Shine light on your shadow. If it weren’t for the Iranian security officer... How events that didn’t happen can shed light on the organizers of the “terrorist attack of the century”

Perhaps somewhere in the Universe there exists a completely different world, unlike ours. Other laws of physics work in it, other particles interact. A group of Russian scientists, together with colleagues from other countries, have come closer to discovering a mysterious particle - a dark photon. He may turn out to be an intermediary between our world and the hidden sector of the Universe. The experiment, called NA64, was carried out at one of the CERN accelerators. If the project is successful, it will be a real revolution in physics, and indeed in our ideas about the world.

Mysterious mass

The world is very unfair. Matter we understand makes up about 5% of the Universe. Everything else is something strange and dark.

In the 20–30s of the 20th century, scientists noticed that in some galaxies there was a malicious violation of the laws of celestial mechanics. For example, Swiss-American astronomer Fritz Zwicky measured the radial velocities of eight galaxies in the constellation Coma Berenices in 1933. Calculations have shown that there is tens of times less visible matter there than is needed for the gravitational force to hold the galaxies together. This means that there is something else, invisible, but influencing with its mass. This is how the term “dark matter” appeared.

The unexpected result could be attributed to measurement error or an error in the formulas. But further research convinced scientists even more: there is something mysterious, heavy, inaccessible to observation in space. And in very large quantities.

Another proof of the existence of dark matter came from the gravitational lens method. Massive objects such as galaxies and their clusters bend the rays of light coming from the stars behind them - thanks to Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. But gravity is visible cosmic bodies it is not enough for the light to bend the way observations show.

Another argument is the discovery of huge amounts of hot gas in galaxy clusters. Calculations have shown that the mass of ordinary matter is too small to hold this gas - it should have long ago flown away into the void of space. But it doesn’t fly away!

Therefore, there is some substance in the Universe that exhibits enormous mass but eludes any other observation. This matter does not emit visible light or other waves. Does not interact with ordinary substances. It cannot be seen, touched, smelled, or even put into an accelerator.

“Despite its invisibility and intangibility, dark matter played key role in the formation of the structure of the Universe. Dark matter can be compared to undervalued ordinary members of society. Although they are not visible to the makers of destinies, without an army of workers building pyramids, laying highways, assembling electronic equipment, the development of civilization is impossible. Like other invisible groups of people in our society, dark matter is fundamentally important to our world.", writes theoretical physicist Lisa Randall in the book “Dark Matter and Dinosaurs,” which was published in Russian this year by the Alpina Non-Fiction publishing house.

I would expand this metaphor a little. Imagine that you are a designer living in Moscow, a kind of fifth-generation creative intellectual. And somewhere in Siberia there is an oil well worker. You do not enter into the usual forms of interaction with him: do not go to visit, do not communicate in in social networks, do not sit until the morning with a cup of tea. But you live in the same country and experience each other indirectly. For example, thanks to extracted oil the state budget becomes massive and affects the designer. I came up with this metaphor specifically so as not to frighten anxious humanists with physics. It will continue to appear - physicists and strong-willed lyricists may miss it.

What is the world made of?

Through the Looking Glass Universe

The part of the world known to us has long been laid out on the shelves of the Standard physical model: quarks here, electrons there, electromagnetic interaction on the side, and so on. Until recently, there were ambiguities with one cell - the Higgs boson. However, they dealt with him too. But, I repeat, this is only one twentieth of the Universe. There is many times more dark matter, but nothing really is known about it.

Despite intensive searches at the Large Hadron Collider and in space and underground laboratories, we still know very little about the origin, composition and dynamics of dark matter. We only know that it moves relatively slowly, is “cold” and interacts with us gravitationally. The lack of progress on this issue has changed the understanding of dark matter. Extended versions have appeared Standard model, which suggest that dark matter is part of the so-called hidden sector. It, like the Universe, consists of a family of particles and forces, but it cannot be detected, which is why it is “hidden,” says physicist Sergei Gninenko.

Where did dark matter come from? It is not completely known. Perhaps it appeared at the moment of the Big Bang at the same time as the substance we are familiar with. Maybe something happened that physicists call a “space defect,” and one part of the world turned out to be practically unconnected with the other, although both are located in the same galaxies.

Or, for example, something else happened Big Bang, which gave birth to the hidden sector, adds Gninenko.

There are dozens of hypotheses explaining what dark matter is: unknown elementary particles, clusters special types neutrino, greetings from the fifth dimension...

One of the first theories was proposed in 1966 Soviet physicists Kobzarev, Okun and Pomeranchuk (physicists among themselves call it KOP - after the names of its creators). At that time, the West was little interested in dark matter, but now it has become almost the number one problem.

The authors were clearly inspired by Lewis Carroll with his “Alice Through the Looking Glass.” In the abstract to the famous article published in the journal Nuclear Physics, they wrote: “...the possibility of the existence, along with ordinary particles (L), of “mirror” particles (R), the introduction of which restores the equivalence of left and right, is discussed. It has been shown that “mirror” particles cannot interact with ordinary ones either strongly, semi-strongly, or electromagnetically... The question of the existence of macroscopic bodies (stars) from R-matter and the possibility of their detection is discussed.”.

