The lexical and grammatical categories of verbs are transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive, personal and impersonal.
Transitive and intransitive verbs are two large categories of verbs that differ in meaning and control features.
Transitive verbs are those that denote an action or attitude aimed at a specific subject (object), and control the prepositional form of the accusative case of the noun (and for verbs with negation and a number of other verbs, the form genitive case), having the meaning of the object to which the action is directed: read newspapers, do not read newspapers; drink tea.
The following are not grammatically transitive: 1) verbs that control the accusative case not with the meaning of the object to which the action or attitude is directed, but with another case meaning: to be ill for a week (case form -
the noun has the meaning of a measure of time); the book costs a thousand rubles (the unprepositional accusative has the meaning of a measure of value); 2) verbs in which the objective meaning (i.e. the meaning of the object to which the action is directed) is expressed not by the accusative case form without a preposition, but by others case forms or prepositional-case constructions: trust a friend; manage the garage; work on your essay.
Intransitive verbs (go, lie, believe, etc.) are never combined with the prepositional accusative case in specified value. An additional indicator of intransitivity can be the reflexive derivational postfix -xia, which is found in many intransitive verbs: build, talk, smile, etc. (there are no reflexive transitive verbs).
Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs differ in the presence/absence of a special reflexive derivational postfix -sya/-sya.
Both transitive (take, draw, speak) and intransitive (breathe, lie, talk) verbs that do not contain the postfix -sya/-s are non-reflexive.
Verbs with the derivational postfix -sya are called reflexive (they are always intransitive): learn, call back, laugh. Most of these verbs are formed from non-reflexive verbs: to undertake to read. But there are also non-derivative reflexive verbs: laugh, smile, etc.
It is necessary to distinguish from reflexive verbs verb forms with an inflectional postfix -sya that is not part of the base: 1) grammatical forms passive voice irrevocable verbs: The hotel is being built by a travel company (used in this sentence passive form non-reflexive verb to build); 2) impersonal verb forms like want (grammatical form of the irreflexive verb want), work (grammatical form of the irreflexive verb work).
Personal and impersonal verbs differ in relation to the category of person, grammatical compatibility and role in the sentence.
Personal verbs make up most Russian verbs. These verbs are capable of changing according to persons: read (read, read, reads), speak (say, speak, says), push (push, push, push, push), etc. They have a full range of possible conjugated and non-conjugated verbs for a Russian verb grammatical forms. In a two-part sentence, personal verbs serve as simple verbs. verb predicate and are combined with the nominative case of the subject (The teacher is reading a book).
Impersonal verbs (it is getting dark, unwell, lacking) are verbs that are not combined with a subject and are used as the main member of one-part impersonal sentences: Children must study; It got very cold in January. Impersonal verbs indicate the state of nature: it’s stormy, it’s dawning, it’s getting dark, or living beings: it’s chilling, it’s unwell, it’s sick; they also express different modal values: appropriate, follows, as well as the measure of the presence of something: lacking, sufficient (lacking).
Set of grammatical forms impersonal verbs differs incompleteness - they do not have changes in persons and numbers, only endings of the 3rd person are used singular present and future tense: chilly, windy, will be missing, as well as the neuter singular of the past tense: purzhilo and subjunctive mood: should. In the compound forms of the verbal predicate, infinitive forms are also used: It began to get light; It will start to get colder.
In addition to impersonal verbs, in modern Russian there are special impersonal verbal forms of “ordinary” (personal) verbs, formed using the inflectional postfix -sya/-s: I can’t sleep, nanny... (P.); form of sleeping represents impersonal form verb to sleep. Wed. also: Works well here (
You can download ready-made answers for the exam, cheat sheets and other educational materials in Word format at
Use the search form
Lexico-grammatical categories of verbs
relevant scientific sources:
- Morphology and word formation. Lecture course
| Lecture(s) | 2016 | Russia | docx | 0.35 MB
Word formation Question 1. Word formation as a branch of linguistics. Subject and tasks of word formation. Question 2. The concept of the word-formation system of the Russian language. Question 3. Non-derivatives and
- Answers on Morphology of the modern Russian language
| Answers for the test/exam| 2017 | Russia | docx | 0.12 MB
1 Morphology as a branch of the science of language. Gram. value, gram. category, gram. form. Principles of identifying parts of speech. 2 A noun as a part of speech. Lexico-grammatical categories
- Answers to the exam on morphology of the Russian language
| Answers for the test/exam| 2017 | Russia | docx | 0.08 MB
Morphology as a branch of linguistics: subject and tasks. Relationship between morphology and other levels language system. Grammatical meaning words. Ways and means of expressing grammatical meanings.
