On January 12, 1628, Charles Perrault was born - a French storyteller, author of everything famous fairy tales"Puss in Boots", "Cinderella" and "Bluebeard". Whereas magical stories, which came from the pen of the author, know everything from young to old; few people guess about who Perrault was, how he lived and even what he looked like. The Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Anderson, Hoffmann and Kipling... Names familiar to us from childhood, behind which people unknown to us are hidden. We invite you to get acquainted with how famous storytellers looked and lived. Previously, we talked about famous children's authors of the USSR.
Charles Perrault (1628-1703).
Fairy tales such as Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread house, Little Thumb and Bluebeard - all these works are familiar to everyone. Alas, but the largest French poet Not everyone recognizes the 17th century.
One of the key reasons for such low interest in the creator’s appearance was the confusion with the names under which it was published. most of literary works of Charles Perrault. As it turned out later, the critic deliberately used the name of his 19-year-old son, D. Armancourt. Apparently, fearing to tarnish his reputation by working with such a genre as a fairy tale, the author decided not to use his already famous name.
The French writer-storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student as a child. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, wrote a lot scientific works.
In the 1660s, he largely determined the policy of the court Louis XIV in the field of arts, was appointed secretary of the Academy of Inscriptions and Fine Literature.
Already in 1697, Perrault published one of his most popular collections, “Tales of Mother Goose,” which contained eight tales that were literary adaptations of folk legends.
Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859) and Jacob (1785-1863).
Some of the most famous works of the authors are fairy tales that have already become classics. Many of the brothers’ creations are rightfully considered world classics. In order to evaluate their contribution to world culture just remember such fairy tales as “Snow White and the Scarlet Flower”, “The Straw, the Ember and the Bean”, “The Men of Bremen Street musicians", "The Brave Little Tailor", "The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats", "Hansel and Gretel" and many, many others.
The destinies of the two linguist brothers were so intertwined with each other that many early admirers of their work called the researchers of German culture nothing less than creative twins.
It is worth noting that this definition was partly true: Wilhelm and Jacob were inseparable from the very beginning. early years. The brothers were so attached to each other that they preferred to spend time exclusively together, and their passionate love for common cause only united two future folklore collectors around the main work of their lives - writing.
Despite such similar views, characters and aspirations, Wilhelm was greatly influenced by the fact that in childhood the boy grew up weak and was often ill... Despite the self-distribution of roles in the creative union, Jacob always felt it was his duty to support his brother, which only contributed to deep and fruitful working on publications.
In addition to their main activities as linguists, the Brothers Grimm were also legal scholars, scientists, and at the end of their lives they began creating the first dictionary of the German language
Although Wilhelm and Jacob are considered the founding fathers Germanic philology and German studies, they gained their wide popularity precisely thanks to fairy tales. It is worth noting that most of the contents of the collections are considered by contemporaries not to be for children at all, but hidden meaning, embedded in every published story, is to this day perceived by the public in a much deeper and more subtle way than just a fairy tale.
Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875).
The Dane is the author of world-famous fairy tales for children and adults: “The Ugly Duckling”, “The King’s New Clothes”, “Thumbelina”, “The Steadfast” tin soldier", "Princess on the Pea", " Ole Lukoje", "The Snow Queen" and many others.
Hans's talent began to manifest itself in early childhood; the boy was distinguished by his remarkable imagination and daydreaming. Unlike his peers, the future prose writer loved puppet theaters and seemed noticeably more sensitive than his surroundings.
It would seem that if Anderson had not decided to try to express himself through writing poetry, the young man’s sensitivity could have played a cruel joke on him.
His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, and at the age of 14 he already played minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen.
Hans always considered school to be one of the darkest periods of his life. Having completed his studies in 1827, Anderson continued to suffer from dyslexia until the end of his life: the most talented writer of our time made many mistakes in writing and was never able to properly master literacy.
Despite the obvious illiteracy, his first, deserved great success the viewer has a play that the young man wrote at the age of only 15 years. Creative path Anderson led the Danish writer to real recognition: at the age of 30, the man was able to publish the first book of fairy tales, which to this day is read and loved not only by children, but also by adults.
