“Crafted in accordance with I APPROVED: state requirements for minimum content and level of training Rector A.R. Darbinyan in you...”
RAU curriculum standard
Title page
RUSSIAN KO-AR MYAN NS KY (SLA VY NS KY)
STATE UNIVERSITY
(The title page format must comply with the requirements given in the appendix) (1)
COMPLETED IN ACCORDANCE WITH TV AND I APPROVED:
state requirements for minimum content and level of training Rector A.R. Darbinyan graduates in the indicated directions and REGULATIONS OF THE RAU SERIES OF DEVELOPMENT “___”_____________ 200_
APPROVAL OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.”
F aculty: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Faculty name D epartment: ___________________________________________ (1) Name of the department Autho r(s): _Ph.D., Turyan Karen Vladimirovich ____________________________
Academic title, academic degree, full name
TRAINING PROGRAM
Discipline: Corporate finance Code and name of the discipline according to the curriculumFor master's programs (1):
MASTER PROGRAM: _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Program code for OKSO State Shock M u n i c a l M a n g e m e n t Name of the master's program Direction: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Name of the direction according to OKSO YEREVAN Unnecessary remove from the title page after filling out Abstract The course covers the main range of issues of financial analysis.
It outlines the essence, purpose and functions of corporate finance, examines aspects of making financial and investment decisions, project financing, planning and budgeting for capital investments, assessing financial performance, and the capital structure of companies.
The purpose and objectives of the discipline The purpose of this course is to outline the main content of the discipline “Corporate Finance”; consider the system of basic methods for managing various aspects of financial activity; promote students’ assimilation of a new paradigm of financial management; formulate the logic for making management decisions in the field of financial activities; familiarize yourself with modern financial instruments.
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Topic 1.1 Conducted value and opportunity costs Introduction to the theory of present value.
Rationale for the net present value rule. Valuation of long-term assets. Introduction to perpetual annuities and annuities. Compound interest and present value.
Topic 1.2.
Present value of bonds and shares Estimation of the value of bonds. Valuation of common shares. Calculation of capitalization rate. The relationship between stock price and earnings per share. Valuation of a business using the discounted cash flow method.
Topic 1.3.
Advantages of net present value over other criteria when choosing investment decisions Review of basic concepts. “Competitors” of net present value. Payback.
Average profit per book value of assets. Internal rate of return. Profitability ratio, or benefit-cost ratio.
Topic 1.4.
Making investment decisions using the net present value method. Questions about discounting. Separate investment decisions from financing decisions. Mutual influence of projects. Selection of capital investment programs in conditions of limited resources. Modeling choice under conditions of limited capital.
Section 2. Risk Topic 2.
1. Introduction: Risk, Return and Opportunity Cost A Brief History of the Capital Market. Measuring the risk inherent in an investment portfolio. Calculation of portfolio risk. The impact of individual securities on portfolio risk. Diversification and value composition.
Topic 2.2.
Risk and income The birth of portfolio theory. The relationship between risk and return. Reliability and role of the long-term asset valuation model. Some alternative theories.
Topic 2.3.
Long-term investment planning and risk Measuring beta coefficient. Capital structure and company's capital costs.
Example of calculating capital costs. Determining the discount rate. An alternative view of risk and cash flow.
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Section 4. Financing decisions and market efficiency Topic 4.
1. Corporate Finance and Six Lessons from Market Efficiency Distinguish between investment decisions and financing decisions.
Efficient capital markets. Six lessons on market efficiency.
Topic 4.2.
Review of sources of corporate financing and issue of securities Ordinary shares. A first look at corporate debt. Preference shares. Convertible securities. Corporate financing models. Venture capital. First public offering of securities. Regular offerings of securities by public companies. Subscriber role. Private placement.
Privileged subscription or rights issue.
Section 5. Dividend policy and capital structure Topic 5.
1. General principles of dividend policy and debt management policy How dividends are paid. Making decisions on dividend payments. Disputes about dividend policy. Right-wing radicals. Taxes and the radical left. Centrists. The leverage effect in a competitive, tax-free economy. The impact of financial dependence on profitability. Traditional approach. MM and long-term asset valuation model.
Corporate taxes. Taxes on corporate profits and personal income. Costs of financial difficulties. Explaining the choice of financing policy. Choosing the debt-equity ratio.
Topic 5.2.
Relationship between investment decisions and financing decisions Adjusted present value method. Adjusted discount rate as an alternative to adjusted present value. Formula for weighted average cost of capital.
Section 6. Options Corporate obligations and valuation of options.
Various combinations of calls, puts and shares. What determines the value of options. Option pricing model. The value of subsequent investment opportunities. Option to abandon the project. Timing option. The essence of a warrant. The essence of a convertible bond. Difference between warrants and convertible bonds.
Section 7. Debt financing Classical theory of interest.
Term structure and yield to maturity.
Explanation of time structure. Taking into account the risk of non-fulfillment of obligations. National bonds, foreign bonds, Eurobonds. Contract for the issue of a bond issue. Security and priority. Repayment terms. Limitation clauses.
Innovations in the bond market. Project financing. Extract from the bond issue prospectus. Hedging technique. Duration and variability.
Hedging with futures. Forward contracts. Swaps. Hedging with options. Leasing.
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Basic textbook Braley R., Myers S. Principles of corporate finance. – M.: JSC “Olympus – Business”, 1997.
W. Megginson, S. Smart, L. Gitman Corporate finance 2nd edition. Thomson, 2007.
Basic literature Basovsky L.E. Financial management: Textbook - M.: INFRA-M, 2002.
Blank I.A. Financial management: Training course. – K.: Elga, Nika-Center, 2004.
Body Zvi, Merton Robert Finance. – M.: Williams Publishing House, 2004.
Additional reading Aaker D. Strategic market management. – St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2002.
Van Horn D., Wachovich J. Fundamentals of financial management. – M.: Publishing house. Williams House, 2001.
Marshall D., Bansal V. Financial engineering: a complete guide to financial innovation. – M.: “INFRA-M”, 1998.
Perard J. Financial management with exercises. – M.: “Finance and Statistics”, 1998.
Ross S., Westerfield R., Jordan B. Fundamentals of Corporate Finance. – M.:
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“BRIEF REVIEW 2010 edition. CONTENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 10 TIMES WORKING LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF IS 20 P R E D I V E GLOBAL and flax y...”
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World Intellectual Property Organization
SHORT REVIEW
release 2010
CONTENT
2 Familiarity with MST in OIS
10 TIMES WORK LAW IN THE FIELD OF ITS
20 R e d i v e l e n g g l o b a l S e r v i c e s
30 PROMOTION OF THE USAGE OF ITS INTERESTS IN DEVELOPMENT
38 GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURE 44 GLOBAL APPROACH TO GLOBAL GROWTH 52 COMMUNICATIONS 56 FINANCE MANAGEMENT
PREFACE
This edition of the annual WIPO Brief provides up-to-date information and specific examples of the Organization's activities during 2010. Each section highlights how different programs contribute to our strategic goals and provides examples of recent projects and results.WIPO, a specialized agency of the UN system, is mandated to ensure a balanced, accessible and effective intellectual property (IP) system. With this system under significant pressure from a rapidly changing external environment, it is my priority as Director General to take the necessary steps to ensure that WIPO can respond to the aspirations and needs of its Member States.
Work in the Organization is carried out in many areas, which will include both our traditional core activities and new tasks. These include finding ways to creatively use innovation to address challenges related to climate change, food security and public health, and developing a global IP infrastructure to meet increasing demands on the IP system.
