Descendants of the Russian verb The wonderful idea of ​​the descendants and heirs of great writers to convene a Russian literary meeting to discuss the problems of active inclusion of cultural heritage in the context of the life and work of modern man finds deep and

The verb has two basics: infinitive stem And basis of present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out past tense basis but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Some verb forms are formed from basics infinitive, and the other part is from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics Many verbs are different.

To highlight the base of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, pussy- yea, speak up- oh, read- ugh, rice- t.

To highlight the basis of the present/simple future tense, you need to separate the personal ending from the form of the present/simple future tense (usually the 3rd person plural form is taken): carried- ut, write- ut, dialect- yat, read- ut,pucyj- ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to isolate basics): carried- l-a, pisa- l-ah, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics infinitive and present/simple future tense, and the past tense stem differs from them: eid- here you go- ut, w- l-a. basics different: I'll get wet- ugh, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- tb, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

The bases of the indefinite form and the present tense, as a rule, differ in affixes or sound composition: read - read - ut (read), call - call - ut . The relationship between the indefinite form stem and the present tense stem determines the division of verbs into classes.

Classes of verbs characterized by the relationship of these stems, which is also characteristic of newly formed verbs, are called productive, for example verbs like sit down - sit down(cf. to land, to land on the moon). The same verbs, after which new verbs are not created, belong to unproductive classes, for example verbs like prick - prick, pour - weed and etc.

Productive verb classes five:

1st grade combines verbs with an infinitive form into -a(t) -aj: read - chitaj-ut (read) .

2nd grade - verbs with an indefinite stem -e(t) and with the basis of the present tense on -ej: regret - regretj-ut (regret) .

3rd grade - verbs with an indefinite stem -ova (-eva) (t) and with the basis of the present tense on -yj: advise - advisej-ut (advise), grieve - griefj-ut (grieving) .

4th grade - verbs with an indefinite stem -well and with the basis of the present (future simple) tense on -n-: jump - jump-ut .

5th grade - verbs with an indefinite stem -i(t) and with the third person plural ending. Part of the present tense -at, -yat: pray - pray .

Unproductive classes usually combine a small number of verbs. Their classification is complicated by the presence of small features in small groups of verbs, and sometimes in individual verbs (for example, eat, go). The number of unproductive classes is gradually reduced, as they are exposed to the influence of productive classes (for example, the form comes into use meow instead of meow, purr instead of purr, rinse instead of rinse, wave instead of waving by analogy with verbs of the 1st productive class). In print one can find parallel use of both forms, although many of the new forms are still outside the codified literary language.

Sometimes the forms differ in shades of meaning: trainmoves (starts to move) and trainmoves (is in motion).

Conjugation of verbs. The concept of a paradigm. Verbs "abundant" and verbs "scarce."

Conjugation - this is a change in the verb by persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms the verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation. The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms except the infinitive, participles and gerunds, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on the personal endings in the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other by vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent, carry, sing, speak, remain silent

From all these circumstances, an important consequence follows: knowing the stem before the ending like -a, you cannot be sure that you know the stem of the same verb before the ending like -/; conversely, knowing a stem before a type -I ending does not mean knowing a stem before a type ending -a. The stem before the ending of type -a is usually called the stem of the present tense, and the stem before the ending of the type is called the stem of the infinitive or the stem of the past tense. Of course, these names are due to the fact that the usual representatives of the “- ending are the endings of the present tense, and the usual representatives of the I- ending are the endings of the past tense and the infinitive.

The difference in the basics of the present tense and the infinitive required the introduction of the concept of verb class into Russian (and more broadly Slavic) grammar. The class of a verb is usually understood as a certain type of correspondence between two stems. If they say that a certain verb belongs to class x, then this means that it is known how the infinitive stem and the present tense stem end. If any of the two stems of a verb is given and its class is indicated, the other stem is also indicated. If any of the two stems is given, but the class of the verb is not specified, then the second stem remains practically unknown.