Andersen never married and had no children.
The year 1872 was fatal for Anderson. Writer randomly fell out of bed and hurt himself badly. Despite the fact that after the fall the prose writer lived for three more happy year, main reason death is considered to be precisely that fatal fall from which the writer was never able to recover.
Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822).
Perhaps the most famous German fairy tale is “The Nutcracker and the Mouse King.”
Hoffmann's talent as a writer was extremely difficult to reconcile with his outright disgust for "philistine" and "tea" societies. Not wanting to put up with the move public life, the young man preferred to spend his evenings and nights in a wine cellar.
Hoffmann nevertheless became a famous romantic writer. In addition to his sophisticated imagination, Ernst also demonstrated success in music, creating several operas and then presenting them to the public. That same “philistine” and hated society accepted the talented talent with honors.
Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827).
German storyteller - author of such works as "Dwarf Nose", "The Story of the Caliph Stork", "The Story of Little Flour".
After graduating from university, Gauff composed for the children of a noble official he knew fairy tales, which were first published in the "Almanac of Fairy Tales of January 1826 for the Sons and Daughters of the Noble Classes."
Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002).
The Swedish writer is the author of a number of world-famous books for children, including “The Kid and Carlson Who Lives on the Roof” and stories about Pippi Longstocking.
Gianni Rodari (1920-1980).
Famous Italian children's writer, storyteller and journalist - “father” of the well-known Cipollino.
While still a student, he joined the fascist youth organization "Italian Lictor Youth". In 1941, becoming a teacher primary school, He joined fascist party, where he remained until its liquidation in July 1943.
In 1948, Rodari became a journalist for the communist newspaper Unita and began writing books for children. In 1951 as editor children's magazine published his first collection of poems - "The Book of Merry Poems", as well as his famous work"The Adventures of Cipollino."
Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936).
Author of "The Jungle Book", the main character of which was the boy Mowgli, as well as the fairy tales "The Cat Who Walks by itself", "Where does a camel get its hump?", "How the leopard got its spots" and others.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950).
The author's most famous fairy tales: "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain", "The Silver Hoof", " Malachite Box", "Two Lizards", "Golden Hair", " Stone Flower".
People's love and fame overtook Bazhov only in his 60s. The belated publication of the collection of stories “The Malachite Box” was timed exclusively for the writer’s anniversary. It is important to note that the previously underestimated talent of Pavel Petrovich eventually found its devoted reader.
A literary fairy tale is probably one of the most popular genres of our time. Interest in similar works is inexhaustible both among children and among their parents, and Russian fairy tale writers have made a worthy contribution to the common creative cause. It should be remembered that a literary fairy tale differs from folklore according to several parameters. First of all, because it has a specific author. There are also differences in the way the material is conveyed and the clear use of plots and images, allowing us to say that this genre has the right to complete independence.
Poetic tales of Pushkin
If you compile a list of fairy tales by Russian writers, it will take more than one sheet of paper. Moreover, works were written not only in prose, but also in poetry. Here a shining example A. Pushkin, who initially did not plan to compose children's works, can serve as a reference. But over time, the poetic works “About Tsar Saltan”, “About the priest and his worker Balda”, “About the dead princess and the seven heroes”, “About the Golden Cockerel” joined the list of fairy tales of Russian writers. Simple and figurative form of presentation, memorable images, bright stories- all this is characteristic of the work of the great poet. And these works are still included in the treasury
Continuation of the list
The literary tales of the period under review include some other, no less famous ones. Russian fairy tale writers: Zhukovsky ("The War of Mice and Frogs"), Ershov ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"), Aksakov (" The Scarlet Flower") - made their worthy contribution to the development of the genre. And the great collector of folklore and interpreter of the Russian language Dal also wrote a certain number of fairy-tale works. Among them: “The Crow”, “The Snow Maiden Girl”, “About the Woodpecker” and others. You can recall others fairy tales of famous Russian writers: “The Wind and the Sun”, “The Blind Horse”, “The Fox and the Goat” by Ushinsky, “The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants"Pogorelsky, "The Frog Traveler", "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose" by Garshin, "The Wild Landowner", " The wise minnow» Saltykova-Shchedrin. Of course, this is not a complete list.