Efforts to promote the use of IP by developing and least developed countries have been intensified: The WIPO Development Agenda ensures that development principles and activities are mainstreamed into WIPO's programmes.
Fundamental to WIPO's work is to promote greater understanding and respect for IP, while helping to promote informed international debate on IP issues. The WIPO Brief aims to explain in simple terms how WIPO works and how, together with Member States, we strive to support the development of a comprehensive international IP system capable of responding to today's realities and the challenges of tomorrow.
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WHAT IS IP?
Intellectual property is associated with the creations of the mind. it is divided into two categories:
Industrial property includes:
patents for inventions trademarks industrial designs geographical indications
literary and artistic works (for example, books, films, music, architecture, art); the rights of performers to their performances; producers of phonograms (as well as CDs and MP3 files) to their recordings; and broadcasting organizations to their radio broadcasts and television programs.
John Silver Alexander Raths Oleg Filipchuk Jonathan Hill Fernando Alonso Herrero The IP system regulates the ownership, distribution and exchange of these intangible assets, allowing the creators or “owners” of IP rights to derive certain benefits from their work or profit from investments in creative process. In this way, the IP system fulfills its fundamental purpose of stimulating and disseminating innovation and creativity and promoting market stability. Innovation and creativity are playing an increasingly important role in finding solutions to emerging global challenges such as climate change, food security and public health.
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WIPO is the leading intergovernmental organization dedicated to the promotion and use of IP. Its diverse activities include:
Carrying out the administrative functions of multilateral treaties and working with member states to support the development of the international IP legal framework. Providing services in global IP protection systems that simplify and reduce the cost of obtaining international protection for new inventions, brands and industrial designs; provision of arbitration, mediation and other alternative dispute resolution services Assisting governments and organizations in developing national IP and innovation strategies, legislative frameworks, infrastructure and human capacity necessary to harness the power of IP in economic development vDevelopment of technical platforms , simplifying the distribution of work between IP offices; Develop open databases of registered trademarks, industrial designs and technical information contained in patents to facilitate access to knowledge Increasing IP awareness, understanding and respect for IP Working in partnership with the UN and other organizations to identify IP solutions that can to respond to challenges such as climate change, food security, public health and other global issues. This Brief highlights WIPO's key areas of activity, grouped according to the Organization's strategic objectives, and provides examples of recent key developments and results.
HOW WIPO WORKS
WIPO was created in 1970. following the entry into force of the WIPO Convention of 1967, having received a mandate from its member states to promote IP protection worldwide through cooperation among states and in collaboration with other international organizations.FIRST IP TREATIES The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883 was the first major international agreement designed to help inventors in one country obtain protection for their intellectual creations in other countries in the form of industrial property rights.
The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the first multilateral copyright treaty, came into force in 1886. The purpose of the convention was to provide assistance to the citizens of its member states in obtaining international protection of their right to control the use of their literary and artistic works and to receive remuneration for it.
WIPO Member States determine the strategic direction and approve the activities of the Organization. Delegates of member states meet in assemblies, committees and working groups. Currently, 184 states are members of WIPO.
68 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and 271 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are accredited as observers at WIPO meetings.
The main policy-making bodies that shape WIPO's policies are the WIPO General Assembly and the WIPO Coordination Committee. In addition, some treaties administered by WIPO establish Assemblies of the respective Unions, for example the Assembly of the PCT Union and the Assembly of the Madrid Union. By decision of the General Assembly, Standing Committees are established for a specific purpose. For detailed consideration of any issue, the Standing Committee or any of the Assemblies may decide to create a working group.
The WIPO Secretariat is located in Geneva. Its staff, representing more than 100 countries, includes experts in all areas of IP law and practice, as well as specialists in public policy, economics, administration, translation and information technology (IT).
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WIPO collaborates with other UN organizations and specialized agencies in Geneva and around the world to ensure that its activities effectively contribute to UN initiatives and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
WIPO's partnership initiatives include:
WIPO External Offices in New York, Singapore and Tokyo, assisting in building relationships with numerous international, regional and national partner organizations External Relations functions, ensuring a consistent organizational approach to relations with the external community, including the UN and other international organizations efforts to mobilize extrabudgetary resources by identifying new partners and potential donors who can provide additional resources to finance development projects WIPO Voluntary Fund established to ensure the active participation of indigenous and local communities in the deliberations of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC)
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Development Agenda - Recommendation 2 addresses the need to provide additional assistance through donor funding (establishment of trust funds and other voluntary funds specifically for LDCs) to promote the legal, commercial, cultural and economic use of IP, with priority given to financing activities in Africa.
WIPO, WO AND TRIPS with entry into force in 1995. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has begun a new era in the history of multilateral protection and enforcement of IP rights. The provisions of the TRIPs Agreement relating to copyright and related rights, patents, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs and integrated circuit layouts complement international treaties administered by WIPO; The TRIPs Agreement makes specific reference to some of these treaties.
The agreement between WIPO and the WTO on cooperation in implementing the TRIPs Agreement came into force in 1996. and concerns in particular the issues of notification of laws and regulations and legal support to member countries. Assistance continues to be provided to many developing countries (with a particular emphasis on assistance to LDCs) that need to meet their TRIPs obligations by 2013. and by 2016 in relation to drugs.
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The work of WIPO's three standing committees relates to specific areas of law: the first deals with patent law, the second with copyright, and the third with trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications. The Intergovernmental Committee (IGC) studies IP issues in relation to genetic resources, traditional knowledge and traditional expressions of folklore/culture. The committees include delegates representing the governments of member states, as well as representatives of IGOs and NGOs participating in meetings as accredited observers. In addition, many representatives of indigenous and local communities participate in the work of the IGC.
WIPO administers a number of treaties that set out internationally agreed rights, obligations and common standards for the protection of IP rights, while balancing the interests of the general public. The organization actively encourages states to accede to these treaties and apply their provisions. Large-scale adherence to treaties and their consistent implementation help maintain the stability of the international environment, create confidence in respect for IP rights around the world, stimulate investment and promote economic and cultural development.
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STANDING COMMITTEE ON PATENT LAW (SCLP) The first task of the committee created in 1998 was The Committee began to negotiate the conclusion of the Patent Law Treaty (PLT) and the Administrative Instructions on the harmonization of formal requirements and procedures. PLT was adopted in 2000. and came into force in 2005.
In 2001 Discussion began on a new legal document, the draft Substantive Patent Law Treaty (SPLT). The purpose of the treaty was to harmonize the substantive rules of patent law, with emphasis on the definition of prior art, novelty, inventive step/obviousness, industrial applicability/utility, drafting and interpretation of claims, and the requirement of sufficiency of invention disclosure.
Although the delegations were able to reach agreement in some areas, consensus on a number of issues was impossible.
In 2006 Member States suspended negotiations on the SPLT, considering that the time had not yet arrived to agree on a work plan for the SCP.
In June 2008 The SCP resumed its work with a discussion of the report on the state of the international patent system, which provided an overview of current international patent issues, covering the various needs and interests of Member States. In 2009 Discussions at the SCP developed along a number of parallel tracks. The Committee commissioned five studies: on exceptions and limitations, including in the context of general government policy, socio-economic conditions and development; technical solutions to improve access to and dissemination of patent information; technology transfer; on objection systems. Discussion on these issues continues.
EXCEPTIONS FROM PATENTABLE SUBJECT Exceptions to patentable subject matter vary significantly between national and regional laws. however, in many countries the exceptions include the following:
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STANDING COMMITTEE ON TRADEMARKS, INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS (SCT) Years of negotiations at the SCT led to the adoption in 2006. The Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks, which establishes simplified and internationally harmonized administrative rules for the registration of trademarks. It specifically mentions non-traditional types of marks, such as hologram marks, motion marks, colored marks and marks that do not consist of visual indications, but does not provide for their mandatory registration.