In fact, we are talking about the possibility of a parallel Universe. And here I would like to return to the metaphor of the designer and the oilman. Even a very creative Muscovite will not deny the existence of the Siberian hard worker and his contribution to the country’s gross product. But he is unlikely to be ready to admit that such a distant socially there is a complex type inner world: doubts, longing, inspiration, love, dreams. The unknown often seems simpler than it really is.

Yes, there are hypotheses that dark matter consists of only one type of particle that can only provide mass, nothing more. It is enough to add one cell to the Standard Model, and the problem will be solved. But there are other theories according to which the dark world can be very complex.

Much later, in 2007, Lev Okun wrote in the magazine “Uspekhi physical sciences»: “The hidden mirror sector must have its own strengths, weaknesses and electromagnetic interactions. And this meant that invisible mirror particles, like ordinary ones, should form mirror atoms, molecules, invisible stars, planets and even mirror life. Moreover, this invisible mirror world can coexist with our world in the same space. I remember how Igor Kobzarev and I walked through the forest near Moscow on a day off (from Firsanovka station on the Leningrad direction to Nakhabino station on the Riga direction). And suddenly I very clearly “saw” an invisible and inaudible train running across the clearing on invisible rails.”.

According to the latest calculations, in solar system more than three hundred quadrillion tons of dark matter. Relative to the masses of the planets, this is negligible. But what if it's something complex and organized - spaceship, research probe, Living being? Then you can fantasize about dark men who sit under lamps with dark light and try in vain to derive a formula explaining the existence of the Earth and the Sun, which obviously contradict the laws of dark physics...

And what? There is many times more dark matter than visible matter. We do not yet know which physics is more favorable for the emergence of life and intelligence - ours or the one in the hidden sector. We will assume that the chances are equal, which means that the probability of the existence of “ dark mind"five times more than "ordinary" aliens.

Hope for an accidental collision

You can build theories and study processes in deep space. But the main proof in physics is still a controlled experiment. And there is a possibility that dark matter can be caught under terrestrial conditions.

Again a metaphor. A Moscow designer, of course, can read an article about oil production in a business magazine. But let’s say he came on a business trip to Surgut. There is a non-zero chance that a designer will run into an oil worker on the street, they will get acquainted, go drink coffee and talk about the meaning of life. Agree, this way you can get much more information about each other. And if this happens, a Muscovite will probably write a note about it on Facebook or post a photo on Instagram. And then his creative friends will learn a lot of new things about Siberian workers.

Let's return to physics.

One of the candidates for the role of dark matter element is the so-called WIMP (from WIMP, Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). These hypothetical particles can have a mass tens of times greater than that of a proton. It is assumed that they fly in the vicinity of the Earth. It's hard to catch them: dark matter interacts with ours very reluctantly. The calculation is that if such a large particle hits the core of ordinary matter, it will be noticeable.

There are several detectors around the world that are trying to detect dark matter particles. For example, the PICASSO installation in Canada. The sensitive substance - fluorocarbon (C 4 F 10) - is in a state of superheated liquid (when the temperature has exceeded the boiling point). The slightest external influence, and the droplet will turn into steam. It is expected that if a particle of dark matter hits a fluorine atom, then the liquid around it will begin to turn into gas - a microscopic explosion will occur, the sound of which can be caught by a special sensor.

I once had a chance to visit a laboratory Novosibirsk Institute nuclear physics named after. G.I. Budker, where they are also developing an installation for capturing dark matter. The main part of the device resembles a hefty metal barrel into which liquefied liquid is pumped inert gas: xenon and argon. If a dark matter particle hits the core of a gas molecule, it can be detected.

It is important to very accurately calibrate the installation and isolate it from other particles - otherwise it will be impossible to understand whether it is dark matter or something else. They plan to place the detector in the Italian Gran Sasso National Laboratory, located inside Mount L'Aquila. From outside world The laboratory is separated by almost one and a half kilometers rocks, which almost completely eliminates the ingress of foreign particles.

"The Invisible Decay of an Invisible Particle"

The installations that I talked about in the previous chapter are designed to search primarily for WIMPs - massive particles that are not inclined to enter into any interaction other than gravitational ones.

But there is a hypothesis that dark matter is not so simple and its relationships with our world are much more diverse. Let’s say that the metaphorical designer and the worker have already met and become acquainted. But imagine that the designer is a beautiful girl, and the oil worker is a brutal man, and a feeling arose between them. Love, relationships, marriage, children, grandchildren... The two worlds can mix.

Theorists had reason to believe that dark matter reveals its presence not only through gravitational force. In particular, the hypothesis about a light dark particle, sometimes arising in electromagnetic processes, was put forward in the early 80s by Lev Okun. IN Lately in connection with the “closing” of the Standard Model, interest in such exotic particles has increased significantly, explains Renat Dusaev, a scientist from Tomsk. He is one of the participants in an experiment to search for a particle called a dark photon.

This term was proposed in 2008 by American astrophysicists Lottie Ackerman, Matthew Buckley, Sean Carroll and Mark Kamionkowski. “Let’s imagine that there is absolutely the new kind photons, which is connected to dark rather than ordinary matter. So there may be dark electric fields, dark magnetic fields, dark radiation and so on,” they wrote.