- Answers to tickets for the Russian language discipline
| Answers for the test/exam| 2016 | Russia | docx | 0.16 MB
1. The concept of modern Russian literary language. Literary language And territorial dialects. Functional styles book and literary language (scientific, official business, journalistic,
- Cheat sheet on the morphology of the Russian language
| Cheat sheet | 2017 | Russia | docx | 0.06 MB
1. Grammar as a science. 2. Morphology as a gram. doctrine of the word. 3. Noun. as part of speech. 4. Lexico-grammar. noun ranks 5. Soul category. ,inanimate noun 6. Category of gender of a noun. 7. Category
- Morphemics. Morphology
| Answers for the test/exam| 2016 | Russia | docx | 0.27 MB
Morphemics how linguistic discipline. Morpheme, morph, word form. Morphemic analysis words. 2. Root and affixal morphemes, their differences. 3. Flexion. Derivational and inflectional
Verb - significant part speech that names an action or state as a process and expresses this meaning in the MK of aspect, voice, mood, tense and person. Also by the categories of number and gender (in the forms of the past tense singular and in the forms of the subjunctive mood of the singular) and case of participles.
LGR is a category that unites words that show similarities in the LZ and, as a result, have common grammatical features.
LGR of verbs: transitive - intransitive, reflexive - non-reflexive, personal - impersonal.
The division of verbs into the categories of transitive and intransitive is closely related to the category of voice. The category of transitivity - intransitivity expresses the relationship of the action to the direct object.
Transitive verbs name an action that is directed to a direct object, expressed by a dependent name in the form of wines. p. (if there is a negation in the sentence, such a vin. p. is regularly replaced by a gender p.: read the book - didn't read the book).
There are transitive verbs that control the name into gender. n. outside the conditions of negation.
Some verbs to achieve results + meaning. quantity: pick flowers, make mistakes, buy books;
Verbs in which both gender and wine can be used. P.: wait for a letter and wait for a letter; want gingerbread and gingerbread; beg for alms and alms.
Most transitive verbs form the stradat form. participles.
Intransitive verbs name an action that does not imply a direct object expressed by the form of wine. etc. and closed in the sphere of the subject or passes to an indirect object.
As a rule, they do not have the form of suffering in their paradigm. participles.
Some intransitive verbs have an intransitive formant - postfix -xia : gather, quarrel; other intransitive verbs do not have this formant : turn white, run, stand.
Meanings of transitive verbs:
Action directed at an object; created (build a house), changeable (whitewash the ceiling, chop wood), destroyed (burn letters, break dishes);
An effect on an object that does not produce any changes in it: read a book, thank your father, congratulate your sister, praise a student, approve an idea.
Sensory perceptions (see a picture, listen to music, feel pain),
Attitude (love a person, hate an enemy).
Among them there are no verbs of existential semantics and movement
Object with such verbs means an object that is perceived, to which the attitude is directed.
Meanings of intransitive verbs:
Condition – physical (to be sick, to sleep) and mental (sad, grieve, rejoice);
Movement ( run, run, go, walk, swim, ride, fly, rush);
Existence (live, be, exist);
Position in space ( stand, sit, lie down);
Identification and formation of a sign (turn white, turn red, grow, melt, dry);
Identifying properties or abilities (to be lazy); skill (To speak French).
Professional or non-professional occupation ( plumbing, teaching, cooking).
Also, a verb can be transitive and intransitive in its different meanings.
Read- transitional and controls wine. p. to value perceive what is written: read book, letter; the same verb is intransitive in meaning. be able to comprehend what is written: The baby is already reading, do reading: The baby sits and reads. – absolute use.
RETURNABILITY – NON-RETURNABILITY
Reflexive verbs are *intransitive verbs with formally expressed intransitivity (postfix -xia). In some cases they carry the meaning of passiveness and are then used in the construction of the passive: House under construction workers. In other cases there is no such meaning - active construction: Lesson will end at 10 o'clock.
*Verbs with the meaning of alienation ( to be afraid, to be afraid...) are transitional and recurrent.
Types of reflexive verbs in: (depending on which verb is motivating):
Motivated by transitive verbs:
In verbs of proper reflexive meaning, the subject and object of the action coincide, this is - verbs of physical action: wash, wash your face, dress, undress, put on shoes, take off your shoes, comb your hair, to shave, whiten, rouge, wrap up,put on makeup; a series of verbs with the meaning of state: hold back,tune in, get excited, humiliate yourself(compare: hold back myself, tune myself, excite myself, humiliate myself).
Verbs of reciprocal meaning express the mutual (joint, directed at each other) action of several subjects: kiss, embrace (kiss,hug Friend friend), meet, see, know(colloquial), put up, argue, whisper.
Verbs of indirect reflexive meaning name an action performed by the subject in his own interests (for himself): tidy up, fit in, be built, line up, stock up, get settled.
Verbs of active-objectless meaning with the potential-qualitative use of NSV verbs name action as a constant and characteristic property of the subject, its distinctive feature: nettle it burns, cow butts, dog bites, cats scratched.
Verbs of characterizing-qualitative meaning name action as a characteristic tendency or ability of a subject to be subjected to any influence: threads bad, are torn; car Fine starts; porcelain easily beats; coffee Badly dissolves.
