paul goeltz / flickr.com
Italian theoretical physicists have shown that the model of colored dark matter, that is, dark matter consisting of bound states of particles with a non-zero colored charge (quorns), may well be viable. Contrary to popular belief, the existence of such particles does not lead to the formation of a large number of mixed states of ordinary and “dark” quarks, and the cross section for the interaction of quorns with particles of ordinary matter measured so far is consistent with the predictions of the model. Article published in Physical Review D and is freely available.
However, a team of scientists led by Alessandro Strumia has challenged this argument and shown that dark matter particles may well have a colored charge. To do this, they added a stable massive particle to the Standard Model Q with a non-zero color charge, for simplicity considering it electrically neutral (so the only free parameter of the model was mass M Q). This particle, called the Quorn, can lie in both the fundamental and adjoint representations of the chromodynamics group S.U.(3) c ; in the first case the particle Q is a “dark quark” and forms bound colorless states of the form QQQ, and in the second case - a “dark gluon”, the bound states of which have the form QQ(“dark glueballs”). Read about the group's performances S.U.(3) c and their connections with chromodynamics can be found, for example, in the book by Valery Rubakov. Scientists call such hadronic states, consisting only of dark matter particles, “pure-quorns” (quorn-onlyum hadrons). Of course, along with “pure” states in the proposed theory, mixed states like Q qq, QQ q and Q q̄ (if Q- quark) or Q g, Q qq’ (if Q- gluon).
The scientists then tested under what conditions the proposed model reproduces the observed mass of dark matter. To do this, they calculated the cross section for the formation of a stable QQ-hadron in the collision of two mixed glueballs Q g+ Q g → QQ+gg. The cross section of such a reaction is inversely proportional to the QCD phase transition temperature: σ ~π/Λ QCD 2, which is equal to Λ QCD ≈ 0.31 gigaelectronvolts, and therefore for the formation of a bound state QQ the reaction must have a relatively large impact parameter b~ 1/Λ QCD (recall that in the system ℏ = c= 1 the dimension of length coincides with the dimension of the reciprocal mass, and mass is measured in electron volts). As a result, the resulting "pure-quorn" will have high angular momentum, and therefore will be unstable. However, calculations performed by scientists showed that at temperatures less than T~0.3Λ QCD and a Quorn mass of about 12.5 teraelectronvolts QQ-state does not decay as might be expected, but transitions to a stable state with zero angular momentum, while emitting soft, low-energy Standard Model gluons. It is important to note that at this mass, the total number of quorns, consistent with the observed mass of dark matter, is only 10 −14 of the number of particles of ordinary matter.
Dependence of the transition cross section to a stable state on temperature for a quorn mass of about 12.5 teraelectronvolts and various effective coupling constants
This means that as a result of cosmological processes in the life of the Universe, all free quorns could go into bound colorless states if the rate of fusion reactions at these stages exceeded the rate of expansion of the Universe, causing the concentration of free particles to decrease. In fact, physicists have shown that during a phase transition, QCD (the temperature of the substance T ~ ΛQCD) during the characteristic time of the expansion of the Universe, about ~10 19 quorn fusion reactions managed to occur. Since the number of such reactions is much greater than the ratio of the number of ordinary quarks to the number of quorns (~10 14), almost all quorns went into stable “purely dark” states, and the concentration of mixed states turned out to be vanishingly small. In essence, this process is similar to primary nucleosynthesis, during which atoms of the lightest chemical elements were formed. In addition, the model’s predictions are in good agreement with the experimentally observed picture of the world.
Ratio of the mass of bound stable quorns to the currently observed mass of dark matter as a function of time (or energy, which is uniquely related to the time since the Big Bang)
Valerio De Luca et al. / Phys. Rev. D
Finally, physicists have estimated the cross section for the interaction of stable hadrons QQ with Standard Model particles, which can be measured in direct experiments (designed similarly
In the wide palette of various colors of the biofield, there is one color that is frightening and contradictory for both psychics and ordinary people.
The black aura, according to some groups of esotericists, is not a natural shade, but the result of an evil magical influence or the development of a fatal disease. From another point of view, dark energy, like any other, reflects human thoughts and feelings, albeit not the most positive or decent ones.
Black aura: what does it mean?
Many people prefer dark shades in their wardrobe and interior style, and no one is wary of this color in everyday life. Some supporters of the black color of the biofield say that this is not at all a sign of something negative.
A very stubborn and purposeful person, ready to fight for victory, can have a black aura. Entire passions flare up in such people, which motivate them to be active in any field. Such personalities are remembered by their vivid expression of strong emotions and feelings, because they capture them completely.
Black color is an expression of real rebellion, an extreme degree of spontaneity that pushes for change, but sometimes leads into the abyss.
But we are talking not only about the energy of destruction of everything old. The black biofield is, rather, a symbol of love of freedom, resurrection in darkness. Such subjects clearly limit their own personal space and strive to improve the sexual sphere of life. Such people love with all their hearts, and they always receive reciprocity in return.
The only drawback in such dark energy is the difficulty of assessing the real situation during a period of riot of feelings. If the possibilities are calculated incorrectly, such an individual may fail, which will cause him to suffer for a very long time and painfully.
Unfortunately for owners of such a biofield, a positive interpretation of dark energy is not always used. The black spectrum of the aura is usually assessed from a destructive point of view, believing that this shade kills not only the body, but also the soul.
The main characteristics of carriers of such energy are cruelty and anger.
A black biofield with a transition to gray shades speaks of prolonged depression, melancholy, disappointment, which can even lead to suicidal thoughts or the desire to commit a crime.