The Singapore Treaty recognizes the benefits of electronic filing of applications and electronic notifications, while taking into account the differing needs of developing and developed countries. An integral part of the treaty is the obligation of developed countries to provide technical and other assistance to developing and least developed countries to strengthen their institutional capacity so that they can better benefit from the treaty.
The SCT has identified areas for further development of international law in the areas of trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications. An in-depth analysis was carried out of the laws of Member States and the practices of their trademark offices in relation to the registration of three-dimensional, color, sound and marks such as motion and location marks, hologram marks, slogans, olfactory, tactile and taste marks. As a result of its work, the SCT has identified a number of converging positions regarding the presentation and description of non-traditional marks that can provide guidance to trademark offices, as well as trademark owners and practitioners seeking to embrace new marketing and advertising techniques that require flexibility in identification methods goods and services. Held in June 2010. At a working group meeting under the Singapore Treaty, members agreed to define standards for the display of three-dimensional signs, hologram signs, location signs, motion signs, color and sound signs. The Working Group decided to recommend to the Singapore Treaty Assembly, meeting in September 2010, that the Singapore Treaty Regulations be amended to include mandatory rules for these marks.
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of a certain geographical origin, having special qualities or reputation in connection with this place of origin (for example, “Prosciutto di Parma”
Parma ham from the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy). While gu undoubtedly have value as a marketing tool, there is no international consensus on the best way to protect them.
WIPO encourages the use and protection of GIs and supports Member States in whatever approach they choose within the applicable international legal framework. The organization holds regional and international symposiums on various GI-related issues and organizes forums where stakeholders have the opportunity to exchange information and experiences.
GOVERNMENT EMBLEM, OFFICIAL STAMP OF CONTROL AND EMBLEM OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS SINCE 2009 All marks protected under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention and communicated to State Parties or WTO Members through WIPO are freely available in the fully searchable “6ter Express” database.
Conventions on copyright and related rights are legal documents that ensure the protection of the rights of authors, performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations and contribute to the cultural and economic development of countries. Copyright and related rights play a critical role in protecting the rights of various parties and their contributions to the cultural industries, and in regulating the relationship between these parties and the public.
The work of the SCCR is devoted to the development of international norms and standards in the field of copyright and related rights. At its December session in 2009. The Committee decided to expedite work on exceptions and limitations to copyright for the benefit of blind people and persons with reading disabilities. In this regard, in June 2010 The SCCR noted progress in implementing practical measures to facilitate access to published copyrighted material in accessible formats and within reasonable time frames. This includes ongoing work on the partners' platform and the recent launch of an online forum to raise awareness and stimulate discussion on this issue. Discussions at the SCCR also explored the need to recommend that the WIPO General Assembly convene a diplomatic conference on the WIPO Treaty for the Protection of Audiovisual Performances. The Committee continued to discuss the protection of broadcasting organizations and considered the first and second parts of the study on the socio-economic consequences of unauthorized use of signals. A series of regional workshops are being held to gather views on the objectives, specific scope and subject matter of protection of a possible draft treaty for the protection of broadcasting organizations using a signals-based approach. In June 2010 For the first time, the Committee's discussions were transcribed and captioned in real time for the hearing impaired.
MEETING THE NEEDS OF PERSONS WITH PRINT DISABILITIES The proliferation of digital technologies has brought a new dimension to the question of how to balance the protection of copyright owners with the needs of specific user groups. There are more than 314 million blind people and persons with reading disabilities around the world who wish to take advantage of reasonable copyright exceptions and limitations. WIPO has developed a website, www.visionip.org, to provide a platform for IP initiatives to facilitate access to information and cultural content for persons with print disabilities. The platform is created in the context of inter-agency efforts within the UN system to ensure “deliverance as one” in supporting disadvantaged groups and providing them with equal opportunities.
in March 2010 WIPO, together with the US Copyright Office, organized a training course aimed at improving understanding of the elements of national and international copyright law relevant to the publication of books, the production of films and other copyrighted content for people with reading difficulties. Participants reviewed measures to facilitate access, as well as barriers and restrictions to access to relevant technologies within national borders.
WIPO also supports the ratification of the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), known as the “WIPO Internet Treaties”. With their ratification in 2009 The European Union (EU) and its Member States have increased the number of States parties to each treaty to 88 and 86 respectively. The SCCR will continue to consider issues related to the implementation of these treaties, particularly those relating to the relationship between law and technology in areas such as technical measures
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in September 2009 WIPO Director General Francis Harry signed an agreement with the International Federation of Musicians (IFM) and the International Federation of Actors (IFA) to support efforts to recognize the significant contributions of actors and performers around the world and improve the status of performers in developing countries.
in June 2009 WIPO has also signed an agreement with the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) to promote, support and develop efforts to protect the music industry and its rights across the board.
COPYRIGHT AND THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
WIPO provides a forum for discussion and awareness-raising on important issues related to the use of copyright in the Internet environment, such as the emergence of new forms of licensing and the importance of digital identifiers of content and rights.In 2009 Work was carried out to improve understanding of the opportunities offered by the commercial exploitation of copyright in the digital environment. WIPO has increased its focus on the role of copyright in software development and new business models for distributors
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COLLECTIVE COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT
WIPO assists countries in establishing or modernizing collective management organizations (CMOs), developing automated rights management systems to facilitate access to international markets, and preparing model contracts and guidelines. CMOs are extremely useful for owners of copyright and related rights - authors, composers, performers, publishers and producers - by helping them manage and benefit from their rights. CMOs are supported to ensure that developing countries have access to rights management systems that are compatible with international systems.INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, GENETIC
RESOURCES, TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND FOLKLORE (IGC) The globalization of the economy and advances in bio- and communications technologies give indigenous and local communities further concerns about the increasing risk of unfair misappropriation and misuse of their traditional knowledge and cultural heritage systems. These communities are seeking appropriate ways to preserve, support and protect their cultural and intellectual heritage, upholding their cultural identity and promoting their own sustainable economic development, taking into account their collective values. WIPO's work in this area is to explore how IP principles can contribute to community-led processes of economic development and equitable benefit sharing using cultural heritage as a cultural and economic asset.– – –
Text-based negotiations are currently underway within the IGC to develop international frameworks for the effective protection of traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural/folklore expressions (TCEs), and to address the relationship between IP and genetic resources (GRs). ) SHARING TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE A project to establish a traditional food knowledge center in the Indian state of Kerala
The IGC's policy development and normative activities are only part of WIPO's TK, TCEs and GRs program.
The organization offers an expanded capacity building program in the areas of TK, TCEs and GRs. Demand for it is steadily growing and becoming more diversified. A key challenge is to create practical tools to enable indigenous and local communities to protect their TK, TCEs and GRs in ways that are consistent with their own interests and values.
WIPO's capacity-building resources include legislative information, practical training programs, IP manuals and information technology tools for addressing IP issues in the digitization of intangible cultural heritage (developed under the WIPO Creative Heritage Project), as well as a suite of tools for protecting the interests of communities after documenting TK. The program also covers the protection of crafts.