Verbs of general reflexive meaning name an action closed in the sphere of the subject as its state: be angry, worry, be surprised, rejoice, languish, get scared,worry, have fun, sadden, be embarrassed;
Collateral reflexive verbs name an action as a contact with an object, and the object, by its presence, seems to stimulate, generate this action itself, and make it possible: hold on behind railing, undertake behind handle doors, cling behind hand, bump into, hit, hurt yourself about corner, rub O fence.
Motivated intransitive verbs. They are not organized into more or less clear LGRs.
Nepereh. Ch. with the postfix -sya very often forms a verb that is lexically close to the verb without the postfix -sya: threaten and threaten, knock and knock, ring and ring;
In some contexts, such verbs with the postfix -sya reveal a connotation of intensity or persistence in carrying out the action: I started knocking on the door. The owner came out (Pushk.); We called for a long time, but in vain (Veres.).
Postfix -sya, joining intransitive verbs with meaning. (to be seen in some color), can introduce a shade of uncertainty into the meaning of the verb, weakness in identifying the attribute; compare: turn white and turn white, turn red and turn red, turn black and turn black.
That. Irreflexive verbs are both transitive and intransitive verbs without the postfix –sya.
Classifications of reflexive verbs
reflexive verb French
As mentioned above, reflexive verbs motivated by intransitive verbs are not distributed into more or less clear lexico-grammatical categories. Therefore, it is more appropriate, in our opinion, to focus on describing the classifications of reflexive verbs, which are correlative in meaning with transitive ones. The issue of classification of reflexive verbs has been studied by many Russian linguists, such as V.V. Vinogradov, V.A. Yanko-Trinitskaya, L.A. Novikov, V.A. Beloshapkova, O.V. Chagina. and many others. Their classifications are essentially similar to each other and differ only in a more general or more detailed division of verbs into classes. The classification presented below is a kind of synthesis of already existing classifications. In it we tried, if possible, to include all the subgroups of reflexive verbs ever identified by Russian linguists in order to make it as complete and detailed as possible.
So, all reflexive verbs, correlative in meaning with transitive verbs, are grouped into semantic types, in which to the intransitivity value expressed by the postfix - Xia, is added additional meaning, created by semantics verb stems s and postfix - Xia.
In all classifications of reflexive verbs of the modern Russian language, reflexive verbs of proper reflexive meaning are certainly distinguished as a special category. Determining the meaning of verbs included in this category in general outline similar among all researchers and in all manuals. The differences in wording are quite minor.
In sentences with self-returnable verbs usually act as the subject animate noun. This noun most often denotes a person who performs an action on himself. Thus, the subject of the action simultaneously acts as an object.
TO self-returnable verbs include verbs:
Denoting the actions of the subject in relation to himself or to his belongings: shave, bathe, wash, dress, put on shoes, fasten, belt, etc.; move, move, return, etc.; sit down, lie down, spin around, etc.; hide, lock yourself, etc.; defend yourself, evade a blow, etc.; to enslave, to free oneself, to pay off, etc.; shoot yourself, drown yourself, etc.; restrain, calm down, exercise, etc.; adapt, join, land, etc.; get involved, intervene, run for office, etc.; give up, obey, obey and etc.:
Verbs with the meaning of a coercive action, in which the subject of coercion and the object of the forced action coincide, the producer of the action is another subject; take pictures, get treatment, shave at a barbershop, go to school and etc.
The object of the action is the subject's belonging spend money, get ready for the trip, pay. unload and etc.; actions on an object that is used in the interests of the subject stock up on firewood, read the documents and etc.;
Actions of one's own consent, promises, opinions to blame, to confess, to confess, to apologize and etc.; agree, renounce, pledge, swear and etc.;
Expressing your own thoughts, requests, words, name express oneself, introduce oneself, explain oneself, pray, name oneself and etc.;
Actions of “selecting from oneself” one’s own objects to bear fruit, to bud, to fledge, to sprout and etc.;
Verbs meaning “show yourself”, “stand out” in own behavior:to be conceited, to show off, to show off, to show off, to show off, to be proud, to be proud, to pretend, to boast and etc.
It is worth noting that proper reflexive verbs are characterized by weak connection with the instrumental case of a noun that names the instrument of action: shave with a razor, wash with water. However, the instrumental case of the complement with the meaning of instrument, means is not characteristic feature only proper reflexive verbs, but is possible with reflexive verbs of other meanings. The possibility of using the instrumental case of a tool or means for various categories of reflexive verbs is determined primarily not by the meaning of a given category of reflexive verbs, but by the control features of the producing non-reflexive verbs, for example: tie yourself with a rope - tie yourself with a rope, but if at to take care the instrumental case is not used, then it cannot be used when beware.
A direct relationship is established between return forms and basic forms without - xia (wash, whiten, blush etc.), at least in general circle meaning. in many verbs that previously had a pronounced direct return value, in the process of their semantic evolution this meaning fades (for example: prepare, join, gather and so on.). With a reflexive meaning for verbs ending in - Xia a person or in general is assumed to be the subject of the action Living being. In combination with a subject expressing not a person, but an object, these verbs usually have a passive or neuter reflexive meaning (for example: the face is washed: the cheeks are flushed from the frost and so on.). Wed: escape persecution"love everything bought, All is saved"(Dostoevsky).
