Answers to the most important questions about the Stalin era. I bring to your attention a film in which historians and writers Igor Vasilyevich Pykhalov and his answers to these questions, as well as your humble servant, who wrote the book “Stalin. Let's remember together."
(Among the many projects and areas of work, there is one: “Video Document”. This film was shot within its framework)
Questions and timing:
1. Economic block
1) 2:23 — What year can be considered the beginning of the Stalin era?
2) 6:28 — Collectivization 1929–1937 gg. Was there a need to carry it out? What are its results?
3) 19:24 - Holodomor 1932–1933. Was it planned and implemented by the leadership of the USSR? Was his goal really the destruction of Ukrainians?
4) 27:45 — Stalin’s industrialization. What is the secret of the economic breakthrough of the USSR?
2. Political bloc
1) 35:24 — Repression in the highest echelons of power. Truth and fiction about repressions, their consequences.
2) 47:12 — How many people were repressed? What number of victims of repression can be considered reliable and verified?
3) 52:29 — What was the standard of living in the Stalinist USSR?
3. Military bloc
1) 55:13 — Why did the start of the Great Patriotic War come as a surprise to our country, although it was preceded by many warnings?
What caused the huge losses at the beginning of the war?
2) 01:07:02 - What is the role of the USSR marshals: Zhukov, Eremenko, Konev, Budyonny, Voroshilov in the Great Patriotic War?
3) 01:10:51 — USSR losses in the Great Patriotic War.
4) 01:15:59 - Did Stalin, Beria and Kurchatov save the country from nuclear bombing?
5) 01:20:06 — How did Stalin die?
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Why is she so hated by the authorities in the Kremlin, the home-grown “liberal democrats” and the masters of the “civilized world”.
I live in Mordovia and have witnessed the historical events of the last 35 years. Now it is fashionable to remember, and mostly invent, about the blue blood or at least the kulak origin of family ancestors.
My parents’ generation in pre-revolutionary Russia consisted entirely of workers and peasants, and therefore I am proud of them. It was they who created the great Soviet state, where social justice was not an empty word, where people had confidence in the future. Everything is relative. I have something to compare with, past and present. There is something to compare with other eyewitnesses. That is why it is so important for the enemies of Russia to destroy this memory. They give a special place to the Stalin era, therefore our historical past is a cudgel in the political struggle.
From my childhood, I remember my grandmother, a Mordovian by nationality. She, like my grandfather, were illiterate peasants from the poor. Nowadays they are called drunks and parasites. I remember her soft, calm character, how she rejoiced and fussed when my father and I came to visit her from the city, to the Mordovian village of Otradnoye.
I didn't notice that she ever prayed, obviously she was an atheist. A special place, I remember her words when the conversation turned to the death of Stalin. She explained that when he died, the whole village cried. She also cried, because she was sure that the landowners and kulaks would now come to power. Not much wrong.
You think the kulaks of the Soviet era, as they are now called, were hard workers and honest entrepreneurs. You are wrong. These were ordinary world-eaters or “effective owners.” They received their main income from the needs of fellow villagers, giving them grain on credit at 250-300%, and for agricultural rent. inventory, burdening them with various quitrents. The kulak created reserves of grain, buying it from fellow villagers and really influenced prices on the market. It was economic power, and therefore, in many ways, political power in the countryside. Having caused a grain procurement crisis in 1927, withholding grain from sale, because The international situation became more complicated and the smell of war was in the air. No hard feelings, just business. As they say, they got caught up in greed and got collectivization. And when they started killing collective farm activists and burning collective farm barns, they deserved to be dispossessed.
Now it is fashionable to condemn terrorists, but it was the kulaks who carried out mass terror, both against fellow villagers who joined the collective farm, and against party activists in the countryside. Realizing the power floats away from their hands. True, now this terror is considered legitimate and justified. Do you think that their fellow villagers felt sympathy for them during dispossession? You are wrong again. My grandmother hated them. Ask yourself how you feel about a person who is in debt bondage and he is sucking all the juice out of you. Remember those evicted by banks from mortgaged apartments.
A similar exile or dispossession was carried out by Stolypin, only the peasants were driven to a new place by hunger and need. According to many historians, the Stolypin reform failed because was not prepared by the authorities, so most of the settlers returned, but they had already lost what little they had previously had. This means that, apart from fate, they become farm laborers, they had no food for the stew. Nobody was waiting for them in the cities.
Stolypin dreamed of eliminating communities and creating more kulaks. I didn’t understand that I was digging the grave of tsarism and my class when I destroyed the community. Now they try not to remember that during this period of time, 7 million farmers in the United States were kicked out of their land by banks for non-payment of debts. Most of them died of hunger. By the way, almost all the photographs shown at the exhibitions of “Nezalezhnaya”, as victims of “Stalin’s tyranny” and the “Holodomor” he organized in 32-33, are photographs of precisely the consequences of famine in the USA during the Great Depression. The more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is.
According to official data, about 380 thousand families, total number of 1,803,392 hours., of which were resettled on specific plots of land 1,421,380 h., the rest mostly fled, because... The passport system was introduced in the USSR in 1934. This is a note to those who claim that peasants under Soviet rule were serfs.
Tvardovsky’s father was also dispossessed and ran away from exile to join his son in Moscow. Tvardovsky sent him back at his own expense. During Stalin’s lifetime, this writer praised him to the skies; after his death, he was in the forefront of denunciations of the “cult of personality.”
Immigrants before 1934 were exempt from taxes.. These special. migrants by 1938, according to the “Certificate on the state of the GULAG labor settlements in the NKVD of the USSR”: They had 1,106 primary, 370 junior high and 136 secondary schools, 12 technical schools and 230 vocational schools. A total of 217,456 students are children of labor settlers. For cultural and mass work in these villages, there was 813 clubs, 1202 reading rooms, 440 cinemas, 1149 libraries. Gradually they were restored to all civil rights. With special status migrants by 1950, there were about 20 thousand people.
You say innocent people suffered. The concept of innocent is different for everyone. I believe that guilt is determined by the law of that era. If you don’t like the law, then call those convicted of that time fighters against “Stalin’s tyranny,” but not innocent.
The Bolsheviks did not call themselves innocent victims of tsarism; these words would have sounded stupid and ridiculous. Yes, there have been and always will be innocent people, both here and throughout the world. But many who committed chaos during dispossession are now recorded as victims of “Stalin’s tyranny.” These victims of “Stalin's tyranny” committed terror and abuse of power; now many of their actions can safely be called terrorist acts.