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WIPO VOLUNTARY FUND 2006 The General Assembly established the WIPO Voluntary Fund to ensure the active participation of indigenous and local communities in discussions on the IGGR. The fund finances the participation of representatives of indigenous and local communities from all regions of the world in meetings of the IGC. Their input greatly improved understanding of the indigenous aspect and increased its influence on the committee's work. ICGR sessions are opened by a group of experts chaired by representatives of indigenous and local communities, who voice issues that need to be addressed and share their experiences with the full committee.
INDIGENOUS IP LAW SCHOLARSHIP The WIPO Indigenous IP Law Fellowship Program, launched in August 2009, responds to the need to strengthen the capacity of the rapidly developing field of Indigenous IP law, as well as strengthen the capacity of IP law and policy for Indigenous lawyers and consultants. on policy issues. Fellows must be recognized active members of Indigenous communities.
TRADITIONAL CULTURE ON THE INTERNET in May 2010 WIPO has created a new, optimized TK website, available in English, French and Spanish. it provides immediate access to all working papers and other materials related to the ICGR processes, clear links to capacity development resources, one-step access to key resources and databases, and a link to training programs. new Creative Heritage Portal contains samples
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The services provided by WIPO under these treaties (the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) system, the Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks, the Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs and the Lisbon System for the International Registration of Appellations of Origin) are to facilitate the filing of applications for documents of protection in all participating countries in which protection is sought. The increasing use of the Internet and online databases means that the potential benefits of such central filing or registration systems are increasing. Both developing and developed countries can benefit significantly from them.
WIPO administers these global protection systems and provides a forum through which they can evolve in response to the changing needs of users - rights holders, their representatives, IP offices or third parties. Revenue from these fee-based services provided to the private sector accounts for 90 percent of WIPO's budget.
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PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) The most widely used of these systems is the PCT (142 members). This multilateral treaty, which came into force in 1978, offers applicants an advantageous way to secure international patent protection. An international patent application under the PCT procedure has the same legal effect as a national application in each of the States bound by the Treaty. Applicants, the patent offices of all PCT member states, and the general public benefit from the PCT system through uniform formal requirements, the use of international search reports and international preliminary examination reports, and a centralized publication system. PCT applicants receive valuable information about the potential patentability of their inventions and have longer time frames to decide in which PCT countries to seek patent protection. In this way, the PCT system consolidates and streamlines patent procedures, provides relief from significant costs, and enables applicants to make informed decisions on important matters.
There were 155,900 international PCT applications filed in 2009, representing a decrease of 4.5 percent compared to the previous year. The first annual decline in PCT filings in the Organization's history is due to the global economic crisis. Despite this, the decline in the number of applications was not as sharp as expected, and last year's results almost reached the level of 2007.
PCT applicants are increasingly using software to prepare and electronically file PCT international applications. About 80% of all applications are now submitted in whole or in part electronically.
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PCT filing trends, 1978-2009 42.9 100,000 33.5 31.2 29.1 15.6 11.0 14.7 17.4 17.0 20.5 18.4 17.5 13.8 22.1 16.1 18.7 9.9 9.0 8.2 17.7 11.0 17.8 6.4 11.5 9.4 6.9 2.1 2.0 4.4
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1,042 934 833 836 782 8 Cost of processing (CHF)
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1% 3% 9% 9% 2% 7%
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In 2009, the leading countries of origin for PCT applications were again the United States, Japan and Germany. The Republic of Korea retained its fourth place on the list of applicants, while China moved up to fifth. In some countries of Eastern
In Asia, international filings continued to rise despite unfavorable global economic conditions:
Positive growth was observed in China (+29.7%), Japan (+3.6%) and the Republic of Korea (+2.1%).
Applicants from developing countries increasingly used the PCT system in 2009. The largest number of applications were submitted in the Republic of Korea and China, followed by India, Singapore, Brazil, South Africa, Turkey, Malaysia, Mexico and Barbados.
The leading position in the list of PCT applicants was taken by Panasonic Corporation (Japan), followed by the Chinese Huawei Technologies Co. in second place. Ltd”, on the third - “Robert Bosch GmbH” (Germany).
The highest proportion of PCT applications published in 2009 were in computer technology (8%), pharmaceuticals (7.8%) and medical technology (7.7%). The highest growth rates were observed in the areas of microstructures and nanotechnology (+10.2%), semiconductors (+10%) and thermal processes and apparatus (+7.2%).
To encourage the use of PCT in developing countries, the international filing fee is reduced by 90% for individual applicants (but not companies) from the approved list of developing countries and by 90% for all LDC applicants.
MADRID SYSTEM AND HAG SYSTEM
The Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks offers trademark owners the opportunity to protect a trademark in the system's 85 member countries by registering a mark through WIPO on the basis of a single application. A similar opportunity exists for industrial designs under the Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs, which currently has 56 contracting parties. Both systems offer expedited and cost-effective access to trademark and industrial design protection in multiple jurisdictions. Information about international registrations is publicly available online with the ability to search.
In 2009, the number of international trademark applications under the Madrid System was 35,195, representing a decline of 16.4 percent compared to 2008 as a result of the global economic crisis. Notably, some Contracting Parties saw an increase in the number of international applications filed in 2009: in particular, growth was observed in Japan and the European Union, which are among the top ten users of the Madrid System, as well as in the Republic of Korea, Hungary, Croatia and Singapore.
For the seventeenth year in a row, Germany topped the list of top applicants, followed by users from the European Union, France, the United States and Switzerland. China continues to be the most frequently cited country in international trademark applications.
At the end of 2009, there were 515,562 active international trademark registrations in the international registry, owned by 169,939 different trademark owners, many of whom are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Of the total number of international applications filed in 2009, 35.7 percent were sent to WIPO in electronic form.
The ROMARIN database, updated daily, contains detailed information on all active international marks, as well as pending international applications and subsequent designations. ROMARIN also provides information on all international registrations that have lapsed.
Based on the results of a study conducted by WIPO on the possible inclusion of additional filing languages (Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese and Russian) in the Madrid System, a pilot project was initiated with the participation of interested offices. The inclusion of additional filing languages will be subject to separate agreements with these Offices.
– – –
In 2009, there were 1,681 international registrations under the Hague system covering 8,872 different designs.
Compared to 2008, the growth was 10.4%.
By the end of 2009, the international register contained 25,662 active international design registrations, which belonged to 7,728 different rights holders, the largest number of whom were from Germany. In 2009, the most frequently used class of the Locarno Classification was Class 9 – containers, packages and containers used for the transport or storage of goods.
Recent initiatives to improve the Hague system include the decision to suspend the earliest of the three acts that govern the Hague Agreement, thereby simplifying and streamlining the overall administration of the international design registration system. The emphasis on the 1999 Geneva Act makes the system more compatible with registration systems in countries where industrial design protection depends on an examination to determine whether an application can be accepted.
Beginning in April 2010, it became possible to submit an application in Spanish. Expected,
– – –
LISBON SYSTEM
The Lisbon system, with 27 contracting parties, simplifies the international protection of appellations of origin, i.e.geographical indications, which are protected in their country of origin because they have come to designate a product whose quality or characteristics are determined by geography. Between 1966, when the Lisbon system began to operate, and the end of 2009, 891 appellations of origin were registered, of which 817 are still in force. In 2009, the first meeting of the Working Group on the Development of the Lisbon System, established by the Assembly of the Lisbon Union, took place. In October 2009, WIPO began surveying governments and other stakeholders on ways to further make the system more attractive to current users and potential new members. In addition to examining the results of the survey, the Working Group is also discussing a study on the relationship between regional systems for the protection of geographical indications and the Lisbon system.