There are two shades of proper reflexive meaning. A reflexive verb can mean:
a) the subject performs an action on himself (wash; cat licks and so on.);
b) the subject performs the action himself ( boast, change and others like that). But it is easy to notice that this second shade of reflexive voice is transitional from the proper reflexive meaning to the mean reflexive meaning (for example; deepen thought, change morally) and general return. In addition, simple ones (with the affix -) can be considered grammatically homogeneous xia) and reinforced by replacement - Xia through myself and adding a pronoun myself refundable deposit forms. For example: he was defending himself And he defended himself; I was suffering And I tormented myself
Reciprocal verbs call an action occurring between two or more persons, each of whom is both the subject and the object of the action; eg: quarrel, kiss, hug. These verbs can be correlated with transitive verbs in combination with a pronominal group each other: kiss, hug each other.
The meaning of reciprocity is expressed not only by the combination of verbal stems with a postfix - Xia, but also by simultaneous addition to the base of the prefix re-, morph - willow-/-yva- or - va- and postfix - Xia(correspond, exchange glances), compounding ( mutually destroy) or a combination of a verb with a pronoun or pronominal group ( love each other, talk to each other)
It has been noted more than once in scientific literature, that the mutual meaning is Xia originally developed among reflexive verbs precisely in the forms plural. The concept of reciprocity primarily contains a sign of the transition of an action from one subject to another or other subjects, a sign of the interaction of two or more subjects. In this case - Xia means: each other. For example: they grabbed hands and kissed(cf. they made peace with each other). But to the shade of interaction or mutual action of subjects on each other, so that each subject of the action is at the same time its object, is adjacent another shade - the shade of the joint action of two or more persons or their joint participation in the action (cf. comrades had a fight). For example: They whispered in the bushes; They shared their feelings; Having dispersed in different sides, they called each other for a long time and so on. From this follows a new connotation associated with the use of the same verbs (especially often in singular forms) in combination with an indirect object denoting a person and attached using a preposition With, For example: I hugged him in a friendly manner and so on. It is believed that it should not be separated from mutual collateral value the use of the same verbs with the preposition s (cf.: advise someone what I consult with someone). For example: “Who did not curse stationmasters who's with them didn’t you swear?”(Pushkin).
In essence, there is a syntactic “transfer” of the same kind as in the constructions: Polkan and Barbos - Polkan with Barbos. Therefore, the following objections to such an association on the part of Prof. seem unconvincing. A.B. Shapiro: “A verb has the meaning of a mutual subvoice only when the action is performed not by one person, but by two or more, and this side of the meaning of the verb is expressed by the plural of the subject and, accordingly, the predicate. In sentences:, I met him: She always scolds everyone and so on. : in verbs Meets And swears there is no meaning of mutual subvoice, since here the number form of the subject does not support the meaning of the reciprocity of the action: in these sentences, of the persons mentioned in connection with the action, only one acts as the subject , the rest - only as an indirect object.” We can only say that in these constructions the meaning of sociability and reciprocity is syntactically scattered throughout the entire phrase.
All of the listed verbs contain special formal grammatical indicators that serve to indicate the category of reciprocity. Based on formal word-formation characteristics, we can distinguish the following groups verbs:
1) Reciprocal verbs that correlate with transitive verbs and are formed from them using the postfix - xia. These transitive verbs denote an action that can be performed with the simultaneous participation of a subject and an object: meet-meet, hug-hug, kiss-kiss, reconcile-make up
2) Reciprocal verbs that are incomparable with transitive verbs and are not used without - xia: greet, communicate, fight
3) Reciprocal verbs, which correspond to transitive verbs, but the transitive and reflexive verbs are not identical in meaning: share, fight, negotiate
4) Verbs in which the meaning of reciprocity is determined by the presence of - sya in combination with prefixes. The most commonly used prefixes With- in the meaning of connection and its antonymous prefix once- in the meaning of disconnection: converge-diverge, fly-scatter, as well as the prefix re- talk, call back
5) Verbs that do not have special formal grammatical indicators of the meaning of reciprocity, but express this meaning lexically : argue, be friends, quarrel
Sentences with reciprocal verbs have their own syntactic features. The specificity of these sentences is manifested in the ways of expressing the subject. Since mutual action can be carried out in the presence of at least two participants in the situation, then names in the subject position (usually animate names) always have the meaning of plurality, collectivity. This value can be passed:
1) By name in plural form: Friends met after the holidays;
2) The combination of spirit nouns in nominative case with the union And: Andrey and Victor met after the holidays;
3) A combination of a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case in the subject position with a name in instrumental case with a pretext With: Andrey met with Victor after the holidays;
4) Noun with quantification (two friends, several people): Two friends met after vacation;
5) A noun with a collective meaning: public, youth, group: Our group met after the holidays.
In sentences with reciprocal verbs, in addition to an inanimate subject in the subject position, in some cases a non-person subject can also be used: Leninsky Prospekt intersects with Lomonosovsky. Verbs in such sentences convey the meaning of the juxtaposition of two objects in space. They are relatively few in number : intersect, close, merge, disconnect.