And many “innocent” people dreamed and sought to divide the USSR, for their loved ones, in order to settle down at the feeding trough, new “independent” states, as happened in 1991. Or squander state lands, that is, donate them to the “civilized world” in order to receive them recognition and support. How do you feel about them? Everyone relates differently. Many terrorist attacks by Chechen religious obscurantists, ISIS, and Binder’s Nazis are considered justified by the struggle for democracy and freedom. They just forget to say that in the USSR at that time, as now in the Russian Federation, the laws are more humane than in “civilized countries.” Eg. On May 16, 1918, the U.S. Congress passed an amendment to the Espionage Act, according to which anyone “speaks orally or in writing in a disloyal, slanderous, rude or insulting tone about the form of government or in relation to the Constitution of the United States or in relations with the armed forces forces,” faces up to 20 years in prison or a fine of up to $10,000. This is what “democracy” is like there. What is prohibited among them is encouraged and considered democracy among others. Currently, the legislation there and in other “civilized countries” has been sufficiently improved, that is, the concept of a crime against the state has been expanded, and the punishment has become more severe.
Many “liberal democrats” argued that there were no saboteurs, spies, or terrorists in the USSR. I give statistics only for the RSFSR, but there were other republics of the USSR. In the period from 1921 to June 22, 1941, over 936 thousand people, approximately 128 people each, were detained for violators of the USSR border alone. in a day! In addition, during this period, over 30 thousand spies, saboteurs, over 40 thousand armed bandits were detained, and 1,119 gangs were liquidated. So little things. Even from these figures, it is obvious what kind of living conditions the “civilized guys” suited us.
Our Mordovian family of 8 people, before the war, had two cows, piglets, and chickens. Grandmother worked on a collective farm. Grandfather was a hired shepherd. In his free time, in the artel he dug wells in the villages. These people are now called shabashniks or small entrepreneurs. And he was never a member of any collective farm. This is about a fairy tale, about serfs before the war. The fields of collective farms were cultivated by tractors, and the harvest was harvested by MTS combines. The experience with MTS is currently being used in the USA. Why should a farm buy expensive equipment if it can be hired during the agricultural period without the risk of ruin? works This was the case in WWII. Our family sold the surplus milk through the collective farm, to the Consumer Cooperation (KOPTORG). Even in perestroika times, scarce products were sold there without problems, naturally more expensive than in state stores. But most importantly, collective farmers could sell the products from their personal farms, because there were markets. Who understands how much food these animals need? He will understand that without the support of the collective farm, this is not possible.
The older children studied at a seven-year school. In 1935, the card system was abolished and there were no problems with food and basic goods. Even in August 1941 in Leningrad, sausage was freely available in stores. My mother's half-sister told me about this. She lived in Leningrad and was a member of the militia that defended the city. I didn’t believe it and asked to confirm what was said. She confirmed that food was on sale in stores in August, even sausage, but it never occurred to her to buy more than she could immediately eat.
Many people now tell tales about the insignificance of the size of personal plots of that era. In 1935, at the 11th Congress of Collective Farmers - Shock Workers, the size of collective farmers' private farms was established from 0.2 to 0.5 hectares, and in some areas - up to 1 hectare. Household land did not include residential buildings. The quantity was set: up to 2 - 3 cows, 2 - 3 pigs, sows, from 20 - 25 sheep and goats, etc., an unlimited number of poultry and rabbits, up to 20 beehives. And only under Khrushchev these plots were cut right under the walls of the villagers’ houses.
Yes, there was starvation during and immediately after the war. My father told me that they made dung from cow dung and subsequently used it to heat the stoves in the huts. Weaved bast shoes, because... there was nothing to wear. We ate bread with quinoa. The first cow was slaughtered because... there was no feed, the second died in 1944. I remembered how their children stole spikelets from the collective farm fields and how they were persecuted for this, how their younger brother died of exhaustion and illness. He also remembers that his father went missing near Kharkov in 1942, so the pension was paid in a smaller amount than those recognized as dead. And I think it's right. He remembers that they cut down the apple trees, because... Before 1947, there was a tax on literally all household plots. But most importantly, with rare exceptions, it was hard for everyone, and therefore no one complained, everyone brought victory closer as best they could. Children studied in schools. Despite the difficulties they survived the war. How do you think? Now a single woman can raise and raise five children.
After the war, life became better every year. After the monetary reform in 1947, taxes on personal plots and personal agriculture were abolished. animals. People began to acquire farming. animals, from that time there were luxurious gardens, I remember the cherry orchard on seven acres, planted by my father and his older brother in 1951. Every year until 1953, prices for literally everything were reduced, salary. increased. And prices on average fell 2.5 times for almost all products and goods. My parents said that everyone had already gotten used to it and was looking forward to the New Year with joy. The elder brother moved to the village of Chamzinka, the sisters moved to Nizhny Tagil in the late 40s. years. This is a note to those who tell the tale about collective farm serfdom after wartime.
But then Khrushchev came to power, the denouncer of “Stalin’s tyranny”, and during Stalin’s life, his main public admirer and sycophant. He was in the forefront, kissing Stalin in one place, and he kissed this place less than thirty times during one performance. Khrushchev, along with Eikhe, Kasior, Postyshev, Chubar, Kosarev, were the most active initiators of “mass repressions” in 1937 - 1938. It was they who, at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b) in 1937, demanded for themselves special powers to fight with "enemies of the people". They were given these powers. They distinguished themselves by destroying their opponents and those who disagreed with their policies in the party. For their bloody lawlessness and abuse, they were shot. There were no untouchables then. You earned it, so get what you deserve.
It was for them that Khrushchev shed tears at the 20th Congress, as innocent victims of “Stalin’s tyranny.” Now these guys have naturally been rehabilitated; how else could they be victims of a “tyrant”. He had shed tears before. He himself recalled:
“When Stalin was buried, I had tears in my eyes. These were sincere tears."
As they say, super hypocritical scum, how can one not believe such a thing, the Lord God himself “recommends” believing such a thing. He himself wrote denunciations:
“Dear Joseph Vassarionovich! Ukraine monthly sends 17-18 thousand repressed enemies of the people, and Moscow approves no more than 2-3 thousand. I ask you to take urgent measures. N. Khrushchev, who loves you.”
He talked about approving sentences. And when Stalin reproachfully asked him whether he had found too many enemies in Ukraine, he replied that there were “in fact much more”
After coming to power, Khrushchev told a fairy tale that Stalin was going to increase the tax on collective farmers and only the death of this “tyrant” saved the peasants from poverty, that is, he showed himself to be a defender of the peasants. But Khrushchev started with personal plots, almost completely took them away from collective farmers and established taxes on agriculture. animals. Collective farmers put the animals under the knife. This led to a shortage of meat products. He explained his policy by saying that collective farmers should not be distracted by personal farming, because the USSR should build communism. Then at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU he announced the construction of Communism in 2000, not forgetting to tell another tale about the “tyrant Stalin”, who destroyed 2/3 of the participants in the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1934, this congress is called the “Congress of Winners” .