Russian fairy tale writers
Wrote literary tales and Leo Tolstoy, and Paustovsky, and Mamin-Sibiryak, and Gorky, and many others. Among the particularly outstanding works can be noted “The Golden Key” by Tolstoy Alexei. The work was planned as a free retelling of “Pinocchio” by Carlo Collodi. But here is the case when the alteration surpassed the original - this is how many Russian-speaking critics evaluate the writer’s work. The wooden boy Pinocchio, familiar to everyone since childhood, won the hearts of little readers and their parents for a long time with his spontaneity and brave heart. We all remember Buratino's friends: Malvina, Artemon, Pierrot. And his enemies: the evil Karabas and the nasty Duremar, and the fox Alice. The vivid images of the heroes are so unique and original, recognizable that, once you read Tolstoy’s work, you remember them for the rest of your life.
Revolutionary tales
One of them can be confidently included the creation of Yuri Olesha “Three Fat Men”. In this tale the author reveals the theme class struggle against the backdrop of such eternal values as friendship and mutual assistance; The characters of the heroes are distinguished by courage and revolutionary impulse. And Arkady Gaidar’s work “Malchish-Kibalchish” tells about difficult period for becoming Soviet state- civil war. Malchish is a bright, memorable symbol of that era of struggle for revolutionary ideals. It is no coincidence that these images were subsequently used by other authors, for example, in the works of Joseph Kurlat, who revived light image hero.
These authors include those who gave literature such fairy tales and plays as “ Naked King", "Shadow" - based on the works of Andersen. And his original creations “Dragon” and “ An ordinary miracle"(at first banned from production) forever entered the treasury of Soviet literature.
TO poetic works The genre also includes the fairy tales of Korney Chukovsky: “The Fly-Tsokotukha”, “Moidodyr”, “Barmaley”, “Aibolit”, “Cockroach”. To this day, they are the most widely read poetic fairy tales in Russia for children of all ages. Instructive and daring, brave and monstrous images and characters of the heroes are recognizable from the first lines. What about Marshak’s poems and Kharms’ delightful creativity? What about Zakhoder, Moritz and Kurlat? It is impossible to list them all in this rather short article.
Modern evolution of the genre
We can say that the genre of literary fairy tales evolved from folklore, in a sense exploiting its plots and characters. So today, many Russian fairy tale writers are evolving into science fiction writers, giving birth to good works in the fashionable fantasy style. Such authors probably include Yemets, Gromyko, Lukyanenko, Fry, Oldie and many others. This is a worthy successor to previous generations of authors of literary fairy tales.
Fairy tales for children are written by storytellers with impressionable creative nature and subtle mental organization. It is extremely important to convey to the child in a language accessible to his understanding. simple truths, universal moral values. After all, the felt emotions, the impressions that the baby receives in early age, are deposited in his heart for life. Good fairy tales- a worthy basis, the most important stage, which every growing individual overcomes, realizing the motives of actions, thinking about the consequences.
Author's fairy tale
Fairy tales created by storytellers can be an independent magical story invented by the author, or they can be translated into a poetic or literary manner folklore story. Author's literary fairy tales are not only fantastic magical stories, they are knowledge of the world, a certain instruction to the young reader, a confidential conversation between representatives of the elder and younger generations. The writers-storytellers, whose names will be listed below, created not just fascinating stories, their works are full of valuable educational moments. These are the magical stories of Tolstoy, “Deniska’s Stories” by Viktor Dragunsky.