Average-return value. In this case - xia means that the action is not directed at a foreign object, but is concentrated in the sphere of the subject and is reduced to external changes in the state of the subject.
As Shakhmatov believes, “the subject, while remaining the actual producer of the action, is not conceived as such; he is only an object.” However, a direct understanding of the direction of the action of the subject (producers of the action) towards himself as a direct object is either completely absent or difficult. This meaning comes out clearly in the group of verbs that mean external, physical changes and changes in the state and position of the subject, its movement in space, and the subject can be an animate being, and inanimate object: return, get out, stop, go, move away, move, add : (in weight), walk, roll, stagger, rush, bend, rise, lean, slide, fall, spin, shake and so on. All verbs of this type are correlative with verbs without - Xia and sometimes can also have a passive meaning (mostly in the imperfect form).
Return value. In this case - xia, closing: action in the sphere of the subject, forms reflexive verbs expressing changes in the internal state of the subject (angry- be angry; please- rejoice; hurry, have fun, be afraid, be surprised, be satisfied, obey, admire, confess, worry, be comforted and so on.). Obviously, this meaning can only arise in the lexical circle of verbs with the meaning of feeling, internal mental experience. Reflexive verbs internal state cannot have a passive meaning. The relationship between subject and object meanings in them is different than in the verbs “ physical changes"(type shake, throw). Here - Xia indicates that the subject himself is captured by the action-state (i.e., experience, feeling). This meaning is related to the lexical meaning of the so-called “ common verbs", which have no correspondence among forms without - xia: try, be afraid, be wary, be proud, smile, grin and so on.
Verbs of indirect reflexive meaning call an action performed by a subject in his own interests; this means that the subject performs an action for himself, but neither in the verb itself nor in its syntactic connections this meaning is not specifically expressed. A name with the meaning of a person in whose favor the action is performed takes the position of subject in sentences with indirect reflexive verbs. These are the verbs tidy up, get ready, register, apply, agree to pack up, build up, line up, stock up, settle down
Active-objectless value. This meaning is especially pronounced in reflexive verbs, correlative with transitive verbs without - Xia and denoting the action of the subject, actually moving on to some object, directed at others, but conceived in abstraction from the object as characteristic, distinguishing feature the subject himself. For example: The dog bites; Why are you pushing! Nettle stings; The cow butts; This wall has just been painted and is therefore getting dirty;“And the leopard is only ready to cut himself” (Krylov, “Education of a Lion”).
Reflexive verbs of emotions: among verbs, a large group consists of verbs emotional state. Their number is more than 100. They control different case forms.
M.L. Kryuchkova identifies classes of verbs, grouping them according to common semantic feature. This classification can be expanded to include new semantic classes, in particular verbs of “inflated self-esteem” and verbs of “doubt and regret.” Let us present this classification of reflexive verbs of emotions.
1) verbs “hobbies” ( to get carried away, to be interested, to admire, to admire, to enjoy). Management model - name, etc. without preposition: He reveled in his unhappy love and loneliness. He has been interested in painting since childhood
2) verbs of “surprise” ( to be surprised, to marvel, to be amazed, to be amazed, to smile, to be touched) Control model - name in d.p. without preposition: Father was happy to see us. I'm amazed at your naivety.
3) verbs of “admiration and self-abasement” ( to bow, to be lost, to be extinguished, to humiliate, to grovel before +t. P.: I bow to your talent.
4) verbs of “inflated self-esteem” ( to show off, boast, be conceited, boast, be brave, show off, show off) Control model - prepositional case form before+t. P.: Nikolai likes to show off to his friends.
5) verbs “ridicule and mockery” ( laugh, mock, make fun of, mock, mock) Control model - prepositional case form over+t. P.:Are you kidding me?
6) verbs of “discontent” ( cry, complain, be offended, sulk, get angry, swear) Control model - prepositional case form on + v.p.: She complains about everyone all the time.
7) verbs of “fear” ( to be afraid, to be wary, to beware, to be frightened, to be afraid, to be horrified, to be ashamed, to be embarrassed)
Management model - name in p.p.: I stopped being shy about simple things. She was afraid of her mother until her knees trembled.
8) verbs of “worry” ( worry, worry, worry, be afraid, fear, be afraid, be frightened) Control model - prepositional case form for + v.p.: I'm terribly worried about you.
9) verbs “care, excitement and sadness”: a) care, care, worry, worry, worry o + p.p.: Father worries about his daughter b) verbs of “sad” semantics: to be sad, to be sad, to be bored. Control model - prepositional case form o + p.p or by + d.p.: Tanya misses home.
10) verbs “doubts and regrets” ( to doubt, to be disappointed, to lose faith, to disbelieve, to be deceived, to repent) Control model - prepositional case form in + p.p.: He was disappointed in his work
Reflexive verbs of quantities and qualitative changes(decausative verbs): A large group of verbs in the Russian language consists of reflexive verbs with the meaning of quantitative and qualitative changes like increase - decrease, etc. Reflexive verbs of quantitative and qualitative changes are used in all spheres of speech - everyday, journalistic, official business Interest in this problem is constantly increasing. The air temperature will drop in the evening; Cooperation between our universities is constantly expanding.