IMPROVING INFORMATION COMMUNICATION To improve access to information regarding the status of international registrations in countries participating in the Lisbon system, a number of the rules governing the system were amended in 2009. It is easier for interested parties to determine the protection status of an internationally registered appellation of origin in a particular Member State through a formal “declaration of protection” communication mechanism well before the expiration of the one-year refusal period upon receipt of notification of the international registration.
28 WIPO ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION CENTER The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center is the leading resource for alternative IP dispute resolution. It offers specialized procedures, including arbitration, mediation and expert adjudication, to resolve international commercial disputes between private parties. The Centre's procedures provide an effective and cost-effective alternative to judicial proceedings, particularly in disputes potentially involving parties from different jurisdictions. The Center has an extensive roster of specialized mediators, arbitrators and neutral experts from a wide range of regions available to conduct proceedings under the WIPO Rules. These proceedings can be carried out in any country, in any language and in accordance with any law, giving the parties wide discretion.
Parties may use the WIPO Electronic Dispute Adjudication Facility (WIPO ECAF) to resolve disputes filed under the WIPO Rules. WIPO ECAF ensures the secure filing, storage and retrieval of dispute-related documents by parties, neutral experts and the Center, with these documents contained in an electronic file accessible at any time in any country.
The Center also works with IP owners and users and their respective organizations to create alternative dispute resolution procedures specifically tailored to the specific characteristics of ongoing disputes in their fields. Streamlined standard procedures and an effective dispute resolution infrastructure can facilitate the productive use of affected IP rights.
The Center is the leading service for resolving disputes involving trademark owners regarding fraudulent registration and use of Internet domain names, a practice commonly known as “cybersquatting.”
The entire procedure is carried out online and results in enforceable decisions within two months. 2010 marked the 25th anniversary of US computer systems firm Symbolics registering the first domain name on the Internet, with approximately 200 million domain names currently registered worldwide.
UDUS – A TEN-YEAR HISTORY CONTINUED
– – –
Mikael Damkier was adopted by ICANN on the recommendation of WIPO, and has become in great demand as a fast and cost-effective dispute resolution procedure. Since December 2009, WIPO has been using the new paperless EPUS procedure, which eliminates the requirement for mandatory filing and notification of pleadings on paper. This innovation reduces the time and costs associated with filing EPUS disputes and results in savings of approximately one million pages of paper each year, making the process greener and virtually paperless. The first dispute, considered under the paperless procedure, was resolved in favor of Nokia, which regained control of eight domain names.
In 2009, the Center received 2,107 complaints about cybersquatting. While this volume is 9.5% below 2008 levels, it represents the highest number of individual domain names (4,688) in a single year since the introduction of the UDRP.
In the ten years since December 1999, when WIPO introduced the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), the Center has received more than 17,500 UDRP cases. The Center actively cooperates with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to advise it of circumstances that may interfere with the proper implementation of the UDRP procedures.
In December 2009, the Center introduced the WIPO Mediation and Expedited Arbitration Rules for the Film and Media Industry.
Developed in collaboration with experts in these fields, these rules and associated contractual provisions and agreements are particularly relevant to international film and media transactions where parties require quick and cost-effective solutions to disputes that are interfering with ongoing projects.
In May 2010, the Singapore Office of the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center was opened to promote alternative dispute resolution in the Asia-Pacific region.
The Center monitors developments in the area of IP protection in the domain name system and undertakes strategic work in this regard. A politically important issue for the Center is the introduction of new generic top-level domains (gTLDs) by ICANN. Thanks in part to WIPO's efforts, ICANN's draft Top-Level Domain Applicant Guidelines include a new dispute resolution process for trademark owners, such as domain name registration service liability.
– – –
A wide range of programs and activities addressed to countries aims to:
Assist policymakers in integrating IP into national development plans Modernize IP institutions, streamline office operations, and develop human resources Assist in the development and updating of IP legislation and the implementation of international treaties Enhance the capacity of the workforce, including awareness-raising campaigns and capacity-building tools SMEs Develop and manage IP assets for economic growth Promote innovation by facilitating access to and use of technical knowledge and information Strengthen regional cooperation mechanisms Encourage public-private partnerships to promote wider use of the IP system Selected regional offices of the Secretariat WIPO, each with relevant geographical expertise, act as focal points in providing legal and technical assistance to Africa, the Arab States, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean. Through comprehensive country programming and needs assessments in consultation with national IP authorities and a wide range of stakeholders, opportunities are enhanced for a more structured approach to the process of formulating national IP strategies and plans.
Addressing the specific needs of LDCs is carried out by the LDC Division through the provision of comprehensive technical assistance, including Training with a focus on skills development programs Development of IP institutions to facilitate branding of products destined for export markets Use of appropriate technologies to improve national productivity High-level policy dialogue involving ministries and parliaments Cooperation with other UN agencies and multilateral organizations Upon receipt of a corresponding request from the above-mentioned countries, legal and legislative assistance is also provided to them
– – –
In recent years, WIPO has intensified cooperation with countries in central Europe and the Baltics, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus region and central Asia. Particular attention is paid to their special needs as countries in transition, where IP often already plays a significant role in accelerating economic and cultural development. As a result, there is a growing demand for programs and technical assistance of a more complex nature, especially in the areas of promoting innovation and technology transfer, addressing specific problems of copyright systems, protecting IP rights and promoting entrepreneurship. WIPO encourages the exchange of experiences, lessons learned and best practices between these countries.
INCLUDING IP IN NATIONAL PLANNING
The process of creating infrastructure for innovation and finding financial and human resources is necessary to ensure that local innovators and research institutions can use IP and retain ownership, protection and use of their research results. In developing countries, the process is accompanied by a number of challenges. For example, many countries suffer from a lack of local professionals capable of drafting patent applications, monitoring and managing IP assets, facilitating their creation and marketing, and negotiating technology licensing agreements.
WIPO assists Member States in developing comprehensive IP strategies and offers practical tools and training programs to help build sustainable national capacity in these areas. WIPO has also developed guidance to help research institutions in developing countries develop and implement institutional IP policies.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: INOVA'S SUCCESS STORY Often, cutting-edge technologies are the result of research in university laboratories. however, their path to market is driven by access to the necessary infrastructure, financing and skills. university
Campinas (Brazil) has established its own technology transfer center, the Inova Innovation Agency, through which the results of research and invention activities are not only protected as IP rights, but are also brought to market through technology licensing agreements with industry. Developed by the university's Institute of Chemistry, the Fentox reagent for the destruction, both in situ and ex situ, of environmental pollutants has now been licensed to Contech Produtos Biodegradaveis and is available on the Brazilian market. A number of WIPO programs are aimed at helping universities use IP so that they can benefit from the results of their research. Programs include training in patent drafting, licensing, and the creation of centers for the exchange of experience in the field of IP.
– – –
FLEXIBILITY AND PUBLIC POLICIES In response to requests from individual Member States or regional organizations, WIPO provides coordinated expert legal advice on a bilateral and confidential basis. Advisory assistance also includes analysis and explanation of the legal and policy options available to countries under specific international treaties, taking into account each country's international obligations and national development and policy priorities. As part of the consultation, WIPO provides answers to questions about how developing countries can take advantage of the available options and flexibilities inherent in international IP laws. These issues are of particular concern to many governments, especially following the discussions on IP and health held by the WTO in Doha.
– – –
Developing countries' human capital is a key factor in fully benefiting from national and international IP systems. The WIPO Academy's numerous education and training programs contribute to the development of these human resources.