If the stem of the infinitive ends in a vowel, then the stem of the present tense can be either a truncation of this vowel or an extension of some consonant. If the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant, then the stem of the present tense is apparently “structured” in the same way. However, it is not at all necessary that the final consonants of the stems of the infinitive and the present tense coincide: to lead - I lead, revenge - meta. A particularly difficult case is when the infinitive ends in -ch: can - I can, bake - I bake. Even if the stem of the present tense is known, which can only end in a consonant, then the stem of the infinitive is absolutely unclear. After all, it can represent a truncated basis of the present tense: live and live, and the same basis with an extension: love and love. Thus, we can conclude that the infinitive stem is more informative than the present tense stem, which does not predict the infinitive stem in any way. The basis of the infinitive on a consonant, except in cases such as revenge, stove, unambiguously determines the basis of the present tense: to carry - I carry, to carry - I am taking. The basis of the infinitive on a vowel leaves the question of the basis of the present tense unclear.

Strictly speaking, there are also verbal lexemes that have more than two different stems - the present tense and the infinitive. For example, the verbs disappear, fade, dry in the past tense may have a base different from the base of the infinitive: disappeared, disappeared; merk, merkla; dry, dry. Often encountered are the differences between the basis of the present tense in the 1st person and other persons: mow - mow, love - love, drive - carry, twist - twist, bank - takes care.

§ 86. CLASSES OF VERBS

According to the classification of A. A. Zaliznyak, Russian verbs, with a few exceptions (remember that here we also mean the written form of the language), can be divided into 16 main classes (Table 32).

Table 32

It is important to pay attention to the fact that in all 16 classes (in the Dictionary they are called conjugation types), the principle described above is implemented - the need to complete the present tense stem with a consonant. In grades III - VI, IX and X, this is done by “discarding” the final vowel of the infinitive stem; in grades I, II, VIII, XI - XIV - by adding the consonants /, velar, nasal or v to the stem. At the same time, in the basis of the present tense, the final consonant of the infinitive stem (IV - VI classes) or non-final vowels (XI, XII, XIV classes) can also be replaced.

Verbs that have the ending -et in the 3rd person singular present-future tense belong to the I conjugation; verbs that have the ending -ig in the same form - to II conjugation. In the process of teaching the Russian language, the main attention is paid to the distinction between verbs I and II conjugations with unstressed endings: correct determination of the type of verb conjugation is necessary for teaching the spelling of verb forms. However, for those who study Russian as a second language, dividing into two types of conjugation is not enough, since the student, knowing the infinitive, does not necessarily know what the present tense form looks like. In other words, not only the rule for writing an unstressed ending is unknown, but the very nature of the transformation of the stem of the infinitive (“discarding” the final vowel or increasing the final consonant and which one; the absence or presence of alternation and which one). Therefore, familiarity with verb classes is absolutely necessary when studying Russian as a non-native language.

§ 87. BASIC STRESS PATTERNS

A. A. Zaliznyak showed that the main stress patterns in a verb are three for forms of the present tense and forms of the imperative mood formed from the stem of the present tense, and three for forms of the past tense, i.e. for forms whose stem usually coincides with the basis of the infinitive. In these schemes, the stress is not indicated exactly to the place in the word form, but is characterized as falling either on the stem or on the ending. In this case, it is assumed that the stress of the infinitive is known. If it is said that the stress falls on the stem, then this means that it falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive. If the number of syllables in the word form in question is less than in the infinitive, then the stress falls on the last syllable of the base: draw, drew, but draw, draw, draw; receive, received, but will receive, receive, although I will receive, receive.

If, according to the scheme, the stress should fall on the ending, but it is zero or does not contain a vowel, the stress falls on the last syllable of the stem: stand, stand, but stand, stand. In two-syllable stressed endings, the stress is on the first syllable: stand.

In present tense forms, the emphasis can be: 1) constantly on the basis: I believe, believe, believe, believe, believe, believe, believe; 2) constantly at the end: take, take, take, take, take, take, take, take; 3) at the ending in the forms of the 1st person singular and imperative, on the basis - in all other forms: I write, write, write, write, write, write, write, write.