Reflexive verbs of quantitative and qualitative changes characterize an action, phenomenon, object from different sides.
Verbs of quantitative change indicate a change in size in general (increase, decrease, multiply, contract), so are changes individual parameters- heights (increase, decrease, decrease), length (lengthen, shorten) width (expand, contract) depths (deepen), speed (speed up, speed up, slow down): This year the magazine's circulation has increased; Scientists note with alarm that in recent decades the temperature on the planet has been rising;
Verbs of qualitative changes can also characterize an object in terms of overall assessment(“good” or “bad”, positive or negative changes) improve, worsen, and from the side of specific changes (strength, strength, accuracy, price, complexity, weight, etc.) - strengthen, intensify, become stronger, weaken, become more precise, become more expensive, become cheaper, become more complex, become simpler, become larger, become heavier, lighten, become richer, become poorer, purify etc. : During the discussion, disagreements between the speakers intensified; Relations between our countries have improved significantly; By the end of the day the wind will increase.
In sentences with verbs of this semantics, the subject is most often an abstract noun with the meaning of phenomenon, action or process: Conflicts between factions are deepening; The population in the area is declining; The artist's skill has increased; The patient's recovery process has slowed down,
Reflexive verbs of quantitative and qualitative changes correspond to transitive ones deteriorate-worsen, expand-expand, rise-increase, decrease-reduce, diminish-reduce etc.: The bus route has been extended.- The bus route has been extended; The subject matter of the magazine has expanded.- The magazine expanded its topics; Students' stipends have increased.-The students' stipends were increased.
Verbs with the meaning of quantitative and qualitative changes can be divided into two groups in accordance with the expressed meaning: “to do what” raise - do higher; reduce - do below; worsen - make things worse; expand- make it wider increase - do more) and “become what” rise - get taller decline- become lower deteriorate - to get worse, expand- become wider, increase - get bigger). Verbs that convey the meaning “to do what,” the so-called causative verbs, have the form of a transitive verb: Moscow University is expanding cooperation with other universities; The state increases assistance large families.
In the formation of verbs with the meaning “to become what,” or decausative verbs [Nedyalkov, Silnitsky, 1969], different word-formation models are used.
Most often, decausative verbs are formed by adding - Xia To transitive verb: Cooperation between Moscow University and other universities is expanding; State assistance to large families is increasing. This method of forming verbs of quantitative and qualitative changes, which have a component of the meaning “to become what,” is the most common. That's why most of them have a postfix - Xia. However, this word-formation method does not cover all verbs with the meaning “to become what.” There are other ways to form them.
The ratio “do what” / “become what” can also be conveyed by suppletive stems, the root morphemes of which are deprived of formal proximity (raise-increase, decrease-fall). Wed: Application
new technology increased labor productivity,-As a result of the use of new technology, labor productivity has increased; The development of television and video reduces interest in visiting cinemas,-As a result of the development of television and video, interest in visiting cinemas is falling,
3) Another way to form decausative verbs is to attach them to the base of an adjective formant - eat (to become pale, weaken, lose weight, become cheaper) And - at (to become more expensive): Vegetables have fallen in price, and fish has risen in price;
I need to lose some weight.
Reflexive causative verbs: Reflexive-causative can be classified as a stable lexical-semantic group of verbs that denote an action performed for a person by another person. Most of them relate to the so-called professional verbs used in the situation of “ordering at a customer service point” [Nedyalkov, 1977: 36]. These can be verbs with the meaning: a) “health care” (to consult, to be treated, to be observed, to be examined, to be operated on, to be checked): My grandmother is being treated by a homeopath; b) « training, education » (educate, consult, train, study, exam): Levitan studied painting with the famous Savrasov; c) “caring about one’s own appearance” (shave, comb one's hair, have a haircut, get dressed, put on make-up, makeup): This actress dresses from the famous fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev; I always get my hair cut by this barber; d) “obtaining and fixing a certain status” (sign up, register, register) obtaining a portrait likeness" (to be photographed, to be photographed): Many famous artists take pictures with this photographer.
In sentences of this structure, both nominal components denote a person. In this case, the name in the subject position denotes the person for whom the action is performed. The true agent, the performer of the action, is the person expressed by the name in the form y + p. n. With this method of representing the relations between the participants in the situation, it is semantically compressed and appears as undivided. At the level of meaning, it can be interpreted as follows: person A makes person B perform an action on him, called a reflexive verb. In other words, person A becomes the causer of this action. This leads to an important point for teaching RCP: in a construction with a reflexive verb “the name of a person who is unable to initiate the situation cannot be the subject: * A one-year-old child got his hair cut at the barber's(Geniusenie, 1981: 177).