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intended for inspection, repair, replacement of failed screws in the device and
for installation in kibus ssoli |
vertically |
as specified |
in place. He |
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located in the housing |
and the lid |
fu t lyara bu sso li. |
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Moisture absorbent from it spruce |
before the value |
REPLACED SATURED |
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absorber installed |
na bu ssoli. For this |
o t v e r n u t c o l p a c o k |
|||||||||||||||
in lago po glo t it e la |
put |
instead of |
I'm dreaming about it |
is it with bu sso |
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in lago g l o t i e l 67 (Fig. 3.7). |
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The weight is intended for installing the sheet metal bus above a given point |
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localities. On |
go lo in ke |
three legs are available |
special |
which |
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There is a loop on the cord that comes from the weight. |
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Screwdrivers (2 |
intended |
ot u r t s in an ia |
in in t about in at |
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ABOUT INSPECTION AND REPAIR |
Pribo ra. |
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Intended for drilling into the absorber. |
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The napkin is intended for wiping the optics of the device. |
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Screws M 2x4 |
intended |
for replacement |
above |
out of service |
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in int about in the device. It is located in |
stand in the case of the bus or under the cork. |
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before the value |
during |
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per re ry in about in |
at work. After |
about the end of the work, check the case, |
about bv yazatshn u ro m i |
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Attach to a carabiner, to the case. Laying the cover in |
the case is produced after |
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pre-drying and cleaning. |
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3.10. Fuck ry |
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Bu ssol i |
It's not risky to store treasures |
duralumin |
(plastic mass) |
|||||
footwear. |
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In a fu t lar |
Do you have any treasures? |
Bu sso l, Azim u t alnaya |
nozzle, spare parts, |
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for rm at lyar and TOiIE. In the case there is a risko p. |
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On futlars beads and |
There are no risky shoulder straps |
and soon for |
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fastening the footwear |
on a clear belt. |
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3.11. And in winter, the hoist attachmentA N B 1M |
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Azim u t alnaya |
before the day |
about the limit |
directions |
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of the true meridian – the poles of the world according to their location in the sky of stars α |
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(alpha) and β (beta) constellation Ursa Minor, determination of true azimuths
star.
The main parts and azimuth angle of the attachment are the sight 6 (Fig. 3.14),
buksa11 with vertical aiming mechanism and level 7.
Viewer 6 is a visual tube with an eyepiece located at an angle of 90° to the axis, and consists of by moving and non-moving parts. Rotation along the moving part and in the visual direction occurs through the handle.
Fig.3.14. And winter alt nozzle A N B1M:
6-visor; 7-level ram; 8-r uyat k a; 9-hom ut ik; 10-screw; 11-beech mechanism for vertical aiming; 12-screw
P oriented to the Sun, the ocular is installed with a rolled right-handed light filter (light filter рН С 10 – when observing the bright Sun, light filter Н С 9 – when there is weak smoke).
The reticle in the imager is installed in the focal plane of the ocular lens and is a glass glass, parallel to the lens yuplast in ku. The small bisector is 66 (Fig. 3.15) in the form of a scale, the large bisector is 72, the square is 69 and the cross is 70.
Small bisector 66 (scale) is used to introduce a star image into the image
To take into account the apparent movement of the star α relative to the celestial pole
for attaching the azimuthal attachment to the bus tube and the vertical attachment to the isir.
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Rough vertical mount |
in isira, if |
you v e r n u t, buxa, |
||
corpus, and in place of it |
the free bottom is growing. |
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Smooth (accurate) guidance on the bird's axis |
in isira (in |
not significant |
||
within the limits of vertical angle) intended purpose |
v e r t i c a l y h u g l o v. |
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In visualization they slowly rotate in a vertical plane.
Fig.3.15. View of the constellation Ursa Minor in the field of view of the grid: 66-m minor bisector; 67-star α (Polar bright); 68-pol USM ira; 69-k vadra at;
70-per e r est e; 71-star β; 72-large bissec tor.
Level 7 is used for horizontalizing the azimuthal nozzle. It consists of an ampoule, a bottle and a cork. Am pula on the right is filled with plaster m.
3.12. Operational documentation |
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Technical description and operating instructions (TO |
and I E) PA B- |
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2А М (PA B-2А) are intended for |
study of purpose, technical data and |
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kit P AB-2AM |
Purpose, structure and rules |
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operation of the azimuthal nozzle AN B1M (AN B1). |
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Technical description and operating instructions (TO&I) PA B-2M |
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(PA B-2) are intended for studying the device |
and I'm right |
operation |
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pe risko piche skoy art illeriyskiy bussoli P AB-2M (P AB-2). |
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The form must be maintained at all times. |
Looks like you're wearing a bus. All information about the work |
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Should records be entered in |
for rm u lar. |
All entries in the form must be |
||||
is produced only |
black ilam and, |
o th liv o |
and exactly right. For cleaning, marking and |
|||
Unauthorized corrections are not permitted. |
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3.13. Preparation of saltP A B –2A M |
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I. Checking the batteries |
bat are th |
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work |
Pribo ro m |
night |
necessary |
check |
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serviceability of the lamp. |
Check voltage |
accumulators |
bat are yah; |
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e if e th |
meaning |
fits |
necessary |
about izvest and them |
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for charging according to the instructions. |
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II. Transferring the device from the traveling position to |
bo e v o e |
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1. INSTALLATION |
stoic |
altitude |
so that you can do it |
work |
||||||||||||||||||
I pour sbu with salt (Fig. 3.10 and 3.11). |
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For this |
You need to complete the following: |
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Unfastening the belt 90, tightening the legs of the tripod; |
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Oh weaken everything |
88 (lower |
lambs) clamp them about in |
87 and, in you dv in u in |
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At the required length, secure the clamps to 87 (bottom and wings); |
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Spread your legs out, firmly |
v ognat shoe 91 leg k |
ground, pressed |
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on the shoes, and tightened at tyo si 85 hinged in the top of them and the lambs; |
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Check the reliability of the fastening of the 84 V cup |
head 82 tripods (shouldn't |
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there would be play). |
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work on |
stony |
za m e r |
gr u n t e, |
we have |
in you bo in, |
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t r e s h i n i |
unevenness, in |
which |
I wish I could |
put |
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shoe aki tren ogi, |
It is not necessary to do this beforehand |
do it in |
soil depth for |
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If you have to work in different layers, |
not allowing their spacing of legs, |
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that follows |
Remove the cup from the tripod by pressing the latch |
80, and, increasing the cup by |
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the clock hand moves, to the top |
tree, foam or hard soil. |
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2. Installation of it in a lion cup. To do this, you need to complete the following: |
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Open the case and take out the salt; |
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Insert the ball and ball into the cup |
and, holding her with her left hand, |
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right in advance |
83 (Fig. 3.10) cups; |
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by shaking aya |
pred arity |
fixed |
bu ssol, |
to beat |
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at the station |
bubble |
sharo v o g u ro v n i |
ring in s |
then |
||||||||||||||||||
Seal the screw |
83 to the end, observing the situation |
bubble. |
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3. Install it without risk |
namo nokulyar bussoli |
work is done due to |
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at the roof) |
and secure it in |
n aibo le e |
in the middle of the year |
provisions |
(vertically or |
|||||||||||||||||
n inclined n but), |
in accordance with the character |
at the roof. For this |
necessary |
you are full |
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next: |
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It is more risky to open the case; |
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Install |
necessary |
position |
not risky |
m o n o c u l a r i |
||||||||||||||||||
Seal the screw |
71 (Fig. 3.9). |
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4. Attach the rack (Fig. 3.13) |
War situation. For |
this o go n o bho dim o |
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Spread the time 107, insert the dryer 102 channel 108 in |
o t e r t y |
rusk 111 |
||||||||||||||||||||
shv e ller ra 104. |
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5. While working |
SBU I pour sso in |
At night, turn on the lights. For this |
||||||||||||||||||||
You need to complete the following:
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O s t e g n . |
pu go in itsu |
100 (Fig. 3.12 and 3.13); |
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Remove the battery cover and 93; |
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The wire comes out |
100 and connect plug |
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Battery pad and 93; |
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Install pole 98 (Fig. 3.12) on the monocular tube and secure with a clamp |
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v in t o m ho m u t a 99; in turn on lam pu |
in your mouth |
ruko yatki 95; |
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Install on “lastochkin” |
the tail” of the body of the monocular itself and |
on overlay 115 |
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(Fig. 3.13) lamp racks 97 (Fig. 3.12 and 3.13) lamps |
mesh, preliminarily |
||||||||||||||
on the lamp socket latch |
and secure the latch |
in the grooves “last o chkina” |
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tail” and linings. In turn on lam pu |
in about the mouth |
ruko yatki 95; |
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To illuminate the magnetic needle 15 (Fig. 3.4) and the bead scales, turn |
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handle 95 (Fig. 3.12) socket 96 for portable lamp. |
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3.14. Types of maintenance of the compassP A B -2A M |
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according to dda rzhania |
OK |
from 100 Jan. |
at the station |
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The following types of technical services: |
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Control inspection (KO); |
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DAILY |
technical maintenance (ETO); |
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Maintenance |
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A control inspection of the device is carried out before operating the device. |
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DAILY |
t e xn iche skoe |
service |
conduct |
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use (combat work, |
studies, activities), as well as |
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two weeks if the device has not been used. |
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Tekhnichskoe |
service |
No. 1 do not conduct the device |
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Maintenance |
No. 2 of the device is carried out less frequently |
about once every two times |
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Works on |
technical maintenance (except |
TO-2) you are filled with personal information |
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composition, |
which |
fixed on |
bu ssol, |
hand in hand |
co m an diro v |
||||||||||
according to divisions, we have a specialist in the unit. Work on TO-2 is carried out by specialists from the workshop.