“I like the name of this particle. There is a beautiful paradox in this. A photon is a quantum of light. And here it is dark. It turns out to be an oxymoron, like “hot cold” or “living corpse”. So far, few people have heard about dark photons - this publication is almost the first in the Russian press. But I’m sure that with such a name the particle will quickly become popular.”

Just in case, let me remind you what an ordinary photon is. This - elementary particle, quantum of light or some other electromagnetic radiation. It was he who called at school the cognitive dissonance: “How is it possible - both a particle and a wave at the same time?!” Getting a photon is very easy: just turn on the light bulb and the room will be filled with photons. Or call by phone. And the radio signal, and the light, and X-rays, and many other things are transferred with the help of this particle. It has no mass, no charge, but it has energy, thanks to which most of the processes around it occur.

By analogy with our electromagnetism, for which a massless photon is a carrier of forces between charged particles, dark electromagnetism can also exist, carried by a massive hidden, or dark, photon. In my opinion, “hidden photon” sounds better than “dark”: there is less confusion,” explains Sergei Gninenko.

Unlike an ordinary photon, a dark photon can have mass. It is impossible to say which one exactly. It is also assumed that it can decay into other particles. And most importantly, there is a possibility that a dark photon is capable of interacting with particles of ordinary matter. A sensation is brewing. It could happen as part of an experiment with the not-so-romantic name NA64.

Who is involved in the NA64 experiment

This project was developed by scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) and the Institute of High Energy Physics (Protvino). It was approved in March 2016 European organization for nuclear research - CERN (yes, the same one that built the Large Hadron Collider). It's pretty rare case when CERN includes in its research program experiment proposed by Russian scientists; This has only happened a few times throughout history. The SPS accelerator was provided for the dark photon search.

If the mass of the dark photon is small - from one to a thousand electron volts or even less, then oscillations can occur between our photon and the dark one, similar to neutrino oscillations. With a mass, say, greater than 1 MeV, it can decay into ordinary particles, such as electron-positron pairs. Such decays can be registered. There is, of course, a possibility that a dark photon prefers to decay into “its” particles from the hidden sector, which are precisely the basis of dark matter. And here a non-trivial task arises - to experimentally detect the invisible decay of an invisible particle. It sounds crazy, but it’s true,” admits Gninenko.

Astrophysicists are good at asking riddles and marking boundaries, but they will most likely have to understand the intricacies at accelerators. The idea of NA64, with all its elegant simplicity, is not new, however, as with the discovery made by LIGO interferometers, it is only recently that technology has allowed such precise experiments. CERN is, of course, one of the best places. We believe that a dark photon is a short-lived massive particle that can decay into other hypothetical particles. And it is possible that these secondary particles manifest themselves in interaction with ordinary matter. Detection of such events is also included in our research program,” says Renat Dusaev.

The experiment is based on the law of conservation of energy:

If hidden photons exist, they could be created in an electron scattering reaction high energy in an active target of total absorption. And this would happen thanks to quantum effect mixing with an ordinary photon of bremsstrahlung emitted by electrons in the field of the nucleus. Since dark photons interact very weakly with ordinary matter, they would penetrate the target and carry away a significant portion of the beam energy from the detector. An indication of the existence of dark photons would be the detection of events with large, more than 50%, missing energy. Such events are extremely rare. Their share is less than 1:100,000,000,000 per standard interaction of an electron in a target, explains Sergei Gninenko.

Roughly speaking, if part of the energy disappears from a closed system, it means that it was stolen by a dark photon.

It is called beam-dump- sealed experiment. The initial beam of particles is thrown into the installation, where all the energy recorded by the detector is absorbed. The formation of dark particles leaves a rather specific trace, from which we can determine that we are faced with physics beyond the Standard Model,” concludes Renat Dusaev.

The NA64 experiment takes place in several stages. The first completed this spring.

In fact, we have just begun the search for a dark photon and other candidates for the role of elements of dark matter,” explains Sergei Gninenko.

The results obtained made it possible to exclude particle masses at which a dark photon should not be sought. The search area has narrowed by about 25%. It's not bad.

The next stage of the experiment will begin in September. Russian scientists plan to work at CERN for five weeks - more is not possible yet: the accelerator is loaded with other projects. However, negotiations are now underway, and if they are successful, the search for dark matter will be non-stop - year-round.

This is not the only experiment of this kind - several similar ones are being conducted around the world. For example, there is international project BaBar, which involves about four hundred physicists from different countries, including Russia. Experiments to search for dark photons are carried out at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (USA).

But we have an excellent chance to be the first to find a dark photon,” Renat Dusaev is sure.

"Dark Internet, dark cities, dark energy sources..."

The search for dark photons is somewhat reminiscent of the neutrino story. There have been talks about a certain missing particle since the beginning of the 20th century. The term "neutrino" appeared in the 1930s (translated from Italian as "neutron"). But it was possible to experimentally detect the particle only in the middle of the century.

This was, of course, a big event. But it doesn't compare to the potential detection of dark photons. Firstly, neutrinos do not go beyond the Standard Model and belong to the same 5% of observable matter. Secondly, they are extremely reluctant to interact - all they do is fly: billions of neutrinos pass through us every second. By definition, nothing serious can come out of these carelessly autistic particles.