The past tense forms have the same three basic patterns: 1) constant stress based on: do, did, did, did, did; 2) constant emphasis on the ending: carry, carry, carry, carry, carry; 3) the emphasis on the ending in the feminine form, in other forms - on the basis: to be, was, was, was, were. Most Russian verbs in past tense forms have a constant accent on the stem. However, practically all types of combinations of stress patterns of word forms of the present tense and stress patterns of word forms of the past tense are found: I'm afraid, I'm afraid, I'm afraid, I'm afraid, I'm afraid (in the present tense there is a constant emphasis on the ending) - I was afraid, I was afraid, I was afraid, I was afraid (in the past tense there is a constant emphasis based); coast, take care, take care, take care (in the present tense there is a constant emphasis on the ending) - take care, take care, take care, take care (in the past tense there is a constant emphasis on the ending); I will receive, you will receive, I will receive (in the present tense the emphasis is movable) - to receive, received, received, received, received (in the past tense there is a constant emphasis on the basis).

§ 88. FORMATION OF VERB FORMS

Let's assume that we know the infinitive of a verb, its class, and also what stress pattern this verb has in the present and past tense forms. Under these conditions we can form any form, including
belonging to the paradigm of this verb. (We should not forget that the number of forms is not the same in all verbal paradigms. As already noted, it usually depends on the aspectual characteristics of the verb, as well as on the possibility of having a voice opposition within the paradigm.) Knowledge of the class of the verb allows us to form the basis of the present tense from the stem of the infinitive. Knowing the stress pattern allows you to determine the location of the stress in this stem. All other verb forms are formed according to the following basic rules from one of the two indicated accented stems.

Formation of verb forms

Verb Basics

The word of the nominal part of speech in the paradigm most often has one stem: fox – lis[j] -him, fox[j] -Yu etc. (fox – lis[j] - – clean base). Some words of the Russian language of nominal parts of speech have two or more stems: Friend(units) – friend-a, friend-y etc.: friend[j] -I, friends etc. (plural); (cat) kitten(units) – kittens(plural) etc.

The verb usually has two bases, which differ materially: a) suffixes(change of suffixes, absence of a suffix, etc.); 6) alternating fundamentally. Only as exceptions can verb stems coincide.

Verbs have stems infinitive (past tense), basics present (future) time,read (read) _ ) – chita[j]-yu, dictate (dictated_ ) – dicta[j]-Yu etc. If the verb ends in -whose- (to captivate), then the suffix -whose in the infinitive, half is included in the base, since historically it goes back to sound combinations [ CT], [gt], resulting in the root morpheme alternation – captivate – captivate, captivate, captivate (h//k) etc. Some researchers distinguish the basis of such verbs by female past tense gender - oven - bake-l-a, compare: bake^_(masculine gender, past tense – zero suffix (h/ /To)).

The basis of the present (future) tense is highlighted by cutting off the personal endings of the verb: to love - to love, to dictate - to dictate[j]-y, answer – answering[j]-Yu; freeze - freeze[j]-yu, freeze - freeze; scream - scream, scream – shout-y etc.

Verb stems serve to form specific verb forms. From the basics infinitive conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the past tense are formed ( read – read-l – read – read) and subjunctive mood (read would). From the basics present time are formed:

• – personal forms of the verb (present and future tense, by adding endings: -chita[j]-yu, read[j]-eat, chuma[j]-et etc.);
• – present participles (reading, reading[j]- hey);
• – imperfective participles (read[j]-I);
• – forms of the imperative mood (read).

Formation is closely related to verb stems verb forms. The stems of the infinitive and the present tense differ in affixes or phonetic (sound) composition (read – chita[j]-Yu).

Verb classes

According to the ratio of the basics infinitive (past time) and present (future simple) times are determined verb classes – larger or smaller groups of verbs characterized by a certain ratio of basics And features of shaping: read – chita[j]-yu, write - write-u (s//sh) and etc.

In Russian there is a distinction productive And unproductive classes.

Productive classes are relatively large groups of verbs, based on the model of which new verbs are formed. Unproductive classes are groups that include a limited number of words (verbs) and new verbs according to a given model are not formed. Traditionally, there are five productive classes and a different number (depending on the points of view of researchers) of unproductive classes (from eight to 17).