3.15. K control osm sample of salt P A B -2A M
1. External osmosis from the device. Carry out an external inspection of the device. Check the integrity of the paint and varnish coating and the optical parts of the component parts of the device. Check the condition of the covers, belts and other parts of the device.
Checking the completeness of the device |
and ZI P. |
To inspect |
||
complete set according to the form. |
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Checking the optic ichdet al her. Inspect the external surfaces |
||||
lens of the eye, |
about the lens and protective glass bulbs and safety precautions |
|||
dust and dirt. |
When looking at the lens reel and |
about b e ktiv a |
emphasize on |
|
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in their internal surfaces. |
If there are lags |
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Replace the moisture absorbent. |
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4. Check |
m mechanism ov. ROTATION |
make sure |
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easy |
progress and installation of the metering mechanism |
m e khan ism |
About measurement |
||
horizontal and vertical corners. Check whether the magnetic needle is locked.
5. Check the operation of the lighting. Carry out the check according to point 7
“List of main checks of the technical condition of the PA AB-2AM bus.”
3.16. List of main checks of the technical condition of the bussoleP A B -2A M
Conduct checks: |
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Before going home, studying, practicing, shooting; |
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Periodically, about once or twice a month; |
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changes in the location of dislocation; |
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When carrying out technical services. |
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1. Installation of the ball level |
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P r o p a r e b u s s o l k |
work by turning |
in the upper part of the bus |
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horizontal plane |
along the entire length of the circumference |
inspect |
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position |
bubble. After |
every year |
on the rotation of the air bubbles of the river |
Sharo v o go |
||
level |
should move |
from the first time |
provisions more |
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spherical level divisions (0-01) in new bussoles and more than 2/3 of the division price (0-02) in system bussols ekshim and warranty periods (the average part of the salt should not be
horizontal horizontal corners in more than 1/3 of the price of dividing the spherical level in new beads and more than 2/3 of the price divisions in bead systems and warranty periods).
2. Level of balance of the magnetic arrow |
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Place a tread in a cup, bend the beads of salt on |
ball level and secure it. |
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R a z a r r e t i v e m a g n i t e |
st re lku. Align the ends of the magnetic arrow with |
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in de xo v. V y e st i |
magnet it well |
arrow from position |
EQUALITY, |
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to the bottom |
knife |
(o t v e r t k |
and so on.). Deviation of the end in the magnetic |
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st reels |
RETURN |
position |
equal to this after |
Equally sized |
|||
ko leban ii) by |
The height is relative to the plane and the xo index should be more than ± |
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0.5 mm (approximately the thickness of the magnetic needle). |
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3. Uniformity of magnetic needle readings
Preparing the cube of salt for checking the test according to step 2. Move the magnetic arrow from the equilibrium position, at the bottom of the side of the penknife (from in e rtku, etc.). The ends of the magnetic arrow should not touch the top of the dex, but the northern
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4. Backlash in relation to the counting mechanism for measuring horizontal angles and
Mechanism for measuring vertical angles |
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Install the bus on the train leg |
Sharo v o m u |
u ro v n u. For |
about the limit |
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V a l u m e of backlash from the counting mecha nism of measuring horizontal angles |
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It is necessary to take the object with sharp edges and contours, not at a distance |
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100 m. Rotating maho in icho k |
38 (Fig. 3.6) about the counting |
Measuring mechanism |
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horizo n t al n y g l o v |
side, two hundred each |
cross |
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at some point |
far away |
subject |
remove the account |
flax beads |
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Then, rotating the swing to the right |
direc tions, ve s t i n g s, cross s e s t s |
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nav dki. Change |
direction |
rotation of the rotator cuff, |
in two directions and crosswise |
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the same point on the other side and cancel the bus count again |
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Difference between two accounts |
great death in progress. They check the dead passage |
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about the counting mechanism |
range |
scale beaded flax coarse 28 (Fig. 3.5) |
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after 15-00. |
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B u c h t h e m e x a n m a s m a r e m e n u e s t i o n s v e r t i c a l a n g l e v e r c e n t an a l - |
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reviewed |
m aho in icho k |
mechanism |
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MEASUREMENTS OF VERTICAL ANGLES. |
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Permissible value of dead stroke from counting |
Mechanism of horizon measurement |
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z o n t al ny x u g l o v |
Mechanism of Vertical Angle Measurement |
n o v y b u s solyakh |
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up to 0-01, in beads systems and guarantee periods up to 0-02. |
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For elimination |
me han izm ah |
the influence of m erts |
results |
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Angle measurements |
about the process |
Operation follows |
cross |
m o n o c u l a r |
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at the selected aiming point, always on the bottom side. |
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5. Setting the location to zero |
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Place |
zero (M 0) is referred to as counting |
and 36 m e khan ism |
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MEASUREMENTS |
v e r t i c a l x |
who |
in Isrnaya |
m o nocular |
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horizon t alna. |
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Is the bus working properly? |
exceed 0-01(optical axis |
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m o n o c u l a r |
must be |
parallel to flax |
horizon |
to marry |
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in e persons 0-01). |
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The place is checked by the following |
about the image: |
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SETTING DISTANCE 100 m |
the device on which you will make a label |
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at the height level of the monocular object above the ground; |
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N o w e s t a n d cross the cross |
mesh marks |
count by |
scales 33 and 36 |
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Mechanism of measurement of vertical angles |
u g l n slope n a A1; |
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Change places and devices, then |
make a second mark on your |
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the corresponding new height of the monocular objective above the ground; |
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N o w e s t a n d cross the cross |
monocular to the second mark and remove the vertical |
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Calculate the location of zero using the formula:
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A 1 + A 2 |
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M 0 = |
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taking account A1 and |
A2 with its own sign; |
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If it turns out that M 0 is not equal to zero, then you need to either |
u cheat y in at et y |
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in further operation of the device, or eliminate the malfunction. |
||||
For vernier |
by mistake |
remember |
right: |
|
“The positive error M 0 is subtracted from the elevation angle measured by the bead, and |
||||
The negative is added to it.” |
||||
To troubleshoot a problem:
Set on scales 33 and 36 the vertical angle measurement mechanism to M 0;
Loosen the three screws 66 (Fig. 3.7) on the end of the shaft 42 and, holding it,
only |
33, installed in IV |
n a n e n o l. After that |
in int u n at o rce |
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M aho v ichka za vern u t. |
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6. P a r a l l e n t y o p t i c h esk ihos e i per isk opa ibussol i |
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A serviceable risk cap, installed on a monocular, not |
not noticeable |
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CHANGE DIRECTION |
lin ii in iziro in an iya. |
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Checking for deviations in the laser beam is carried out as follows: |
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Move the nocular to a remote object without risk, |
located |
||||||||
not closer |
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Install the monocular vertically. |
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If there are any defects in the riskcope, the image of the aiming dot is not |
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shift in front of the cross of the mesh beads; If an offset is detected, |
next |
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measure |
in e person |
direction |
shifts in |
using |
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me han ism and, according to scales. |
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Optical |
no risk, secured |
vertically |
|||||||
m o n ocular, should |
be parallel to flax and poultry |
o sim o n o cular |
|||||||
zontal and vertical planes. Permissible deviation value 0-01.