The corn saga has begun. She was planted where needed and where not needed. As Khrushchev said, corn is food for animals and people. MTS was disbanded and transferred equipment to collective farms, of course for money, which led not only to downtime due to breakdowns, because... there was no repair base, but also to the debt bondage of collective farms, and subsequently to their miserable existence. Stalin in his work: "Economic problems of socialism". He warned that the transfer of agricultural equipment to collective farms will lead to their bankruptcy and their forced consolidation, which will lead to the formation of unpromising villages. Like looking into the water.
After Khrushchev’s art, a shortage began, from bread and meat to shoes. Prices have skyrocketed. They raised prices, naturally, on behalf of and for the people, just as they are now planning to raise the retirement age for the people. It was not for nothing that Stalin called him an ever-experimenting agronomist, which means he must be looked after. At that time, Khrushchev repented and promised to improve. I didn’t forget to give a speech of praise to the “teacher.” Yes, he was a rare piece of rot, like most of the Soviet creative intelligentsia, and even the modern Russian intelligentsia, he is not particularly different from them.
It’s not surprising that modern “democrats” and “liberals” value Khrushchev so much, but the people then really hated him. But our fighters for “democracy” and “free enterprise” forget to say that before Stalin’s death, in the USSR they produced products, 114,000 workshops and industrial enterprises, they were called an artel, at the moment they are called small and medium-sized businesses. But the difference was that the artels were engaged in the production and marketing of their products, but the prices were no more than 10-15% of the state ones. There were 2 million such entrepreneurs. And they produced mainly consumer goods, which amounted to 6% of GDP. Which made up 40% of furniture, 1/3 of knitwear, almost all children's toys. Stalin understood that some industries needed rapid changes in the products themselves. For example, tailoring of clothes and shoes, because... fashion changes quickly. Having come to power, Khrushchev determined that artels are a relic of capitalism. The result, many remember, was that stores sold products in excess, which no one wanted to buy, these are the consequences of Khrushchev’s “thaw.” With him, the gradual destruction of socialism and its gains began; it was no longer communists who fought for social justice, but animal careerists who began to penetrate into the party. As they say, such is the priest, such is the arrival. The result is known. Showing off and deception have become everyday life, including in real Russia.
Before perestroika, the Mordovian village of Otradnoe, my father’s homeland, had about 300 households, almost every family had a cow and piglets, many had calves. There were three herds, which were tended by fellow villagers in turns. Collective farms provided feed and the opportunity to prepare it. The potatoes were sold. Now there is devastation in Otradnoye and neighboring villages. I ask one of my relatives why you don’t raise livestock. I received the answer that at such a price for feed, raising animals is not profitable. Potatoes are not sold because... purchase prices are too low.
It's the same story with milk. Now they are creating landowner farms, the same slippage, there are no honest slaves who are ready to work for a bowl of stew, cheap loans are not available, expensive equipment, mostly imported. Where is the domestic one? They tell us the equipment is not of high quality. So “effective owners” and the existing government, why do we need you if you cannot create high-quality equipment, under socialism it was high-quality. They created a state where all the people and entrepreneurs work on the profits of commercial banks, which, with the help of the authorities, put almost all enterprises and the majority of the population into debt bondage. Where will high-quality equipment come from, miracles cannot happen.
They sing to us that the farmer will feed us, Stalin is to blame, he slaughtered the hard-working peasants and destroyed the gene pool. My grandmother has already spoken about these men. But what about the gentlemen, the Soviet men and women who fed the country and the army during the Second World War and the entire Soviet people under socialism. Why haven’t you created the government in 30 years of “hard-working peasants”? No one needs these “hard-working men” except you. The state and the people need agronomists, livestock specialists, machine operators, agricultural specialists...
We do not live in the 19th century, when we plowed on horses with plows and mowed with sickles. Expensive equipment will pay for itself only if the production is large-scale. In the USA, more than 10 thousand small and medium-sized farmers go bankrupt every year. Nothing better than a large collective farm has been invented. In Israel, 90% is agricultural. Products are not even produced by collective farms, something similar to communes. You choose, the revival of landowners or, as in Israel, collective farms. But for this, very little to the state was led by a patriot and business executive, and not by a colonial manager and the great swindler of Russia. I have not personally met an agricultural resident. localities, namely workers who dreamed of working for landowners or as farm laborers for farmers. If they had a choice, they would prefer something similar to a collective farm.
Why is the Stalin era hated by the enemies of the country from the “civilized world” and the modern “democratic-liberal” public of Russia? Statistics are stubborn things. Everything is relative. According to the agricultural census:
- In 1927 (basically the USSR was equal in GDP volume to Russia in 1913), the gross grain harvest was 40.8 million, in 1940 - 95.6 million tons, peasants owned 29.9 million heads of cows,
- in 1941 - 54.8 million cows.
In 1942, 10 million heads of cattle were evacuated from Ukraine. Now there are only 5 million heads on the Square. This is food for thought for some.
Granulated sugar production increased in 1927 - from 1283 thousand tons to 2421 thousand tons in 1937.
By industry: Cars were produced by 1913 (screwdriver production) - 0.8 thousand units. In 1937 alone - 200 thousand units were produced.
Email energy, in 1913 they produced 2 billion kW, in 1940 - 48.37 billion kW.
Between 1932 and 1936, collective farms received 500 thousand tractors and more than 150 thousand combines. Since 1934, the country has completely abandoned agricultural imports. equipment and cars.
In 1928, 0.8 thousand machine tools were produced (before 1913, machine tools were imported), in 1940 - 48.5 thousand machine tools.
Now lathes are imported from Bulgaria. We've reached it. And it should be especially interesting for our “liberal democrats” who claim that growth was due to heavy industry. In 1913, 58 million pairs were produced, and already in 1940 -183 ml. steam. leather shoes. The list can be endless.
In the period from 1913 (1927), GDP grew more than 10 times. Everything is relative. In 1913, the Russian Empire ranked fifth in the world in terms of GDP, that is, 5.3% of the world. In 1938, the USSR occupied second place in the world in terms of GDP, that is, in production, namely 13.7%. Second only to the United States, which produced 41.9% of the world.
Who doesn’t understand what achievements there were. I'll try to explain. Money is paper. The equivalent of this paper is GDP, which is mainly production. How could the population live worse in the Stalinist era, as we are constantly told, compared to 1913, if the money supply backed by products, and therefore the purchasing power of the population, increased almost 10 times. Under Stalin, capital was not exported abroad; Soviet workers did not have accounts there. Guys like Pyatakov, who received kickbacks for purchasing technology in the “civilized world,” were put up against the wall.