Or maybe it’s a dark photon that serves as a carrier of some kind of interaction... This is a path to a completely different world, complex and fascinating.

The discovery of a new interaction between our matter and dark matter will be a revolution in physics. Similar to the discovery of radio waves. It will be possible to contact hidden universe. Add here the dark Internet, dark cities, dark energy sources,” sums up Sergei Gninenko.

Isaac Pomeranchuk(1913–1966) - theoretical physicist. Participated in the creation of Soviet nuclear reactors. Made many discoveries in the field of elementary particle physics. Twice laureate Stalin Prize. A hypothetical particle, pomeron, is named in his honor.

Parallel universe nearby

Alesya Kondrashova

Lisa Randall: "Yes, dark life is quite real, but I wouldn’t bet that it definitely exists.”

Although dark matter has been talked about for more than half a century, there is not much literature in Russian devoted to this mysterious substance. Therefore, we recommend reading Lisa Randall’s book “Dark Matter and Dinosaurs,” translated by Alpina Non-Fiction Publishing House. It is a little provocative: in fact, the author declares dark matter key factor development of space - from the formation of galaxies to the extinction of dinosaurs. “If there were no dark matter in the early Universe, there would be no one now to even speculate about what was happening, let alone create a coherent picture of the evolution of the Universe. Without dark matter, there would be no time for the structure we observe to form. Clumps of dark matter became embryos Milky Way, as well as other galaxies and galaxy clusters. If galaxies had not formed, there would be no stars, no solar system, no life as we know it."- she assures. The KSH journalist asked Lisa Randall several questions.

-In your opinion, what is dark matter and where can it be found?

In general, we understand very well what dark matter is. And it occurs primarily in star clusters- where the galaxies are. Concentrated near the center of these space objects. In addition, if our latest calculations are correct, dark matter can manifest itself on small scales. For example, in the form of disks like those that we have already discovered in the Milky Way.

- Are there theories of dark matter that, perhaps, are not entirely scientific, but you personally like?

I myself have quite a few candidates for the role of dark matter. But all my theories are scientific and can be tested experimentally. People often send me letters in which they present very original hypotheses. Unfortunately, so far they are all inconclusive. There's a reason we stick scientific approach: It will most likely work.

- In the book you write about three possible ways birth of the Universe. First: it has always been there. Second: she was born as a result of the Big Bang. Third: There are many universes, and ours is only one of them. You also say that perhaps there are universes near us, but in other dimensions. Maybe dark matter comes from there?

Dark matter may indeed exist in another dimension. However, exotic ideas should only be explored after all classical theories. There are many conditions under which dark matter can exist without the involvement of parallel universes - we will start with them.

- But still, is it possible that there are other worlds somewhere nearby? Other life forms, maybe other people or creatures? Could our homes and cities stand next to dark matter cities?

Yes, this is possible. But these others, unfortunately, interact with us too weakly, only through gravity, so we cannot detect them. Different worlds can exist at the same time and not notice each other. Yes, dark life is very real, but I wouldn't bet that it definitely exists.

- Will it be possible to detect dark matter under terrestrial conditions?

Depends on what it turns out to be. How tightly will it interact with us, at least with the help of devices; will we be able to detect it? Who knows...

- When people looked at the stars or invented the first optical instruments, then you didn’t think about spaceships and GPS. Can you imagine a little and imagine what life will be like when we study dark matter and begin to use it in everyday practice?

It's too complicated. So far we have only a faint hope of discovering it - daily use in everyday life is still so far away!

Illustrations: Georgy Muryshkin; photo: Wikipedia / commons, CERN, NASA/ESA/HUBBLE.

SHED LIGHT for what. TO SHED LIGHT for what. Book Express To make something clear, to explain something. Anya was only interested in the material for her scientific work, which pursued the goal of shedding light on the ancient religious rites of the “earth people”, or Chumylkup(V. Matov. Tambourine).

- calm down. Wed. “Hey, Proshka, vodka!” - This exclamation shed a soothing balm on my heart. Saltykov. Provincial essays. 2. Deceived Second Lieutenant...
Michelson Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (orig. orf.)
- 1. who Sacrifice their life, health. This implies an armed confrontation with a strong enemy...
Phrasebook Russian language
- SHED BLOOD for whom, for what. SHED BLOOD for whom, for what. High 1. To die defending someone or something. I will be happy to shed blood for our Moscow. 2...
- SPILL SWEAT. SHED SWEAT. Razg. Express Work hard, work hard. I myself know that I do a little by rewriting; Yes, I’m still proud of it: I work, I shed sweat. People collected stones from the fields...
Russian phraseological dictionary literary language
- Razg. Express Work hard, intensely. Having shed seven sweats, they jumped the front line on a wobbly plane and plopped down on the ground, often breaking the landing gear or wing...
Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language
- B/C ch. see _Appendix II spilled and spilled 235 persons see. _Appendix II spilled spilled and spilled spilled and spilled spilled 242 cm. _Appendix II spilled and spilled A/C spill...
Dictionary of Russian accents
- see spill...
Dictionary Dahl
- See TRUTH -...
IN AND. Dahl. Proverbs of the Russian people
- See: Pour out a bucket of tears...
- Psk. Be very upset, shed a lot of tears. POS 3, 59, 61...
Big dictionary Russian sayings
- Razg. 1. for whom, for what. Die defending someone or something. 2. Fight, be at war. BMS 1998, 317; WWTP, 153; Versh. 4, 365...
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- for what. Razg. Make clear, intelligible, explain, reveal the essence of something. FSRY, 363; ZS 1996, 521...
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- Simple. Get tired, tired, overexerted in the process hard work. SPP 2001, 62; F 2, 99, 179...
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- Zharg. corner. Caught in the act of a crime. Trachtenberg, 55; SRVS 1, 147; SRVS 2, 73, 81, 128, 204, 211; SRVS 3, 115; 121, TSUZH, 147, 164...
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- Zharg. drug addict, arrest Get caught while injecting drugs. TSUZH, 147...
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- Volg. Quarrel with someone Glukhov 1988, 135...
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"Shine Light" in Books