Basics ratio productive classes verb:

The fifth productive class is characterized by the fact that historical alternations are observed in the first person singular: drive - drive (And//Ø – in a suffixal morpheme, d//f – in the root morpheme), ruin-t – ruin-yu (And//Ø, b//bl).

Verbs with a different stem ratio are considered unproductive: sorry - zhp-ut, you-t – in[j] -yut, rub – tr-ut, splash-ti – plait-ut, guard – guard and etc.

Non-productive classes include verbs with infinitive suffixes -ti- (carry), verbs in -ch- (oven); on -ere(t)- (lock, erase); on -olo(t)- (prick, hollow); on -va- (come on, learn). Among unproductive verbs there are a large number of highly used words: beat, live, write, li-th etc.

Verbs have -ti- the base of the infinitive is equal to the base of the present tense (they have the same base): carried ti ( carried^ _) – nes-y and so on.

Unproductive Verbs are a heterogeneous group; their inflections need to be specially remembered. The unproductive classes include about 400 verbs that have long existed in the language and are often used, while the majority of Russian verbs belong to the productive classes. Different grammars may have different designations for non-productive classes of verbs. Their classification associations based on the ratio of stems are unequal in quantitative composition: some groups include dozens of verbs, others - a limited number. In addition, about 50 verbs have individual ratio of basics, For this reason, in Russian studies there is still no consensus on the number of unproductive classes and their volume.

Let's note some unproductive classes verbs taking into account their word-formation indicators.

• 1. Verbs I conjugation with the infinitive stem on -A, based on the present tense -A lost: dozingA-t - dozing -t, soundA-th – call-out, pissA-th – pish-ut and so on. (160 verbs).
• 2. Verbs II conjugation with the infinitive stem on -A, based on the present tense -A absent: foodA-t – squeak-am, screamA-t – scream-at etc. (35 verbs).
• 3. Verbs II conjugation with the infinitive stem on -e, based on the present tense -e lost: yearse-th – let-yat, mountainse-th – gor-yat etc. (48 verbs).
• 4. Verbs I conjugation with the infinitive stem on -Well, based on the present tense - -n. In contrast to verbs of the fourth productive class, verbs of the unproductive class are based on the past tense -Well drops out: mockWell-th – mockn-ut, mok – mok-l-i; kittyWell-t – kittyn-ut, kis – kis-l-i etc. (60 verbs).
• 5. Verbs I conjugation, in which both stems (infinitive and present tense) end in -z, -s, -t, -d, -b. In the infinitive form of these verbs before the sound [ T] in the infinitive suffix as a result of dissimilation in place -t, -d, -b appears -with: pleWith-ti – pleT-ut, noWith-ti – NotWith-ut, paWith-ti – paWith-ut, paWith-th – pad-ut, skreWith-ti – skreb-ut etc.
• 6. Verbs I conjugation on -whose with the basis of the past and the basis of the present tense in the back language -k, -g: takewhose – takeG-l-i, take itG-ut; stereowhose – stereoG-l-i, stereG-ut and etc.

Other unproductive classes are not numerous in terms of the number of verbs they contain. For example:

• a vowel to which consonants are added in the present tense -v, -n, -j(9 verbs): andAnd-t – liveV-ut, ode-th – oden-ut, dat-th – du-yut/du[j]-yut;
• – verbs with full vowel -ere-, -olo- and with the basis of the present tense on -r, -l(9 verbs): zaphere-th – zapR-ut, polo-t - half;
• – verbs with an infinitive stem -s and with the present tense stem on [ -oj] (5 verbs): crs-th – kro-yut/kro[j]-[u]t, ms-t – mo-yut/mo[j]-[u]t;
• – verbs with an infinitive stem -va, which appears in the present tense (3 verbs): enoughva-t – get/get[j]-[y]m, yesva-t – yes-yut/yes[j]-[y]m, recognizedva-th – will know / recognize[j]-[u]t.