Man does not live by bread alone. In 1914, there were 91 universities in the Russian Empire and 112 thousand students studied there, most of them with paid education, as in gymnasiums. In 1939, there were 750 universities in the USSR, with 620 thousand students studying there. This does not include technical schools.
Nowadays there is a lot of “broadcast” that the Russian Empire before 1913 was industrialized and fed the whole world. I indicated above what kind of industry it was. A country cannot have a scientific and technical base and developed industry if during this period about 15% of the population lived in rural areas, if 80% of the population was illiterate. For comparison.
In the United States during this period, 50% were literate, only among black US citizens. We are also “broadcast” that Russia ranked first in terms of growth rates. For some reason, Russia did not show its growth during the First World War (WWII). Here are the official statistics. During the WWII period, weapons were manufactured in units, I will give an example: 1. For machine guns; Russia – 28 thousand, England – 23.9 thousand, USA – 75 thousand, Germany – 280 thousand, Austria-Hungary – 40 thousand..2. Artillery; Russia – 11.7 thousand, England – 25.4 thousand, USA – 4 thousand, Germany – 64 thousand, Austria – 15.9 thousand; 3. Airplanes - Russia - 3.5 thousand (80% of engines are imported), England - 47.8 thousand, USA - 13.8 thousand, Germany - 4.73 thousand, Austria - Hungary 5.4 thousand. , 4. Tanks; Russia - 0, England - 3 thousand, France - 4.5 thousand, Germany - 70. Even Italy produced 4.5 thousand aircraft.
The result of such industrial development is known. Yes, there were those who fought valiantly, there were also heroes. But everything is learned by comparison. And the truth is this. According to Tsentrollenbezh, 3.9111 million former military personnel of the Russian army were captured by the enemy. Of these, there are 2.385 million in Germany, of which more than 70 are generals. Compared. On September 1, 1918, the Russian army captured more than half as many prisoners. You will say that there were the same number of prisoners during the Great Patriotic War (WWII). But you forget about 2 million Russian military personnel died in WWI. Empire, and in the Second World War there were about 8 million spacecraft and self-propelled forces of the USSR. The difference is significant. There is something to compare with. This is called the concept of courage.
A war cannot be won if a country is economically backward. When its elite is rotting and it is not able to think adequately, it is not able to create a scientific and technical base and industry. And at the same time, she believes that bad people, who are brilliant and kind, always owe something. And therefore, according to their views, it is the people who are to blame for the country’s troubles. That is, the boyars are good, the tsar is good, the people are not full-fledged. There is also ideological research - the king is good, the boyars are bad, the people are also good. Nowadays this theory is often applied to V.V. and Putin.
By the way, the same ideology is professed by the Chief Euro - the communist Zyuganov. The same theory is professed by the Euro communist Zyuganov. The third indoctrination of the consciousness of the people - the bad and stupid Russian people can only be ruled by tyrants, and since its king and its elite are soft and fluffy, therefore, these people need to be introduced to the “democratic values” of the “civilized world”. The last “brilliant idea” comes from over the hill. Who reads the statements of Kyiv trolls on social media? networks will understand me. This is exactly what the Russian Empire was like at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The same situation is in the modern former USSR, that is, Russia.
It doesn’t work out with the great agricultural power that fed the whole world. Yes, indeed, Russia exported a significant part of grain crops. In 1913, it ranked first in the world in exports, that is, 22.10%. Argentina – 21.34%. USA – 12.15%, Canada – 9.58%. But they forget to clarify that this year, with a record harvest in Russia, 30.3 pounds of grain were collected per capita, in the USA - 64.3 pounds, Argentina - 87.4 pounds, Canada - 121 pounds. And this is all grain, including for feeding livestock. That is, Russia itself did not have enough bread and at the same time it exported, mainly at the expense of landowners’ farms. What else could Russia export besides grain and raw materials?
China also exported rice during the Cultural Revolution, as did the USSR until 1941. Food shortages often led to famine when the harvest failed, even in certain areas of the country. The main periods of the Tsarina - famine occurred in 1901, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1911 - 1912.
In the winter of 1900/01, 42 million starved, 2 million 813 thousand Orthodox souls died of hunger. And in 1911 (after the much-praised Stolypin reforms), 32 million people were starving, with losses of 1 million 613 thousand people. By the way, Stolypin himself told us this while speaking before the State Duma. Information about the hungry and those who died of hunger was provided from church parishes, elders and landowners. And how many were not taken into account, Old Believers and non-Orthodox.
By the way, in 1912, 54.4% of all grain was exported, because prices on the world market for these products have increased. Some “historians” claim that Russia at that time was selling a record amount of butter on the world market. As they say, the more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is. Interesting. How exactly were these products imported if the shelf life of butter is several days. Refrigerated containers were almost non-existent back then. I quote the words of the Minister of Agriculture of Russia. Empire from 1915 - 16: “Russia actually does not get out of the state of hunger, in one or another province, both before the war and during the war.”
The “broadcasters” don’t even have the power of the gold ruble. Vvito, or as Witte - Polusakhalinsky then began to call him, he was something like a mixture of Kudrin and Greff, so the “liberals” pray to him, with his “brilliant” reforms, he put Russia on a debt needle, subsequently the debt increased, and with debts and interest on them from 4.5 to 6%. By 1913, the external state. The Empire's debt was 8.85 billion, and by the summer of 1917 it reached 15.507 billion gold rubles. Who doesn't understand what kind of money these are? Let me remind you that the gold reserves of the Russian Empire amounted to about 3 billion gold rubles. That is, Russia was in debt bondage. You've probably heard about Kolchak's gold.