As for the real performer of the action, he can be implicitly expressed in a construction with the meaning of adverbial place: The patient is observed in the district clinic; Tourists eat in the hotel restaurant; Take a photo in our studio; In our hairdressing salon you can be served by appointment or on a first-come, first-served basis (from the advertisement).
Often the name with the meaning of the actual performer of the action is additionally mentioned in the context. For example: I have a son-he wrote so many books! What is he writing about? About agriculture-how and what to do. He used to give lectures at the Knowledge Society. All collective farm directors consulted him. He tells them what needs to be done, and then they go to the places and do it. He received so many thanks! After all, you understand, no one knows anything, no one knows how. And he will explain everything, and everyone knows what’s what (according to L. Kohl).
From reflexive causative verbs combined general meaning“not oneself” [Kozintseva, 1981:83], one should distinguish between proper reflexive verbs with the meaning “oneself”. Whether a verb belongs to one category or another is established in the context. Wed: (1) dialogue between a guy and a girl |: - Is it true that you cut your own hair?-Is it true. So what?-Nothing. There is only this sign: whoever cuts his own hair will never marry (film “Meet me at the fountain”). AND 2) When we walked between the Sixth and Fifth lines past the hairdresser, I said to Margarita:-This is where I go to get my hair cut. There is an old hairdresser here... (V. Shefner).
Collateral reflexive verbs: Side-reflexive verbs include verbs denoting contact of the subject with an object, usually motionless or fixed: While on the escalator, hold on to the handrails; Yane noticed a stone in the grass and hit it painfully. In sentences with such verbs, the object, by the very fact of its existence, stimulates the named action: if there had not been a stone in the grass, the speaker would not have tripped; If there were no handrails on the stairs, there would be nothing to hold on to.
IN in sentences with such verbs, the subject occupying the syntactic position of the subject, usually you (gazhen animated name with the meaning of a person, less often an animal. Object, as a rule, is an inanimate noun denoting an object or part of the body of a living being: The child buried his head in the pillow and slept soundly
The most common secondary reflexive verbs are: hold on (for what?), take hold (for what?), grab hold of (for what?), cling (for what?), hit (about what?), thicken (colloquially) (about what?), stumble (about what ?), lean (about/on what?), bury (in what?), rest against what?).
All reflexive verbs require an object in accusative case with prepositions for, about (about), in. The choice of a specific preposition depends on the nature of the contact between the subject and the object.
Addition to the form for + in. P. usually used when we are talking about a mechanical connection, coupling of a subject and an object - hold on to the railings, hold hands,
Addition in the form about + V. P. is usually used when the subject is just in contact with the object and when their interaction is in the nature of a relationship between a larger and smaller area, a point and an area.
Classification based on the principle of correlating the form of the verb with- Xia with verb form without-Xia.
Besides generally accepted classifications reflexive verbs, where verbs are distributed into groups depending on their semantics, some linguists also propose a classification of reflexive verbs, built on the principle of correlating the form of the verb with - Xia with verb form without - Xia.
So, the first group consists of those verbs return form which is equal to the meaning of the verb itself in combination with the pronoun myself. That is, these two forms are correlated with each other. Such verbs indicate that the subject’s action is performed in relation to himself, that is, it is directed towards himself. It turns out that the subject of an action is at the same time its object. These are, for example, verbs open-open, wash - wash, shave-shave, take pictures-take pictures, treat-to be treated, to dress - to dress, to hide - to hide, to lock - to lock, to protect - to defend, to teach - to learn, to move - to move, to save - to be saved, to praise - to boast, to stop - to stop,
The second group of reflexive verbs includes those reflexive verbs that are not equal in meaning to the generating verb irreflexive verb in combination with reflexive pronoun myself. As a result of the strong difference in lexical meanings correlation of verbs with - Xia and without - Xia lost. This group includes verbs to consist - to take place, to intercede - to intercede, to fight, to find - to be, to forgive - to say goodbye, to occupy - to engage, to distribute - to be distributed, to finish off - to achieve, to rewrite - to correspond, to torture - to try, to trade-to bargain etc.
There are also reflexive verbs that do not have corresponding non-reflexives at all. I decided to separate them into a separate, third group. There are approximately 150 such verbs in the Russian language:
fear, say hello, doubt, fight, lie down, admire, admire, hope, enjoy, like, be lazy, succeed, smile, laugh, be proud, swear, try, need, get dark, feel unwell, lie down, sit down, touch, bow, intend, break up, stay, wake up, climb, see etc.
Ex. 5. Determine which of the following verbs are transitive and which are intransitive:
Stand up, tremble, glaze, intercede, pounce, weather, degrease, speak, cut, exist, play mischief, bask, cherish, crawl, hear, listen, get angry, be afraid, laugh, learn, teach, blacken, compose, cook.
Ex. 6. Describe it actually impersonal verbs And personal verbs in an impersonal sense :
1) It was already evening. From somewhere suddenly thin pulled roses(Yu. Dombrovsky);
2) Here's what's interesting: why do you imagined Is there anything familiar about it?(V. Belousova)
3) Something's wrong with her today not sung and she's angry(G. Alekseev).