In Russian there is transition unproductive classes into productive ones. For example: enginea-t– movement-ut(non-production, obsolete); currently common form engine-yut/ move[j]-[y]t(new form, I prod. class). Verbs move And movement in modern Russian they are used with some shades of lexical meaning: forms with<ж> – dviand-ut, twoand-et – used in the meaning of “to lead” – by medrivesthe power of reason and perfection; shapes with<г> – dviGah, dviGa-yut – meaning “to move from place to place” – Movetable (furniture).

In other cases, productive and unproductive formations differ in functional and stylistic characteristics: capA-th – drip(non-prod.) – drip-ut/drip guard[j]- [at]T(I class); purrA-th – purr-at(non-prod.) – purr-yut/purr[j]- [y] T(I class). Productive forms are mainly used in colloquial speech. Verbs that have two bases present tense (old and new), are called abundant.

Each of the classes has its own formative capabilities. Verbs of certain classes are characterized by the same word formation: they have same ratio of bases, refer to one conjugation -, in case of alternations characterized by the same alternation system. Wed: rubAnd-th – ruble (And//Ø, b//bl)(V class), whether – l[j]-Yu(non-prod.).

Directly related to verb classes conjugation.

• Wed: Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. pp. 356-359 (the author identifies five productive classes (and depending on the quantitative composition of words, verbs with stem ratios -well-, -anu-/-n- belong to the fifth class, and with the ratio - And-/O – to the fourth) and 17 unproductive); Gvozdev A. N. Modern Russian literary language. Part 1: Phonetics. Morphology. M., 1967 (12 unproductive classes); Tikhonov A. N. Modern Russian language. Morphemics. Word formation. Morphology. M., 2002. P. 310-314 (five productive classes (similar to the classification of V.V. Vinogradov) and 16 unproductive). Also see: Zaliznyak A. A. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1977 (4th ed. - 2003; 5th ed. - 2008); Panova G. I. Morphology of the Russian language: en cycle, dictionary-reference book. pp. 239-244.

All verb forms are formed from two verb stems: the infinitive stem and the present tense stem.

Infinitive stem is found by discarding the formative suffix TI/TH/CHH. More often it ends in a vowel, which is why it is called vocalic. Most often coincides with the past tense form ( carry, carry).

Present tense basis is found by discarding the endings of verbs in the form of 3 l., plural. h. (they): read - read-ut; nes-ut. Most often it ends in sogl. and it is called consonantal.

Verb forms formed from

Not all forms can be formed from a verb; it depends on the transitivity and type of the verb.

U nepereh. Ch. no suffering prib.

At the owls V. Ch. no present vr.

Thus, the most favorable ratio of characteristics has verbs trans., nons. kind.

1. Determine the form of the verb, highlight its indicator.

Everything is planned, open the door, you have made the calculation, Masha is calling to get everything ready, I will see you later, the bridge is closed, we are sleeping for a long time, the population is interested in this, don’t get me wrong, sacredly preserved traditions, I am completely frozen, if only I knew in advance, don’t talk with him, the door is locked, the flag is waving, you are protected by fate, you will arrive soon, write to me when you arrive, if you write, I will calm down, if I hadn’t seen it myself, I wouldn’t have believed it.

Basis info. formed by cutting off the suf. inf., basis n. vr. – cutting off the ending from the form 3 l., pl. h.

2. Determine the infinitive stem and o.N.Vr for these verbs.

In the stems of different forms of the same verb, historical alternations of consonants can be found, which arose as a result of phonetic processes (under the influence of the st/sl language).

Give examples of verbs with these alternations in stems. Compare o.i, base 1 liter, unit. h., base 3 l. units tsp and 3 l. pl. h. In what personal forms of the verb are historical alternations found.

From the base inf. data ch. form all possible shapes. Explain the differences in the meaning and spelling of verbs.

Select the stem n from the verbs. vr. and about. inf. Determine the class of the verb. Form all possible shapes from the basics. Explain why this or that form is not formed.

To bloom, to fade, to form, to form, to take shape, to line, to jump, to sway, to recover, to please, to move, to shine, to throw.