Facts are stubborn things, they are difficult to refute. Then they came up with another story. The achievements of the Stalin era were achieved by monstrous methods, innocent prisoners and their slave labor. The USSR had no enemies or swindlers, only angels. The population of the USSR, naturally, during collectivization and industrialization, was subjected to repression by tens of millions. There were achievements due to their inhumane exploitation, but tens of millions of children were not born because of the “tyrant Stalin”. A special place in this tale is given to the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars dated August 7, 1932, now called the “Law on Three Spikelets”, naturally they were shot and imprisoned for 5 to 10 years, for three spikelets. Only the denouncers of “Stalin’s tyranny” forget to clarify that these punishments were applied for major thefts, while for small things the criminal law of the Union Republics was in effect. According to the official version of the authorities of the Russian Federation, the most monstrous and bloodiest year of 1937, in the ITR, ITC and prisons (prisons were then pre-trial detention centers), then 1,196,246 people were kept, with a population of about 164 million. In 1934 - 511 thousand prisoners, that is, by the end of the first five-year plan. This means that there was no one to carry out industrialization on the scale of the “liberal democrats” who “broadcast” to us. In the Russian Federation in 1998, with a population of about 145 million, there were 1.8 million prisoners. According to official data, now there are about 800 thousand prisoners, hundreds of thousands of suspended prisoners, in reality there are more. At the moment, for theft of state property on an especially large scale, they are given suspended sentences. Everyone knows Vasilyeva, who is always singing and drawing pictures, and who does not understand what kind of documents Serdyukov signed. Yes, these guys under the “tyrant” Stalin, at best, have long been waving their picks in Magadan, mining for gold, because they love him so much. Now they have found a warm place for Serdyukov again. Surely because of his “professionalism,” how could it be otherwise, the criminal case against him for negligence was dropped due to an amnesty. And therefore, he can again be called an irreplaceable specialist.
I cited official statistics. And where is the incredible number of prisoners here? And who told you that tongues should not work, they did not come to the resort and on the necks of the Soviet people, then it was forbidden to sit. This has always been the case everywhere, especially in the countries of the “civilized world.” There was a difference, of course, in the USSR, even in the GULAG system, labor law was in force, that is, a 40-hour work week and a system of clubs and other cultural institutions. There are even private prisons in the USA, try not to work there, the administration will immediately add to your sentence, this is allowed by law, they are such “democrats”. Now, in the Russian Federation, prisoners indulge in excesses out of idleness, and the taxpayer feeds them.
The denouncers of “tyranny” also fail with a monstrous mortality rate. According to the census, about 164 mln. people lived in the Russian Empire in 1912. subjects, taking into account the lost territories in 1920, about 138 million subjects. Censuses in the USSR showed in 1926 - 147 million, 1937 - 164 million, 1939 - 170 million. citizens, without annexed territories. On average, population growth is about 1.36% per year. In the countries of the “civilized world”, during this period the population growth was: in England - 0.36%, Germany - 0.58%, France - 0.11%, USA - 0.66%, Japan - 1.37%. And as luck would have it, the “tyrant” Stalin was not there. According to the 1989 census, the RSFSR population was 147.6 ml. citizens, in the Russian Federation in 2009 - 142 mln., and this is with a million refugees from Kazakhstan and other republics of the former USSR. At the moment, without the annexed Crimea, according to ROSSTAT estimates there are about 144 million, and according to unofficial estimates, about 139 million of its citizens live in the Russian Federation. Explain, gentlemen, “democrats-liberals”, the authorities of the Russian Federation and the intelligentsia that feeds them, who carried out and is carrying out genocide and famine of their people. Everything is relative.
In conclusion, I will quote Stalin’s famous saying:
“I know when I’m gone, more than one bucket of dirt will be poured on my head, a heap of garbage will be placed on my grave. But I’m sure that the winds of history will scatter everything!”
Eremkin V.V.
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But a quarter of a century of unbridled propaganda against Stalin did not bring its organizers victory even over the dead Stalin.
During Stalin's leadership, for 30 years, an agrarian, impoverished country dependent on foreign capital turned into a powerful military-industrial power on a global scale, into the center of a new socialist civilization. The poor and illiterate population of Tsarist Russia turned into one of the most literate and educated nations in the world. By the early 1950s, the political and economic literacy of workers and peasants was not only equal to, but even superior to, the level of education of workers and peasants in any developed country at that time. The population of the Soviet Union increased by 41 million people.
Under Stalin, more than 1,500 largest industrial facilities were built, including DneproGES, Uralmash, KhTZ, GAZ, ZIS, factories in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Norilsk, Stalingrad. At the same time, over the past 20 years of democracy, not a single enterprise of this scale has been built.
Already in 1947, the industrial potential of the USSR was completely restored, and in 1950 it more than doubled compared to the pre-war 1940. None of the countries affected by the war had by this time reached even the pre-war level, despite powerful financial injections from the United States.
Prices for basic food products in the 5 post-war years in the USSR decreased by more than 2 times, while in the largest capitalist countries these prices increased, and in some even 2 or more times.
This speaks of the tremendous success of a country in which just five years ago the most destructive war in the history of mankind ended and which suffered the most from this war!!
In 1945, bourgeois experts gave an official forecast that the USSR economy would be able to reach the level of 1940 only by 1965 - provided that it took out foreign loans. We reached this level in 1949 without any external help.
In 1947, the USSR, the first state on our planet after the war, abolished the card system. And from 1948, every year - until 1954 - he reduced prices for food and consumer goods. Infant mortality in 1950 decreased by more than 2 times compared to 1940. The number of doctors increased by 1.5 times. The number of scientific institutions increased by 40%. The number of university students increased by 50%. Etc.
The stores had an abundance of various industrial and food products and there was no concept of shortage. The choice of products in grocery stores was much wider than in modern supermarkets. Now only in Finland you can try sausages reminiscent of the Soviet ones from those times. Cans of crabs were in all Soviet stores. The quality and variety of consumer goods and food products, exclusively domestically produced, were incommensurably higher than modern consumer goods and food. As soon as new trends in fashion appeared, they were instantly monitored, and within a couple of months fashion goods appeared in abundance on store shelves.
Workers' wages in 1953 ranged from 800 to 3,000 rubles and more. Miners and metallurgists received up to 8,000 rubles. Young engineering specialists up to 1300 rubles. The secretary of the district committee of the CPSU received 1,500 rubles, and the salary of professors and academicians was often above 10,000 rubles.
A Moskvich car cost 9,000 rubles, white bread (1 kg) - 3 rubles, black bread (1 kg) - 1 ruble, beef meat (1 kg) - 12.5 rubles, pike perch fish - 8 ,3 rubles, milk (1 l.) - 2.2 rubles, potatoes (1 kg.) - 0.45 rubles, Zhigulevskoe beer (0.6 l.) - 2.9 rubles, chintz (1 m.) - 6.1 rub. A set lunch in the dining room cost 2 rubles. Evening in a restaurant for two, with a good dinner and a bottle of wine - 25 rubles.
And all this abundance and comfortable life was achieved despite maintaining a 5.5 million strong army, armed to the teeth with the most modern weapons, the best army in the world!
Since 1946, work has been launched in the USSR: on atomic weapons and energy; on rocket technology; on automation of technological processes; on the introduction of the latest computer technology and electronics; on space flights; on gasification of the country; on household appliances.
The world's first nuclear power plant was put into operation in the USSR a year earlier than in England, and 2 years earlier than in the USA. Only in the USSR were nuclear icebreakers created.