author

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From the book Queen author Smith Sally Bedell

Chapter Nine Shedding light on the mystery In the 1960s, the Queen became freer, and she already devoted more time to the younger couple of children than to the older ones. “What a joy it turns out to be when a baby appears in the house again!” (1) - she exclaimed after Edward was born in 1964. Mary

Chapter Nine Shedding Light on the Sacrament

From the book Queen author Smith Sally Bedell

Chapter Nine Shedding Light on the Sacrament 1 “What a joy it turns out to be...” - Bradford. P. 325.2 ... “always in a hurry to bathe the children.” - Interview with Mary Wilson.3 Dissatisfied with being treated too harshly... - Dimbleby. P. 39.4 Elizabeth II was not timid in front of her... - Ibid. C. 40.5 ...“work,

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Part three. OLD WORLD - NEW WORLD. WHO WILL WIN?

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From the book 100 of the most effective rituals for fulfilling desires from the most famous psychics author Lobkov Denis

Agvan Tadevosyan: “Mattah - shed blood” Agvan Gaikovich Tadevosyan is a hereditary clairvoyant, psychic, parapsychologist, numerologist, tarot reader, member of the International Association of Parapsychology and Healing, who has chosen the bright path of helping loved ones, using his gift and all

Chapter 2 “Shedding the blood of some and saving almost, probably, everything”

From the book Military Petersburg in the era of Nicholas I author Malyshev Stanislav Anatolievich

Chapter 2 “To shed the blood of some and save almost, probably, everything” In the early morning of December 14, 1825, the regimental commanders and the entire capital’s generals personally swore allegiance to the new emperor Winter Palace and went to the guards units entrusted to them to swear in the soldiers and

"It's better to shed blood..."

From the book Russia and Japan: Knots of Contradictions author Koshkin Anatoly Arkadevich

“It’s better to shed blood...” On April 16, 1941, the Japanese ambassador in Berlin, H. Oshima, sent an encrypted message to Tokyo saying: “This year Germany will start a war against the USSR” (260). Similar information was received from Japanese ambassadors and military attachés in other European countries.

What parts of the world are not taken into account when dividing the earth's land into the Old World and the New World?

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1 [Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and Medicine] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

What parts of the world are not taken into account when dividing the earth's land into the Old World and the New World? The Old World is the common name for three parts of the world known to ancient people: Europe, Asia and Africa. This name arose after the discovery of America, which was called the New World.

What parts of the world are not taken into account when dividing the earth's land into the Old World and the New World?

From the book 3333 tricky questions and answers author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

CHAPTER SIX KATHMANDU: AN INTERLUDE In which a look back at some of the Tantric-style excesses that once occurred in Asia's premier hippie stronghold helps shed light on the strange mushroom episode at La Chorrera

From the book True Hallucinations author McKenna Terence

Shed light on the problem

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Shed light on the problem Have you ever struggled to remember a word while solving a crossword puzzle? And then suddenly - insight, and here is the ready answer. This moment of sudden understanding is called the aha effect or the “eureka effect” and is attributed to the great Greek mathematician

If it weren’t for the Iranian security officer... How events that didn’t happen can shed light on the organizers of the “terrorist attack of the century”

From the book Islam and Politics [Collection of articles] author Ignatenko Alexander

If not Iranian officer security... How events that did not happen can shed light on the organizers of the “terrorist attack of the century” The terrorist attacks in New York and Washington (September 11, 2001) are perceived by the shocked world community as ideal in terms of organization and

Why, when capturing the Kerynean doe, was Hercules afraid to shed even a drop of her blood?

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 2 [Mythology. Religion] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

Why, when capturing the Kerynean doe, was Hercules afraid to shed even a drop of her blood? The Cerynean hind, a large, fleet-footed spotted hind with golden horns and copper hooves, was the sacred animal of Artemis. As a child, the goddess saw five fallow deer larger than bulls,

35 Then Jesus said to them: For a little while yet the light is with you; walk while there is light, lest darkness overtake you: but he who walks in darkness does not know where he is going. 36. As long as the light is with you, believe in the light, that you may be sons of light. Having said this, Jesus walked away and hid from them.

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35 Then Jesus said to them: For a little while yet the light is with you; Walk while there is light, lest darkness overtake you; but he who walks in darkness does not know where is he going. 36. As long as the light is with you, believe in the light, that you may be sons of light. Having said this, Jesus walked away and hid from them. The Lord meets again

Mysterious mass

The world is very unfair. Matter we understand makes up about 5% of the Universe. Everything else is something strange and dark.