Special style
But even among the recognized classics of the genre, there are special children's writers and storytellers whose narration style and originality cannot be confused with anyone else. For example, Vitaly Bianchi. Almost every compatriot has read or heard his stories about nature, which unobtrusively and reverently cultivate a love for the surrounding world, plants and animals. It is also necessary to mention P.P. Bazhov and his unique creations: “Silver Hoof”, “Golden Hair”, “Malachite Box”, “Mistress” copper mountain", "Stone Flower", "Two Lizards". Remembering these outstanding storytellers, we can say with confidence: the creators of original fairy tales are the first teachers of children whom they remember and appreciate.
Fairy tales of the classics
Eternal literary heritage
The tales that fairy tale writers gave to humanity are literary heritage, uniting all the inhabitants of the planet. People from different countries They read different works, but absolutely everyone reads classic fairy tales in childhood. We usually do not remember the name of a film we watched the day before, but we remember the title all our lives, despite the fact that we read them in early childhood. And all because these works were amazingly educational, they taught the best human qualities, principles of morality. Writers-storytellers, whose names have been known to us since early childhood, have created a true tool in raising children that has stood the test of time. This is why it is extremely important to choose the right fairy tales for a child to read, because this is a strong foundation for aesthetic and moral development baby's personality. However, fairy tales are still very instructive and relevant for adults.
Door to Wonderland
Writers and storytellers create not only a magical means of understanding the world, they open a kind of door to wonderland, help you believe in miracles, using personal creative method, offering the author's interpretations of folk fairy tale motifs. This is what helps us understand the importance of this genre and its invaluable contribution to world literature.
Hans Christian Andersen
Danish prose writer and poet, author of world-famous fairy tales for children and adults: “ Ugly duck", "The King's New Dress", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Princess and the Pea", "Ole Lukoye", "The Snow Queen" and many others. Despite the fact that Hans Christian Andersen is one of the best storytellers, he had a very bad character. In Denmark there is a legend about Andersen's royal origin.
In Denmark there is a legend about Andersen's royal origin
This is due to the fact that in his early autobiography the author himself wrote about how as a child he played with Prince Frits, later King Frederick VII, and he had no friends among the street boys. Only the prince. Andersen’s friendship with Frits, according to the storyteller’s fantasy, continued into adulthood, until the latter’s death, and, according to the writer himself, he was the only one, with the exception of relatives, who was allowed to visit the coffin of the deceased.
Charles Perrault
Few people know that Perrault was an academician French Academy, author of famous scientific works. But it was not serious books that brought him worldwide fame and recognition from his descendants, but the wonderful fairy tales “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”, “ Blue Beard", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Sleeping Beauty".
Perrault was an academician of the French Academy, the author of scientific works
Perrault published his fairy tales not under own name, and under the name of his 19-year-old son Perrault d’Armancourt, apparently trying to protect his already established literary reputation from accusations of working with the “low” genre of fairy tales.
Brothers Grimm
Brothers Grimm: Jacob and Wilhelm - explorers of German folk culture and storytellers. They were born in the city of Hanau. For a long time lived in the city of Kassel. ANDstudied grammar Germanic languages, legal history and mythology. The fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm are known all over the world. They collected folklore and published several collections called Grimm's Fairy Tales, which became very popular. At the end of their lives, they began creating the first dictionary of the German language.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov
In 1939, a collection of Bazhov’s tales “The Malachite Box” was published.
He was born in the city of Sysert, Yekaterinburg district, Perm province. Graduated religious school Yekaterinburg, and later the Perm Theological Seminary. He worked as a teacher, political worker, journalist and editor of Ural newspapers. In 1939, a collection of Bazhov’s tales “The Malachite Box” was published.In 1944, “The Malachite Box” was translated into English and published in London and New York, then in Prague, and in 1947 in Paris. Translated into German, Hungarian, Romanian, Chinese, Japanese languages. In total, according to the library. Lenin, - into 100 languages of the world.
Astrid Lindgren
Lindgren's fairy-tale works are close to folk art; in them there is a tangible connection between fantasy and the truth of life.Author of a number of world-famous books for children, including “Baby and Carlson, who lives on the roof"and tetralogies about« Pippi Long stocking » . In Russian, her books became known and very popular thanks to translationLilianna Lungina.