Thus, in the USSR, in one five-year period - from 1946 to 1950 - in the conditions of a tough military and political confrontation with the richest capitalist power in the world, at least three socio-economic problems were solved without any external help: 1) restored National economy; 2) sustainable growth in the standard of living of the population is ensured; 3) an economic breakthrough has been made into the future.
And even now we exist only due to the Stalinist legacy. In science, industry, in almost all spheres of life.
US presidential candidate Stevenson assessed the situation in such a way that if the growth rate of production in Stalinist Russia continues, then by 1970 the volume of Russian production will be 3-4 times higher than American production.
In the September 1953 issue of National Business magazine, Herbert Harris's article "The Russians Are Catching Up" noted that the USSR is ahead of any country in terms of growth in economic power and that currently the growth rate in the USSR is 2-3 times higher than in USA.
In 1991, at a Soviet-American symposium, when our “democrats” began to squeal about the “Japanese economic miracle,” the Japanese billionaire Heroshi Terawama gave them a wonderful slap in the face: “You are not talking about the main thing, about your primacy role in the world. In 1939, you Russians were smart, and we Japanese were fools. In 1949, you became even smarter, and we were still fools. And in 1955 we grew wiser, and you turned into five-year-old children. Our entire economic system is almost completely copied from yours, with the only difference being that we have capitalism, private producers, and we have never achieved growth of more than 15%, while you, with public ownership of the means of production, reached 30% or more. All our companies display your slogans from the Stalin era.”
One of the best representatives of the believing working people, revered by the saint, Luke, Archbishop of Simferopol and Crimea, wrote: “Stalin saved Russia. He showed what Russia means to the rest of the world. And therefore, as an Orthodox Christian and a Russian patriot, I bow deeply to Comrade Stalin.”
Never in its history has our country known such majestic transformations as during the Stalin era! The whole world watched our successes in shock! That is why the “diabolical” task is now being implemented - to never again allow the appearance at the levers of power of the state of people comparable in their internal strength, moral qualities, strategic thinking, organizational abilities and patriotism to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.
But a quarter of a century of unbridled propaganda against Stalin did not bring its organizers victory even over the dead Stalin.
*Extremist and terrorist organizations banned in the Russian Federation: Jehovah's Witnesses, National Bolshevik Party, Right Sector, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), Islamic State (IS, ISIS, Daesh), Jabhat Fatah al-Sham", "Jabhat al-Nusra", "Al-Qaeda", "UNA-UNSO", "Taliban", "Majlis of the Crimean Tatar People", "Misanthropic Division", "Brotherhood" of Korchinsky, "Trident named after. Stepan Bandera", "Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists" (OUN)
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In 1991, at a Soviet-American symposium, when our “democrats” began to squeal about the “Japanese economic miracle,” the Japanese billionaire Heroshi Terawama gave them a wonderful “slap in the face”: “You are not talking about the main thing, about your primacy role in the world. In 1939, you Russians were smart, and we Japanese were fools. In 1949, you became even smarter, and we were still fools. And in 1955, we became wiser, and you turned into five-year-old children. Our entire economic system is almost completely copied from yours, with the only difference that we have capitalism, private producers, and we have never achieved growth of more than 15%, while you, with public ownership of the means of production, reached 30% or more. In all our companies hang your slogans of Stalinist pores".
* * *
During Stalin's leadership, for 30 years, an agrarian, impoverished country dependent on foreign capital turned into a powerful military-industrial power on a global scale, into the center of a new socialist civilization. The poor and illiterate population of Tsarist Russia turned into one of the most literate and educated nations in the world. By the early 1950s, the political and economic literacy of workers and peasants was not only equal to, but even superior to, the level of education of workers and peasants in any developed country at that time. The population of the Soviet Union increased by 41 million people.
Under Stalin, more than 1,500 largest industrial facilities were built, including DneproGES, Uralmash, KhTZ, GAZ, ZIS, factories in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Norilsk, Stalingrad. At the same time, over the past 20 years of democracy, not a single enterprise of this scale has been built. Already in 1947, the industrial potential of the USSR was completely restored, and in 1950 it more than doubled compared to the pre-war 1940. None of the countries affected by the war had by this time reached even the pre-war level, despite powerful financial injections from the United States.
Prices for basic food products in the 5 post-war years in the USSR decreased by more than 2 times, while in the largest capitalist countries these prices increased, and in some even 2 or more times.
This speaks of the tremendous success of a country in which just five years ago the most destructive war in the history of mankind ended and which suffered the most from this war!
In 1945, bourgeois experts gave an official forecast that the USSR economy would be able to reach the level of 1940 only by 1965 - provided that it took out foreign loans. We reached this level in 1949 without any external help. In 1947, the USSR, the first state on our planet after the war, abolished the card system. And from 1948 every year until 1954 he reduced prices for food and consumer goods. Infant mortality in 1950 decreased by more than 2 times compared to 1940. The number of doctors increased by 1.5 times. The number of scientific institutions increased by 40%. The number of university students increased by 50%.
The era of Stalin is a short historical period in the entire history of the development of human society, which was characterized by geometric rates of development of all spheres of people’s lives in a particular country. The era of Stalin had an impact not only on a single nation (Soviet), but also on the world as a whole. Stalin always faced the problem of how to ensure that Soviet society was focused on scientific and technological progress, technological improvement - otherwise it would be crushed. It was necessary to involve the entire people in science, to make them realize that only innovative activity and creativity provide true pleasure. It was necessary to create powerful “fists of science,” and this was solved by creating scientific towns, which anticipated by decades the same solution proposed in the United States in the form of university camps or campuses.
It was necessary to create a mechanism of pressure on the directors of socialist enterprises, stimulating them to search for innovations, and this was done in the form of plans to reduce production costs. Scientists had to strive to implement their achievements, since only close work with industry allowed them to increase funding for their field. In addition, technical solutions were sought by the military, which participated in the arms race. Such a system for stimulating technological progress required powerful science, and it was created.
Soviet scientists, as a counterbalance to the American atomic baton, handed over to the socialist state their own, Soviet, atomic protection and thereby protected the Soviet Union and the whole world from atomic war. Great merit to I.V. Stalin is that the wise statist, having precisely defined the limits of the atomic danger, mobilized the creative forces and material resources of the USSR to create a military atom and thereby paralyzed the possibility of unleashing an atomic war. Thanks to this colossal success, the countries and peoples of the world for many years, even after Stalin passed away, remained outside the world war.
The creation of a nuclear shield also had moral aspects. It was carried out for defensive purposes, to protect one’s state. The Soviet Union never attacked anyone and had no intention of doing so. Often Soviet designers, specialists in the field of nuclear physics, were asked by representatives of the journalistic corps: is it moral to have such weapons that destroy all living things for many tens of kilometers around?