Another proof of the existence of dark matter came from the gravitational lens method. Massive objects such as galaxies and their clusters bend the rays of light coming from the stars behind them - thanks to Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. But the gravity of visible cosmic bodies is not enough to bend light the way observations show.

“Despite its invisibility and intangibility, dark matter played a key role in shaping the structure of the Universe. Dark matter can be compared to undervalued ordinary members of society. Although they are not visible to the makers of destinies, without an army of workers building pyramids, laying highways, assembling electronic equipment, the development of civilization is impossible. Like other invisible groups of people in our society, dark matter is fundamentally important to our world.", writes the theoretical physicist Lisa Randall in the book “Dark Matter and Dinosaurs,” which was published in Russian this year by the Alpina Non-Fiction publishing house.

I would expand this metaphor a little. Imagine that you are a designer living in Moscow, a kind of fifth-generation creative intellectual. And somewhere in Siberia there is an oil well worker. You do not enter into the usual forms of interaction with him: do not go to visit, do not communicate on social networks, do not sit until the morning with a cup of tea. But you live in the same country and experience each other indirectly. For example, thanks to extracted oil, the state budget becomes massive and impacts the designer. I came up with this metaphor specifically so as not to frighten anxious humanists with physics. It will continue to appear - physicists and strong-willed lyricists may miss it.

Through the Looking Glass Universe

The part of the world known to us has long been laid out along the shelves of the Standard Physical Model: quarks here, electrons there, electromagnetic interaction on the side, and so on. Until recently, there were ambiguities with one cell - the Higgs boson. However, they dealt with him too. But, I repeat, this is only one twentieth of the Universe. There is many times more dark matter, but nothing really is known about it.

Sergei Gninenko- presenter Researcher Institute of Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of the hundred most cited in the world Russian physicists. One of the leaders of the experiment to search for dark photons conducted at CERN.

Despite intensive searches at the Large Hadron Collider and in space and underground laboratories, we still know very little about the origin, composition and dynamics of dark matter. We only know that it moves relatively slowly, is “cold” and interacts with us gravitationally. The lack of progress on this issue has changed the understanding of dark matter. Extended versions of the Standard Model have emerged that suggest that dark matter is part of the so-called hidden sector. It, like the Universe, consists of a family of particles and forces, but it cannot be detected, which is why it is “hidden,” says the physicist Sergei Gninenko.

Or, for example, there was another Big Bang that gave birth to a hidden sector,” Gninenko adds.

There are dozens of hypotheses explaining what dark matter is: unknown elementary particles, clusters of special types of neutrinos, greetings from the fifth dimension...

Igor Kobzarev(1932–1991) - theoretical physicist, specialist in elementary particles and the theory of gravity.

Lev Okun(1929–2015) - theoretical physicist. It was he who in 1962 proposed to call elementary particles subject to strong interaction(protons, neutrons, etc.). This word is used all over the world, and thanks to the Large Hadron Collider, even those who are far from physics know it.

One of the first theories was proposed in 1966 by Soviet physicists Kobzarev, Okun and Pomeranchuk (physicists among themselves call it KOP - after the names of its creators). At that time, the West was little interested in dark matter, but now it has become almost the number one problem.

In fact, we are talking about the possibility of a parallel Universe. And here I would like to return to the metaphor of the designer and the oilman. Even a very creative Muscovite will not deny the existence of the Siberian hard worker and his contribution to the country’s gross product. But he is unlikely to be ready to admit that such a socially distant type has a complex inner world: doubts, melancholy, inspiration, love, dreams. The unknown often seems simpler than it really is.

Much later, in 2007, Lev Okun wrote in the journal Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk: “The hidden mirror sector must have its own strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. And this meant that invisible mirror particles, like ordinary ones, should form mirror atoms, molecules, invisible stars, planets and even mirror life. Moreover, this invisible mirror world can coexist with our world in the same space. I remember how Igor Kobzarev and I walked through the forest near Moscow on a day off (from Firsanovka station on the Leningrad direction to Nakhabino station on the Riga direction). And suddenly I very clearly “saw” an invisible and inaudible train running across the clearing on invisible rails.”.

Isaac Pomeranchuk(1913–1966) - theoretical physicist. Participated in the creation of Soviet nuclear reactors. Made many discoveries in the field of elementary particle physics. Twice winner of the Stalin Prize. A hypothetical particle, pomeron, is named in his honor.

According to the latest calculations, there are more than three hundred quadrillion tons of dark matter in the Solar System. Relative to the masses of the planets, this is negligible. But what if it is something complex and organized - a spaceship, a research probe, a living creature? Then you can fantasize about dark men who sit under lamps with dark light and try in vain to derive a formula explaining the existence of the Earth and the Sun, which obviously contradict the laws of dark physics...

And what? There is many times more dark matter than visible matter. We do not yet know which physics is more favorable for the emergence of life and intelligence - ours or the one in the hidden sector. Let’s assume that the chances are equal, which means that the probability of the existence of “dark intelligence” is five times greater than that of “ordinary” aliens.

Hope for an accidental collision

You can build theories and study processes in deep space for a long time. But the main proof in physics is still a controlled experiment. And there is a possibility that dark matter can be caught under terrestrial conditions.