Lindgren dedicated almost all of her books to children. “I have not written books for adults and I think that I will never do so,” Astrid stated decisively. She, along with the heroes of the books, taught children that “If you don’t live according to habit, whole life there will be a day!
The writer herself always called her childhood happy (there were many games and adventures in it, interspersed with work on the farm and in its environs) and pointed out that it served as a source of inspiration for her work.
Rudyard Kipling
Famous writer, poet and reformer. Heborn in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England; he later called those years “years of suffering”. When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded Nobel Prize— and to this day he remains the youngest writer laureate in his category.
Kipling's most famous children's book is The Jungle Book.
Kipling’s most famous children’s book is, of course, “The Jungle Book”, the main character of which is the boy Mowgli. It is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: “The cat that walks by itself”, “Where does a camel get its hump?”, “How the leopard got his spots,” they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.
“Here a fairy tale began, a pampering began from the siwka and from the burka, and from the wine-wort hen, from the rough-legged rough-legged piglet.”
It began with a beginning, was accompanied by sayings and jokes, fantastic and magical, followed the formulas of “fairytale rituals” or, on the contrary, neglected the canon, without a beginning or ending, became close to reality, domestic environment depending on from whose lips it sounded, what kind of storyteller it was said...
Abram Kuzmich Novopoltsev
The storyteller-joker, storyteller-entertainer Abram Novopoltsev is a typical representative of the heritage of buffoons. His repertoire is surprising in its diversity: there are fantastic fairy tales, everyday novels, and tales about animals, as well as anecdotes, edifying legends, historical legends. However, even the classic traditional fairy tale in Novopoltsev’s program, with all its formal fidelity to the canon, is rethought and reworked due to the unique style of the storyteller. main feature This style is a rhyme that subjugates any fairy tale told by Novopoltsev, makes it amusing, light, carefree and cannot but amuse and entertain the listener. “Here is the end of the fairy tale,” the fellow said to us, well done, a glass of beer, for the end of the fairy tale a glass of wine.
Egor Ivanovich Sorokovikov-Magai
A fairy tale made the hard work of a peasant easier, lifted his spirit, gave him strength to live on; storytellers were always known and appreciated among the people. Often storytellers enjoyed privileges, for example, in fishing cooperatives on Lake Baikal, the storyteller was given an extra share and exempted from a whole series of difficult work. Or, for example, as Sorokovikov, an outstanding Russian storyteller, recalls, most tales had to be told at the mill when it was time to grind bread. “When you come to the mill, they even accept bags to help me. "He will tell fairy tales!" And they let us through the line. “We dare you, just tell us fairy tales!” This is the way we had to tell a lot of fairy tales.” Sorokovikov is distinguished from many storytellers by his knowledge of literacy and passion for books, hence the peculiarity of the tales he tells: they bear the imprint of book influences and urban culture. The cultural elements introduced by Yegor Ivanovich into the fairy tale, such as the special book style of speech of the heroes or household accessories (telephone in the princess’s mansion, clubs and theaters, Notebook, which is taken out by a peasant peasant, and many others), transform the fairy tale and permeate it with a new worldview.
Anna Kupriyanova Baryshnikova
Poor, illiterate peasant woman Anna Baryshnikova, better known by her nickname “Kupriyanikha” or “Aunt Anyuta,” inherited most of her fairy tales from her father, who loved to insert a catchy word and make the audience laugh. In the same way, Kuprianikha’s fairy tales - perky, often poetic - like Novopoltsev’s fairy tales, inherited the tradition of buffoons and specialist amusing bahari. Baryshnikova's fairy tales are replete with colorful beginnings, endings, sayings, jokes and rhymes. Rhyming determines the entire tale or its individual episodes, introduces new words, names, and creates new provisions. And some of the storyteller’s beginnings are independent sayings that migrate from one fairy tale to another: “The bread was not good, it was lying around the counter, on the stove? They put me in the corner, they put me in boxes, not in the town. No one can buy bread, no one can take it for nothing. The pig Ustinya came up and stained her entire snout. She was ill for three weeks, in the fourth week the pig writhed, and in the fifth week she was completely dead.”