Here is how academician Anatoly Petrovich Aleksandrov, one of the leading physicists in our country, answered similar questions in 1988:
“Our bomb didn’t kill anyone, it prevented a large-scale atomic fire. In fact, Churchill’s speech at Fulton was already a call for nuclear war against us. Then a plan for such a war was developed and approved by the President of the United States. The date of the atomic attack on the USSR is 1957. It was planned to detonate a total of 333 atomic bombs on the territory of our country and destroy 300 cities.”
When a state is threatened with war, using the technique of mass destruction, the duty of a scientist is to help the people meet the enemy with the same or more advanced weapons. The use of weapons against an attacking enemy is the law of protection of peace-loving states. The study of the properties of the atom and its practical application in the Soviet Union was pursued by another consideration: to achieve the use of the gigantic energy of the atom for peaceful purposes, in the operation of nuclear power plants, in air and water transportation, and in the mastery of outer space.
Since 1952, the United States of America has been catching up. Only in March 1954 did they test a hydrogen bomb on the coral atoll of Bikini (Marshall Islands), which killed thousands of natives of the islands of Japan, Micronesia and Polynesia. Giving feelings of gratitude to the Leninist party, the Soviet government and Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, who with their care saved the people of the Soviet Union and the whole world from the threat of nuclear war, the peoples of the USSR and the Russian Federation.
The rise of science under Stalin
Implementing his grandiose plan, Stalin achieved remarkable success. The scientific infrastructure created at that time was not inferior to the American one. And this is in a poor country destroyed by war. The network of fundamental and applied research institutes, design bureaus and university laboratories covered the entire front of research. Scientists have become the country's true elite. The names of Kurchatov, Landau, Tamm, Keldysh, Korolev, Tupolev are known all over the world. The post-war decade was characterized by the growing prestige of scientific and teaching work. The salary of the rector increased from 2.5 thousand to 8 thousand rubles, a professor of Doctor of Sciences from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles, an associate professor, a candidate of sciences with 10 years of experience from 1200 to 3200 rubles... In these years, the salary ratio of an associate professor , candidate of science and skilled worker was approximately 4 to 1, and professor, doctor of science 7 to 1. Domestic scientists and university teachers did not have such a level of remuneration in subsequent years, because after Stalin, with the constant rise in prices, wage increases for other categories of employees, pay labor of scientists and teachers remained unchanged for over 40 years.
Stalin attached particular importance to the most advanced areas of science and technology, which brought the USSR to a qualitatively new level of development. Thus, in 1946 alone, Stalin personally signed about sixty important documents that determined the development of atomic science and technology, and rocket science. The result of these decisions was not only the creation of the country's nuclear shield, but also the launch of the world's first Earth satellite in 1957, the launching of the world's first nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" in 1957 and the subsequent development of nuclear energy. In addition, oil deposits were discovered in the Volga region, and enormous work began on the construction of power plants as the first stage for the transition to mass housing construction.
Let's take 1946. The country had not yet recovered from the war, many cities and villages lay in ruins. But the Soviet leadership well understood the importance of computer technology. That year, work began on creating computers. 1949 The first Soviet computer (MESM) started working. It was the first computer in Europe and the second in the world. The first working computer was created in the USA in 1946. There are about 200 countries in the world, of which only two were capable of creating computers - the USSR and the USA. About two dozen more countries participated in the development of other people's projects or made computers under license. The rest couldn't even do that. I mean the manufacturing of computers, and not the assembly of ready-made elements. Almost anyone who understands technology can assemble a personal computer in their own apartment. After the war, the restoration of universities in the occupation zone was completed by the end of the 40s. In cities affected by the war, large buildings in Minsk, Kharkov, and Voronezh were transferred to universities. Universities actively began to be created and developed in the capitals of a number of union republics (Chisinau, Ashgabat, Frunze, etc.), and by 1951 all union republics had their own universities. In 5 years, we managed to build the first part of the Moscow State University complex on the Lenin Hills.
If on the eve of the war in the USSR there were 29 universities, where 76 thousand students studied, then in 1955, 185 thousand undergraduates and 5 thousand graduate students, about 10% of all students in the country, were educated in 33 universities. That is, in total there were 1 million 850 thousand students in the country. Entire graduates of physicists, chemists, and mechanics were distributed after graduation to prestigious research institutes and closed design bureaus. Therefore, there was a passion for scientific work. Student scientific societies developed intensively. During the Soviet years, a powerful higher education system grew. If there were 13 thousand workers in the field of science in Russia in 1913, then before the collapse of the Soviet system in 1991 their number reached 3 million.
What we call the “Stalinist academy” arose in the first half of the 1930s. At this time, a unified centralized system for monitoring the effectiveness of scientific work was created at the USSR Academy of Sciences. Centralized management of scientific research was expressed in the fact that the topics of scientific work carried out in research institutes had to be approved no lower than by the Presidium of the Academy. The same applied to issues related to budget volume, personnel selection and deadlines. Planning and control of scientific work were carried out by analogy with planning and control of industrial production. The funds that were supposed to be spent on the research were approved at least a year in advance. If during the year there was an unscheduled need to purchase new equipment or materials necessary for research, it was extremely difficult to do this, but it was possible to agree on the use of equipment and reagents with other institutes and laboratories.
One of the most stringent principles of the organization of Stalinist science was the requirement for its close connection with practice. The main tasks of the USSR Academy of Sciences were the practical needs of the country for new knowledge. This organization was optimal from the point of view of administrative centralized control, since it provided clear criteria for determining the “effectiveness” of a scientist’s work, but it had a somewhat negative impact on the ability of scientists to deal with problems on which it is difficult to plan work on a monthly basis. The archives preserve several letters from scientists to the Presidium of the Academy and the Central Committee of the CPSU, in which attention was drawn to this organizational shortcoming.
The resolution of the activists of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory dated May 13, 1955 stated: “Requests for equipment, in all details, must be drawn up for the next year in June of this year. The researcher must foresee what he needs a year and a half in advance! As a result, everyone tries to include in the application everything conceivable as necessary for the work, and in the warehouses of institutions there are unnecessary stocks of materials that are in short supply elsewhere.” This problem could easily be solved by transferring part of the orders into cash or by creating special supply organizations, similar to Western firms serving science, but Khrushchev took a different path - he “reformed” (or rather, destroyed) the established system.