Let's return to physics.

One of the candidates for the role of an element of dark matter is the so-called WIMP (from WIMP, Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). These hypothetical particles could have a mass tens of times greater than that of a proton. It is assumed that they fly in the vicinity of the Earth. It is difficult to catch them: dark matter interacts with ours very reluctantly. The calculation is that if such a large particle hits the core of ordinary matter, it will be noticeable.

I once had the opportunity to visit the laboratory of the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics. G.I. Budker, where they are also developing an installation for capturing dark matter. The main part of the device resembles a hefty metal barrel into which liquefied inert gas is pumped: xenon and argon. If a dark matter particle hits the core of a gas molecule, it can be detected.

It is important to very accurately calibrate the installation and isolate it from other particles - otherwise it will be impossible to understand whether it is dark matter or something else. They plan to place the detector in the Italian Gran Sasso National Laboratory, located inside Mount L'Aquila. The laboratory is separated from the outside world by almost one and a half kilometers of rocks, which almost completely excludes the entry of foreign particles.

"The Invisible Decay of an Invisible Particle"

Theorists had reason to believe that dark matter reveals its presence through more than just gravitational force. In particular, the hypothesis about a light dark particle, sometimes arising in electromagnetic processes, was put forward in the early 80s by Lev Okun. Recently, due to the “closing” of the Standard Model, interest in such exotic particles has increased significantly, explains Renat Dusaev, a scientist from Tomsk. He is one of the participants in an experiment to search for a particle called a dark photon.

This term was proposed in 2008 by American astrophysicists Lottie Ackerman, Matthew Buckley, Sean Carroll and Mark Kamionkowski. “Let's imagine that there is a completely new type of photon that is connected to dark matter, rather than ordinary matter. Thus, there may be dark electric fields, dark magnetic fields, dark radiation, and so on,” they wrote.

Just in case, let me remind you what an ordinary photon is. This is an elementary particle, a quantum of light or some other electromagnetic radiation. It was he who caused cognitive dissonance at school: “How is it possible - both a particle and a wave at the same time?!” Getting a photon is very easy: just turn on the light bulb and the room will be filled with photons. Or call by phone. And a radio signal, and light, and X-rays, and much more are transferred with the help of this particle. It has no mass, no charge, but it has energy, thanks to which most of the processes around it occur.

This project was developed by scientists from the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) and the Institute of High Energy Physics (Protvino). In March 2016, it was approved by the European Organization for Nuclear Research - CERN (yes, the same one that built the Large Hadron Collider). This is a rather rare case when CERN includes in its research program an experiment proposed by Russian scientists; This has only happened a few times throughout history. The SPS accelerator was provided for the dark photon search.

If the mass of the dark photon is small - from one to a thousand electron-volt or even less, then oscillations may arise between our photon and the dark one, similar to neutrino oscillations. With a mass, say, greater than 1 MeV, it can decay into ordinary particles, such as electron-positron pairs. Such decays can be registered. There is, of course, a possibility that a dark photon prefers to decay into “its” particles from the hidden sector, which are precisely the basis of dark matter. And here a non-trivial task arises - to experimentally detect the invisible decay of an invisible particle. It sounds crazy, but it’s true,” admits Gninenko.

Electronvolt (eV). Nuclear physicists prefer to measure the mass of particles through energy - thanks again to Einstein for E = mc 2. Thus, the mass of an electron is approximately 0.5 MeV (a million electron volts), a proton is 0.9 GeV (that is, almost a billion eV), and a neutrino is less than 0.28 eV.

Astrophysicists are good at asking riddles and marking boundaries, but they will most likely have to understand the intricacies at accelerators. The idea of NA64, with all its elegant simplicity, is not new, however, as with the discovery made by LIGO interferometers, it is only recently that technology has allowed such precise experiments. CERN is, of course, one of the best places for this. We believe that a dark photon is a short-lived massive particle that can decay into other hypothetical particles. And it is possible that these secondary particles manifest themselves in interaction with ordinary matter. Detection of such events is also included in our research program,” says Renat Dusaev.

The experiment is based on the law of conservation of energy:

If hidden photons exist, they could be created in a scattering reaction of high-energy electrons in an active total absorption target. And this would happen due to the quantum effect of mixing with an ordinary photon the bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by electrons in the field of the nucleus. Since dark photons interact very weakly with ordinary matter, they would penetrate the target and carry away a significant portion of the beam energy from the detector. An indication of the existence of dark photons would be the detection of events with large, more than 50%, missing energy. Such events are extremely rare. Their share is less than 1:100,000,000,000 per standard interaction of an electron in a target, explains Sergei Gninenko.

Roughly speaking, if part of the energy disappears from a closed system, it means that it was stolen by a dark photon.

This is called beam-dump - a sealed experiment. The initial beam of particles is thrown into the installation, where all the energy recorded by the detector is absorbed. The formation of dark particles leaves a rather specific trace, from which we can determine that we are faced with physics beyond the Standard Model,” concludes Renat Dusaev.

The NA64 experiment takes place in several stages. The first completed this spring.

In fact, we have just begun the search for a dark photon and other candidates for the role of elements of dark matter,” explains Sergei Gninenko.