Fedor Ivanovich Aksamentov
A fairy tale, like a piece of plasticine in your hands, is remade and changed under the influence various factors (individual characteristics storyteller, the place where the fairy tale exists, social environment, to which the performer belongs). Thus, a fairy tale told among soldiers absorbs the realities of camp and military life, the barracks, and appears before us in a completely different way, a new fairy tale. A soldier's tale is characterized by its own special repertoire, special circle themes and selection of episodes. Aksamentov, the Lena storyteller, one of the best representatives of the soldier’s fairy tale, carefully treats the fairy tale tradition, but at the same time his fairy tale is modernized, subordinated to the realities of soldier’s life (sentries, guards, dismissal notes, guardhouses, etc.). In a soldier’s tale you won’t find the fantastic “in some kingdom” or “far away lands”; the action is timed to specific place and even time, it takes place in Moscow or St. Petersburg, and the characters are often given names historical figures, the hero's exploits are now also confined to geographical area. For Aksamentov, this is most often France and Paris. Main character his fairy tales - the Russian soldier. The narrator also introduces drunkards, card games, hotels, parties into the story; sometimes these pictures of drunkenness even turn into some kind of apotheosis of the drunkard, which gives a specific shade to fairy-tale fiction.
Natalia Osipovna Vinokurova
For the storyteller Vinokurova, a poor peasant woman who has struggled with poverty all her life, the main interest in the fairy tale is the everyday details and psychological situation, in her fairy tales you will not find beginnings, endings, sayings and other attributes classic fairy tale. Often her story is a purely enumeration of facts, and rather crumpled and confused, so, jumping from one episode to another, Vinokurova uses the formula “in short.” But at the same time, the storyteller may suddenly stop at detailed description the simplest everyday scene, which in principle is not typical of a fairy tale. Vinokurova strives to bring the fairy-tale environment closer to reality, hence her attempts to analyze psychological condition characters, describe their gestures, facial expressions, sometimes the storyteller even gives descriptions of the appearance of the characters in her fairy tales (“suddenly a boy comes running to him, in a short frock coat and a Chornen cap”).
Dmitry Savelievich Aslamov
An important role in the perception of a fairy tale is played by the way the storyteller narrates it: emotionally and accompanying the story with gestures, comments, addresses to the listeners, or, conversely, quietly, smoothly, without flashes. For example, Vinokurova is one of the calm storytellers, like Sorokovikov, whose speech is sedate, somewhat solemn and in an upbeat tone. Their complete opposite is the master storyteller Aslamov. He is all in motion, constantly gesticulating, raising and lowering his voice, pausing, playing, laughing, using his hands to indicate dimensions if, for example, he has to talk about the size, height, or general size of something or someone. And the more listeners, the more he appears in all his glory. Individual exploits and adventures fairy-tale heroes Aslamov notes with exclamations and questions: “Aha!”, “Good!”, “Clever!”, “That’s how!”, “Cleverly done!” etc. or, on the contrary, with remarks: “What a fool!”, “Well, what, I don’t have enough ingenuity!”, or interrupts his story with remarks: “Are my fairy tales interesting?!”, “My fairy tales are very interesting.”
Matvey Mikhailovich Korguev
“In no kingdom, no state, namely the one in which you and I live, a peasant lived,” this is how Korguev begins his fairy tale “About Chapai,” in which the White Sea storyteller manages to embody historical material, events Civil War, in images folk art. Playfully, Korguev combines fabulous traditional motifs with contemporary reality, brings into them life with all its everyday details, humanizes fairy tale characters, individualizes them. Thus, the heroes and heroines of the fairy tales they tell are called Tanechka, Lenochka, Elechka, Sanechka, Andreyushko. Elechka took out a “golden bristle pig” for Andrei, “stuck it in a drawer and went to bed. I slept a little, got up at six o’clock, warmed up the samovar and began to wake up Andrei.” Due to such details, fairy tales become realistic and entertaining, which certainly sets Korguev’s tales apart from others.