By the early 1950s. the situation became even more complicated, since within two decades since the introduction of the Stalinist system, the number of divisions of the Academy of Sciences increased many times over. In the mid-1950s. The USSR Academy of Sciences was experiencing the peak of quantitative growth. From 1951 to 1956, the Academy grew in number of members - from 383 to 465; in terms of the number of scientific institutions - from 96 to 124; in terms of the number of scientists - from 7 thousand to 15 thousand people. It became difficult for the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences to carry out coordination work as effectively as before. This was the reason that the members of the Presidium themselves in 1953–1954. began to come up with proposals to transfer part of the managerial powers to the branches of the Academy of Sciences.
Why did Stalin manage to lead the country from the era of the wooden plow to the era of the hydrogen bomb and space exploration? The “Father of Nations” realized that without the creation of elite scientific zones, where the scientific “brain” of the nation would be concentrated, provided with an extremely high standard of living, he would not lead the country onto the main road of technical progress. The leader began to build academic campuses, throwing huge amounts of money at it and keeping the country on a modest allowance. Now these academic towns in Russia, according to the new fashion, are being renamed “technoparks”, of which there are supposedly about 80 in the territory of present-day Russia (about 600 in the world).
So, trying to create a self-sufficient system for the stable and independent development of Russia, Stalin invested a lot of effort in the creation of Soviet science, and most importantly in the creation of such a system of interaction between science and production, in which science would be needed in order for production to fulfill the plan and ensure the survival of Russia in its competition with the West.
In the factory yard. Signing an appeal for peace
Installation of new equipment
State Bearing Plant (GPZ-1)
In the mechanical shop of the Kompressor plant
State Bearing Plant (GPZ-1)
Klavdiya Emelyanova, Quality Control Controller
State Bearing Plant (GPZ-1)
Assembly shop foreman V. Perepechin (right) handing over mortar pumps to control foreman N. Sergeev
State Bearing Plant (GPZ-1) was created in 1932
Car KIM-10 "Moscow Small Car Plant" (MZMA)
"Moscow Small Car Plant" (MZMA)
The first cars of 1953
1953 At the finishing area
Moscow 1953. Mosaic workshop of the plant
Monumental artists K. K. Sorochenko and L. E. Khayutina are creating a mosaic panel
The author of the project, A. V. Mizin, discusses a mosaic panel with monumental artists
Installation of panels at Kyiv-Koltsevaya station
Finishing work at Kyiv-Koltsevaya station
Head of the site E.I. Solomatin and foreman I.S. Shirenko check the installation of the mosaic panel
Mosaic "Lenin's Spark"
Mosaic “Friendship of Russian and Ukrainian collective farmers”
Mosaic “Liberation of Kyiv by the Soviet Army, 1943”
Mosaic “1905 in Donbass”
Mosaic “Pereyaslavl Rada January 8\18, 1654”
Mosaic “Battle of Poltava 1709”
Mosaic “Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Nekrasov and Shevchenko in St. Petersburg”
Pano-mosaic “Proclamation of Soviet Power by V. I. Lenin, October 1917”
Mosaic “The Struggle for Soviet Power in Ukraine”
Mosaic “Folk festivities in Kyiv”
Mosaic “Tractor brigade of the first MTS”
Mosaic “Victory Salute in Moscow”
Mosaic “Kalinin and Ordzhonikidze at the opening of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station”
Mosaic “The Commonwealth of Nations is the basis of the power of the Socialist Motherland”
Installers A.P. Ivanov and A.I. Sizov install a board with the name of the station
Komsomolskaya
Moscow 1970s. Mayakovskaya metro station
Signing an appeal for peace
At the bookstore in the car factory building
In the assembly shop of the Podemnik plant. In 1958, on the basis of the Podemnik plant, the Stankoliniya plant was created to produce automatic lines and special machines for processing parts such as rotating bodies. In January 2010, machine tool production was stopped.
Driller Komsomol member Raya Yudokhina on the pre-May work shift. Engine shop
Sergey Minaev
Assembling the power unit of an electric bridge crane
Stalin's real name is Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. He was born on December 9 (21 according to the new style) 1879 in the Georgian city of Gori.
For most immigrants, the years of Stalin’s reign and his personality are associated with the process of industrialization, victory in the Great Patriotic War, as well as with the terrifying scale of repression, the number of victims of which elevates him to the rank of the most cruel and merciless ruler of his country. More than three million people were shot or sentenced to prison on political charges. Numerous cases of deportation, dispossession, and exile bring the number of victims of the Stalinist regime to twenty million people.
In today's times, most psychologists unanimously declare the significant influence of children's upbringing and family environment on the individual as a whole. So what is the reason for such Stalin?
According to historians, the leader’s childhood was not joyful and cloudless. Frequent clarification of the parents' relationship, accompanied by beatings of the mother by the never-drying father, could not pass without leaving a trace and not affect the growing boy. In order to suppress the feeling of helplessness in front of a strong male fist, the mother looked for an emotional outlet with the future leader, therefore, Stalin learned what beatings and cruel treatment were as a child. Since then, he understood for himself the principle of life - the one who is stronger is right. It was this course that he adhered to throughout his life.
Stalin took his first political steps in 1902, organizing a demonstration in Batumi. Over time, he becomes the leader of the Bolsheviks, makes acquaintance with Lenin and is considered an ardent supporter of his revolutionary ideas. In 1913, Joseph Dzhugashvili signed his new pseudonym for the first time, which stuck with him until the very end of his life. So Stalin’s reign takes place under a name known to the whole world. And she was preceded by about thirty others who never took root.
The years of Stalin's reign as the sovereign leader of the state began in 1929 and were accompanied by a period of collectivization, which resulted in famine and numerous deaths. In 1932, a law was adopted, popularly known as the “three ears of corn.” In accordance with its norms, if a collective farmer dying of hunger stole ears of wheat that he had grown from the state, he was subject to execution. The saved grain was sent for export, thus preparing the ground for industrialization. The proceeds were used to purchase the latest equipment produced by various countries not only in Europe, but also in America.
The years of Stalin's reign were also characterized by numerous repressions that began in 1936, when Stalin's closest friend, Bukharin, was appointed to the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs in 1938. This period is characterized by mass executions and exiles to Gulag camps.
No matter how cruel the ruler may be, such a policy is carried out for the benefit of the state, for its further development. What are the positive events that happened to the country during the years of Stalin's rule?
During his period, his authorities formed the social system of the state, with its economic, political and social institutions; carried out the modernization of the country, abandoning the NEP policy, and carrying out industrialization at the expense of the countryside; strategic decisions ensured victory in World War II; turned the Soviet Union into a superpower. The USSR became one of the world powers, a permanent member of the UN Security Council.
In 1953, Stalin passed away. The era of the reign of Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili came to an end, which was replaced by the changed course of N. Khrushchev.