The results obtained made it possible to exclude particle masses at which a dark photon should not be sought. The search area has narrowed by about 25%. It's not bad.

This is not the only experiment of this kind - several similar ones are being conducted around the world. For example, there is an international project BaBar, in which about four hundred physicists from different countries, including Russia, participate. Experiments to search for dark photons are carried out at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (USA).

But we have an excellent chance to be the first to find a dark photon,” Renat Dusaev is sure.

"Dark Internet, dark cities, dark energy sources..."

Or maybe it’s a dark photon that serves as a carrier of some kind of interaction... This is a path to a completely different world, complex and fascinating.

The discovery of a new interaction between our matter and dark matter will be a revolution in physics. Similar to the discovery of radio waves. It will be possible to communicate with the hidden Universe. Add here the dark Internet, dark cities, dark energy sources,” sums up Sergei Gninenko.

on "Schrodinger's Cat"

for what. TO SHED LIGHT for what. Book Express To make something clear, to explain something. Anya was only interested in the material for her scientific work, which had the goal of shedding light on the ancient religious rituals of the “earth people,” or Chumylkup.(V. Matov. Tambourine).

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. - M.: Astrel, AST. A. I. Fedorov. 2008.

See what “Shed light” is in other dictionaries:

to shed light- to explain, to explain, to clarify, to throw light, to explain, to explain, to clarify, to clarify Dictionary of Russian synonyms ... Synonym dictionary

to shed light- Shed (throw) light on something. Reveal something, make it clear, understandable... Dictionary of many expressions

Shed/shed light- for what. Razg. To make clear, understandable, to explain, to reveal the essence of something. FSRY, 363; ZS 1996, 521 ...

shed- light action...

LIGHT- White light. 1. People's poet. The surrounding world, the earth with everything that exists on it. FSRY, 411; BTS, 71; BMS 1998, 517; Versh. 6, 180; FM 2002, 414; Mokienko 1986, 222. 2. Pribike. About a big, huge space. SNFP, 109. 3. to. Pribike. ABOUT… … Large dictionary of Russian sayings

light- the light flashed action, the subject flashed the light action, subject, little throw the light action see the light perception the light is seen action, the subject turn on the light action, causation turn on the light action, causation the light shone ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

light- I a (y), sentence; in the light/those, in the light/; m. see also. luminous 1) Radiant energy ( electromagnetic vibrations in a certain wavelength range), perceived by the eye and making visible the world. sunlight. Daylight. Moon light … Dictionary of many expressions

Light- This term has other meanings, see Light (meanings). Visible light part of the whole world electromagnetic radiation, emitted by a heated or excited ... Wikipedia

shed- To shed (shed) blood 1) (one’s own) for someone or something (rhetor.) to die, to suffer, defending someone or something. We shed our blood for you! 2) whose (rhetor.) kill someone n. He shed a lot of blood and killed people. Shed (shed) light... ... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language

SHED- SPILL, I’ll spill, you’ll spill, led. spill, past vr. spilled, spilled, spilled, completely. (to spill). 1. what. Spill, splash. Spill vinegar on the tablecloth. 2. without additional Pass (about rain). It poured rain. ❖ Shed (shed) blood see blood.… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

Comic book set "Elektra, Daredevil, Finn, Jake and Starlight", . Book 1 Starlight Author: Mark Millar Translator: Evgeniy Spitsyn Illustrator: Goran Parlov " Star Light. The Return of Duke McQueen" is a tribute to the classic American... Buy for 874 RUR
Light on the other side of life. Understanding the Wisdom of the Planes of Light, Cindy Dale. What is that invisible “world” that we call death? Is it true that death is the end of life, as we are accustomed to understanding it? Or maybe death opens the gates to new ones...

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SHED LIGHT for what. TO SHED LIGHT for what. Book Express To make something clear, to explain something. Anya was only interested in the material for her scientific work, which had the goal of shedding light on the ancient religious rituals of the “earth people,” or Chumylkup.(V. Matov. Tambourine). Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. - M.: Astrel, AST A. I. Fedorov 2008

Meanings in other dictionaries

Shed blood

SHED BLOOD for whom, for what. SHED BLOOD for whom, for what. High 1. To die defending someone or something. I will be happy to shed blood for our Moscow (V. Azhaev. Far from Moscow). 2. whom, whose. Kill someone. Many robbers shed the blood of honest Christians (Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus'). Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language. - M.: Astrel, AST A. I. Fedorov...

Shed some sweat

SHED SWEAT. SHED SWEAT. Razg. Express Work hard, work hard. I myself know that I do a little by rewriting; Yes, after all, I’m proud of it: I work, I shed sweat (Dostoevsky. Poor people). People collected stones from the fields. They fought against the thousand-year-old glacial disaster... How much work! How much sweat has been shed!.. And everything is already on the other side, everything is dust (Al. Ivanov. A day with the general). Fraseo...

Shed seven sweats

Razg. Express Work hard, intensely. Having shed seven sweats, they jumped over the front line on a wobbly plane and plopped down on the ground, often breaking the landing gear or wing (V. Rakov. Wings over the sea). The last lazy person, if he sees Alexei Petrovich at work, will hurry home, find his rusty ax, somehow sharpen it quickly and shed seven sweats, chop a mountain of firewood, trying to get...