4) The lieutenant wanted to answer immediately, but did not have time: his mouth reduced lethargic morning yawning.(B. Vasiliev)
5) According to the law, this silence is harmful to me I could not sleep (A. Kuchaev);
6) Marina takes a step, and then she leads to the side, my legs give way. (V. Rybakov)
7) Oh, what a situation I was in! Extraordinary smells lilac!(M. Bulgakov);
8) In the windows it got dark, there was a whistling, clapping noise(I. Grekova);
9) Anna closed her eyes and pulled into a dream, like into a whirlpool(V. Tokareva)
10) “And the rifle,” Chick asked, “did it go to the bottom or did it also go with the current?” carried away? (F. Iskander);
11) After all, this is a folk song, and therefore it is everywhere sung differently(Yu. Dombrovsky);
12) The first frosts had already hit, and suddenly it got dark the sky was covered with leaden clouds, and a tedious autumn rain fell on the ground(E. Popov);
13) No meeting is accidental... but here it is providence itself reduced you and her.(E. Markova).
14) Freezing now, Ivan Semenych. Shouldn't we go to the hut?(Yu. German);
15) He stated that he was very lucky on a brown-haired man with crooked legs.(A. Azolsky).
Ex. 6.Specify the infinitive form of the verb and define it view :
you will bring out_____________
took out________________
I'll braid ______________
scrape up ____________
grew up __________________
shaking _______________
blooms _______________
I'll sit _________________
put ______________
take care of ____________
burn _______________
baked ______________
brought ______________
shearer _______________
I'll get carried away _________________
driving ____________________
gasping ________
Ex. 7.Define view verbs, match them species pairs. Name the method of forming derivative verbs:
Do________________________
speak_______________________
paint_______________________
prick _________________________________
dry _________________________________
wave _________________________________
catch __________________________
take ____________________________
search ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Wipe__________________________
submit ____________________________
swallow ___________________________
intimidate ___________________________
jump _______________________
shoes ______________________________
order ____________________________
swipe ___________________________
climb ___________________________________
Ex. 8. Group the following verbs into 4 columns: one-aspect verbs SV, one-aspect verbs NSV, two-aspect verbs.
Injure, examine, gush, bewilder, lie, lie down, dance, order, attack, wake up, bang, stand, sing along, address, talk, wait, tap, organize, find yourself, get lost, anticipate, cough, marry, pass, rush, foresee, weaken, arrest, collapse, qualify, turn blue, say goodbye, regret.
Ex. 9.Read the text. 1) Define inflectional morphological categories (mood, time, face, number, genus) highlighted verb forms. 2) Find examples among themtransitionalAndintransitiveverbs.
It was the end of April. Medein's vineyard was cleared, the vegetable garden was already puffed up all her beds, and in the refrigerator for two days there had been a giant flounder cut into pieces, which was brought to her by fishermen she knew.
The first to appear was nephew Georgy with his thirteen-year-old son Artem. Having thrown off his backpack, Georgy stood in the middle of the courtyard, wincing from the direct strong sun and inhaled sweet thick smell.
– cut Yes eat , he said to his son, but he didn’t understand what he was talking about. speaks father.
- There's Medea's underwear hangs ,” Artem pointed out.
Medea's house stood at the very top of the Village, but the estate was stepped, terraced, with a well at the very bottom. There, between a large nut and an old vinegar tree, a rope was stretched, and Medea, who usually spent her lunch break in household chores, hung it up heavily blued linen. Dark blue shadows walked along the blue canvas of patched sheets, the sheets slowly arched like a sail, threatening turn around And sail away into the rough blue sky.
« Quit to hell with everything buy “This is the house,” thought Georgy, going downstairs to his aunt, who still had not noticed them. - Zoya does as she wants. Took it would Temka, Sashka..."
For the last ten years, this is exactly what came to his mind in the first minutes in Medea’s Crimean house... Medea finally noticed Georgiy and her son, threw the last sheet rolled into a rope into the empty basin, straightened up:
- A, arrived … second day I am waiting ...Now, now I I'll rise , Georgiou.
Medea alone called him like that, in the Greek way. He kissed the old woman, she ran her palm through her family’s black and copper hair, and stroked the second one:
– Increased. (L. Ulitskaya. Medea and her children)
Scheme of MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS personal forms VERB:
Write down the word with minimal contextual surroundings
I. Initial form (indefinite form= infinitive), determine (KZ)– action/process – CR-verb.
1) Non-inflectional:
– view(NE / NSV / bispecies);
– transitivity(transitive / intransitive);
– type of conjugation(I / II / heteroconjugated / *particularly conjugated),
– personal / impersonal / personal in impersonal meaning;
– repayment(refundable / non-refundable);
2) C inflectional:
– mood(indicative / conditional / imperative);
– for verbs in the Indicative form. incl. – time(present / past / future);
– for verbs in the Present form. / Bud. vr. Withdrawn incl. and for the verbs Povel. incl. – number, person,
for verbs in the form Pr.v. Withdrawn incl. and for verbs Conditional. incl. - number,genus.
III. Syntactic role.