logical content into communication, express socially significant information like “I notice you, recognize you, want contact with you,” i.e., they correspond to the important goals of the speakers and manifest essential functions language.

The functions of R. e., based on the communicative function inherent in language, consist of interrelated specialized functions: contact-establishing (phatic), orientation towards the addressee (conative), regulating, expression of will, motivation, attracting attention, expression of relationships and feelings towards the addressee and the communication environment.

The speech situation in which R. e. exists is a situation of direct communication between communicants, limited by the pragmatic coordinates “I - you - here - now,” which organize the core of the field of linguistic units of R. e. The grammatical nature of these units is determined by the deictic indicators “I - you - here - now”, projected into the structure of the units (“Thank you!”, “Congratulations!”, etc.). The loss of the coordinates “I - you - here - now” by the statement takes it beyond the limits of R. e. (cf. “Congratulations!” and “Yesterday he congratulated her”). Units of R.e. formed by the simultaneous act of event nomination and predication and represent performative utterances-actions studied in pragmatics.

Systematic organization of thematic (and synonymous) series-formulas of R. e. takes place at the semantic level, for example in Russian: “Goodbye”, “Farewell”, “See you later”, “All the best”, “All the best”, “Bye”, “Allow me to say goodbye”, “Let me take my leave”, “Honour” I have”, “Ours to you”, etc. The wealth of synonymous rows of units of R. e. is caused by the coming into contact of communicants with different social characteristics during different social interactions. Marked units, used primarily in one environment and not used in another, acquire the properties of social symbolism.

R. e. is a functional-semantic universal. However, it is characterized by a clear national specificity associated with the uniqueness of the usual speech behavior, customs, rituals, non-verbal communication of representatives of a particular region, society, etc. The phraseological system of formulas of R. e. contains a large number of phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, etc.: “Welcome!”, “Bread and salt!”, “How many years, how many winters!”, “Enjoy your steam!” etc. Forms of address are also nationally specific, including those formed from proper names (see Anthroponymy). The term "R. e." first introduced in Russian studies by V. G. Kostomarov (1967). The actual scientific study of the R. e. system. in language and speech was started in the USSR (from the 60s of the 20th century - the works of N. I. Formanovskaya, A. A. Akishina, V. E. Goldin). Problems of R. e. are studied within the framework of sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, and speech culture.

Kostomarov V.G., Russian speech etiquette, “Russian language abroad”, 1967, No. 1; Akishina A. A., Formanovskaya N. I., Russian speech etiquette, M., 1975; 3rd ed., M., 1983; National-cultural specificity of speech behavior, M., 1977; Formanovskaya N.I., Russian speech etiquette: linguistic and methodological aspects, M., 1982 (lit.); 2nd ed., M., 1987; hers, Use of Russian speech etiquette, M., 1982 (lit.); 2nd ed., M., 1984; her, you said: “Hello!” Speech etiquette in our communication, M., 1982; 3rd ed., M., 1989; her, Speech etiquette and culture of communication, M., 1989; National-cultural specificity of speech communication of the peoples of the USSR, M., 1982; Theory of speech acts, in the book: New in foreign linguistics, v. 17, M., 1986; Goldin V. E., Speech and Etiquette, M., 1983 (lit.); Austin J. L., Performative-constative, in: Philosophy and ordinary language, 1963.

N. I. Formanovskaya.

The Novokuznetsk Pedagogical Institute has prepared for publication a Dictionary-Directory of Russian Speech Etiquette and Common People's Friendly Treatment of the 19th-20th Centuries. The work is unique in many ways. In terms of volume and content, it has no analogues in domestic and, as far as we know, foreign lexicography, although it cannot be said that Russian speech etiquette is a completely unexplored area. Collecting formulas of Russian speech courtesy, politeness, and courtesy has a long history in Russia. It is known that back in the 17th-18th and especially in the 19th centuries, various reference books and guides were published for polite oral communication, as well as for writing everyday and official letters (“pismovniki”). Attempts were also made to compile collections of “friendly” words and expressions. After the revolution, the very word “etiquette” fell into the category of “old regime”, and work in this direction was interrupted for a long time, which, of course, negatively affected the study and state of Russian speech culture. Since the mid-1970s. During the period of “détente,” when the Russian language began to spread widely as one of the world languages, Russian linguists and methodologists published reference books and textbooks on speech etiquette (see the well-known works of Prof. N.I. Formanovskaya and her colleagues).

The type of compiled dictionary is a thematic explanatory dictionary-reference book. “Thematic”, that is, dedicated to one topic, covering the vocabulary and phraseology of thematic groups of one semantic field - polite, friendly treatment. "Dictionary-reference book" - according to the classification of Academician L.V. Shcherby means “descriptive dictionary”, which is not strictly normative, but strives to reflect the signs of speech etiquette of different social spheres and territorial dialects of the Russian language. The principle of normative description is maintained only partially: by the placement of accents; indicating individual grammatical forms; stylistic marks that establish the scope and boundaries of the use of a word; quotes showing the use of a word or expression in a specific speech situation; reflecting some features of spelling. It was not the task of the compiler to give assessments: “right - wrong” and recommendations: “this is how you should say it - this is not what you should say.” Such instructions are more appropriate in speech science workshops. The tasks of the dictionary are better served by information - “this is how (it was) customary to speak (write)

Speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the content, form, order, nature and appropriateness of situational statements accepted in a certain culture. This concept also includes expressions and words that people use to make requests, farewells, and apologies. It is also necessary to include various forms of address and intonation features. Etiquette standards even get their names based on the countries or places where they are applied. As an example, we can cite the so-called “Russian speech etiquette” as a form of ethics inherent exclusively to Russians. This phenomenon is studied by linguists, historians and cultural scientists, psychologists, regionalists, ethnologists and geographers.

Speech etiquette and its boundaries

In the broadest sense of this word, it can be interpreted as any more or less successful moment (act) of communication. That is why speech etiquette is associated with certain postulates of communication that make the interaction of all participants in communication possible and more successful. These postulates include:

Quality (the speech message must have proper basis and not be deliberately false);

Quantity (balance and harmony between brevity and conciseness of presentation and its spatial vagueness);

Attitude (relevance to the addressee);

Method (clarity, precision of transmitted information for the recipient).

Speech etiquette and its peripheral postulates

If we consider the above rules solely as necessary for the effective execution of the task of transmitting information, then politeness and tactfulness can be thrown out of there. This means that requirements such as truthfulness and relevance can also be omitted in some valid cases.

Speech etiquette and its levels

In a narrow sense, this concept can be characterized as a system of certain linguistic means that are required to establish contacts and relationships. The elements of this system can be considered at different levels:

Level of vocabulary and phraseology (this includes set expressions and special words);

Grammatical level (use of the plural for polite address, for example, the pronoun “you”);

Stylistic level (cultured, literate speech, refusal of obscene and shocking words);

Intonation level (polite intonation, use of softening euphemisms);

Orthoepic level (for example, using the word “hello” instead of “here” or “great”);

Organizational and communicative level (prohibition on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else’s conversation).

Speech etiquette in everyday practice

This norm is somehow tied to the communication situation. The rules of speech etiquette are a set of parameters that correspond to the situation, the personality of the interlocutor, the place, motive, time and purpose of the conversation. First of all, these are criteria for phenomena that are focused on the addressee, but the personality of the speaker himself is undoubtedly taken into account. The rules of communication may vary depending on the situation and topic. There are more specific vocabulary norms (for example, speeches during a feast, at a funeral, etc.).