Proper lighting allows |
work with a device |
night time. |
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about the rivers |
about the light |
necessary |
T o u r t h e r u s t y a t ki |
(Fig. 3.12 and 3.13) and |
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make sure, |
what are they burning? |
lamps installed |
pa t r o n e 96 |
portable lamp, |
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Pat ro ne 97 lamps |
mesh 98. If the lamps |
they're burning, then |
no need to check |
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akku mu lyat o rn u u |
bat are yu; If |
lamps, that means |
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The burners are burnt out and they are needed |
Replace with spare ones. |
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P e rio diche ski |
necessary |
measure with a tester |
Battery voltage |
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bat are y. The battery voltage should not be less than 2 V. |
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8. Change in color and moisture absorption from food |
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W atch at |
see |
in lago po glo t it e la |
67 (Fig. 3.7) and brother |
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attention |
on color |
po g i t e l e |
in the logs. At |
CHANGES |
COLOR ABSORBENT IN LOG |
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Need to be replaced. Absorb lion lag (silica gel) should have a blue color.
9.Reliability of the fastening of the compass and bowl (support) of the tripod |
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Manager |
u po ra v golo v ku |
(Fig. 3.10) cup 84 t re leg. Check, no |
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Does the cup rock when the latch 80 is in |
groove. Installation |
u st o yichi- |
|||
on the ground and secure it in place |
bu sso l in |
cup. Upon completion |
to y po ra |
||
clamp the nom in the |
bu sso l should not |
and turn around in the tripod cup, and the gap |
|||
There should be 1.5 to 4 mm between the two halves and cups.
3.17. Rules for storing salt P A B-2A M
D To ensure constant combat readiness and long service
the device must be taken care of |
store it correctly, |
correct in a timely manner - |
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news, know the structure and follow the operating instructions. |
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For a long time |
The device must be stored in |
light, |
|||||||||||
premises. |
To categorically |
prohibited |
store it |
||||||||||
premises |
and out of the middle vicinity |
furnace, radiat o ro in |
|||||||||||
on the heater of flax devices. Always store the bead in a case on a shelf, standing. |
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Only serviceable devices are allowed for storage. |
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premises, |
where the devices are stored, |
steel |
and the best ones |
items |
|||||||||
is located at a distance and no less |
bu sso. In addition, in this |
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the room should not contain acids or acids |
or any other chemicals. |
||||||||||||
It is prohibited to store fish accumulators instead of salts. |
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avoidance |
size agnichiv aniya |
magnetic |
arrows in o |
storage |
|||||||||
arrange the case of SBU with salt so that |
The magnetic arrow was parallel |
||||||||||||
magnet |
meridian (the clasp of the bead case is facing west). |
||||||||||||
Storing the device |
to be about the object that creates them |
||||||||||||
Magnetic and electric fields. |
|||||||||||||
storage |
Check the device for compliance |
with “List |
about the main ones |
||||||||||
check the technical condition of the P AB-2AM bussole” (see paragraph 3.16). |
|||||||||||||
3.18. Problem solving |
|||||||||||||
Measure distances to specified points |
Point to locality and long-range measurements |
||||||||||||||
grid scales; |
|||||||||||||||
They define the values of syn in angle; |
|||||||||||||||
Having broken the front of the bata ry; |
|||||||||||||||
Main direction |
shooting before taking an angry position; |
may cause |
|||||||||||||
violation |
fastening |
about poultry details, |
dist royst in o |
about the bird system, in |
|||||||||||
resu lt at e |
what device |
Disassemble |
device r in |
||||||||||||
according to divisions, parts and |
allowed. To obtain accurate results when using |
||||||||||||||
work spribo rom |
and to save it |
serviceability |
fulfill |
||||||||||||
The following rules are correct. |
|||||||||||||||
Installed in |
bu sso |
consider, |
Accuracy of indication |
magnetic |
|||||||||||
arrows affect the surrounding |
iron and steel |
items. Such |
products like |
||||||||||||
about guns, cars, rails, etc., must |
I don't think so |
10 m; items |
|||||||||||||
AVERAGE VALUE |
(alkaline batteries, |
weapon, |
helmet, jacket |
||||||||||||
against gas, etc.) - not closer |
0.5m; small |
items (pocket flashlight, pen, |
|||||||||||||
telephone wire, etc.) |
Not closer than 20 cm. |
||||||||||||||
HIGH VOLTAGE |
electric transmission lines |
influence |
on a magnet |
||||||||||||
the arrow of the bus is at a distance of tens of meters, and sometimes hundreds of meters.
To set up your account |
scales, as well as when pointing at the crosshairs |
||||||||||
monocular to the selected point |
at the locality maho vichki me khan ismov |
in expansion |
|||||||||
st o ro n u. |
|||||||||||
Both regat ery barley mechan isms from |
at the moment: |
||||||||||
Not allowed to go to Daro |
what's the ditch? |
black ditch at the wheel |
when turning on the key, for |
||||||||
lever |
ru ko yat ku |
roll it down smoothly |
in full |
in circulation |
|||||||
narezki cher v yak v |
the teeth of the wheel; |
||||||||||
when turning on the key |
it seems that the worm is bursting into |
in ershins |
|||||||||
necessary |
Press the lever again, |
by v e r n u |
|||||||||
Ensure correct engagement.
the selected point of work.
Inflow measurements are determined by angles 3-4 times and the average value. After each determination of the magnetic azimuth, the orientation is disrupted
device and counting on bus scales.
exact limits |
magnet |
azim u t a n a |
distances |
|||||
Readings in length |
not risky |
bring in |
Corresponding amendment |
|||||
in this regard, accepted |
by rights |
about 0-01, |
||||||
– about 0-02, etc. (at horizons |
n t aln o m |
non-risk position). If |
||||||
not dangerously tilted to the right - add correction, if to the left - higher.
Cannot stand wearing a bus without a case (even at a short distance) and not
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