It is believed that black color means the absence of light, i.e. This is the enemy of the white shade. A person with such energy denies life, he does not accept it. The black biofield attracts failures, illnesses, and family squabbles. This color expresses bad intentions, bad thoughts, hatred, anger, aggression. There is never any divine impulse in the actions of such a person.
It is believed that such a direct sign of negativity is typical for sorcerers and witches who have undergone the necessary initiation ritual.
Often these people are considered strong vampires who suppress their surroundings and add gloom and gloom even to their own lives. According to one version, a person with a black aura is a real inferno or simply the owner of an evil eye. And all because this color is the personification of death.
If you meet a person whose energy is in the black biofield, beware of him, he can be dangerous. And it’s not only about possible magical abilities, but also about simple negative emotions. These people can be too selfish, so they can go over their heads for the sake of their goal. Sympathy or compassion for individuals with a black aura is unknown.
Black aura: damage and vampirism
Very often you can become the owner of dark energy not of your own free will, but as a result of strong influence. Damage is an energy blow that changes a person’s system, depletes him, and forces him to devour his own strength. As a result, enormous damage is caused to moral values, the physical level of development and, of course, the nervous system. Severe damage manifests itself in the appearance of a black border around the usual aura and attracts death.
In fact, damage destroys the connection between the astral body and the real shell. This is the introduction of a negative program into a person’s normal aura, which does not allow one to be fed with vital forces. Destabilization of the spiritual and material worlds is very detrimental to the individual, therefore the black biofield leads to a distorted perception of information.
If a person has a black aura as a result of someone committing damage, this individual becomes very irritable, suspicious and touchy. Since the solution to any problem follows the wrong path, failures and negative emotions become more frequent in fate.
Signs of damage and, as a consequence, the appearance of dark energy are:
- Unexpected self-isolation, rejection of positivity and detachment from the energy flows of the world.
- Frequent headaches, changes in appearance, dizziness, increased sweating.
- Insomnia, body aches, loss of strength and apathy.
- Death of domestic animals.
If the subject himself, who wishes harm to another, does not have enough of his abilities in the sphere of evil, he turns to a dark sorcerer for damage or the evil eye.
How to remove damage yourself
The energy of the conspiracy helps to remove the black aura thus obtained. The removal of black will from a person is carried out only on the new moon.
It is necessary to go outside at the moment of scarlet dawn and take water with you in previously untouched containers. Then, looking at the sky, you should say the desired text:
“There are 3 dawns in the sky: 1 is me, the second is my sister, and the third dawn is my will. 3 dawns, 3 sisters, be reflected in the water, bury yourself in the crack of the fence from the servant of God (here the name of the person who suffered from the influence of someone else’s will is required). Whoever takes this water from the crack in the fence will only break my will over the servant of God (name again). Go, 3 sisters, 3 dawns, through the mountains of Ararat, through damask steel knives, through the holy blood. With the holy key I close the gap, I close my words. The one who takes this water from the crack will only interrupt my will over (name). In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Amen".
Following this text, the charmed liquid should be poured into the gap in the fence. Go home without a word and without looking back.
If you are not very inclined towards this method, you can try another removal of black energy from a person. The energy of the conspiracy is quite effective, but it will only be useful for true believers.
Therefore, there are still ways to get rid of the black aura:
- Joy in the heart and spiritual growth. Happiness is a powerful assistant in the fight for a clean aura. You need to get rid of all mental negativity, letting go of grievances, and spreading a feeling of gratitude around. Only these feelings must be the highest, sincere and constant.
- Meditative techniques. You can cleanse the aura by activating the necessary chakras and adding the necessary flows of light energy. No less useful will be various physical exercises, for example, from the Qigong system, which also removes negativity and stagnation from the biofield.
- Self-hypnosis. You can burn black energy with your own willpower. If you lack self-confidence, you can turn to an experienced spiritual healer or psychic.
In addition to damage, a black aura is created by energy vampirism. The influence of a powerful inferno comes down to severe deformation of energy with painful sensations. Sometimes, due to the rapid loss of energy, a person can even die.
The most effective way to combat the black biofield due to vampirism is a good mood and a sense of humor.
Black color of the aura: the meaning of thoughts and behavior
Some esotericists believe that the black biofield is the result of a person’s incorrect lifestyle. At the same time, energy does not reflect the momentary state, it accumulates and becomes denser. Such an aura in dark colors surrounds the entire body of an individual, starting from the neck.
What causes a black aura? These are unexpressed words. What a person is unable to allow to say to his partner, friend, parent remains a heavy burden on the soul and over time transforms into a dark shell. Hidden desires that we are aware of, but are embarrassed to realize, also contribute. There are two ways to solve this problem.
- Ask your partner or the person you have the most secret thoughts about to play a game with you. Start telling each other everything without censorship. The aura will gradually collapse from such sincerity, the person will begin to feel freer, lighter, luckier. You can call this technique magical psychology, which changes first the consciousness and then the body.
- If you have no one to communicate with, but you have desires and words, work with visualization. Take your clothes off and focus on yourself. The shell of the dark aura still hangs on you. It is buttoned in the front like a tunic, near the neck, and then goes down. Mentally feel for the fastener and remove this energy, like real clothing. You leave the hated shell, take it and send it into the fire. You can also wash off the aura with water. Carry out this procedure in the morning and already in the afternoon you will notice positive changes, and by the evening you will look completely younger.
Due to the large number of fantasies, a person also develops a black aura.
What does such a statement mean? If dreams and imaginations do not come true, they turn into dark energy. A person obeys laws and social structures, although he does not like them, he wants something different. As a result, the black aura thickens and pumps vitality. The person begins to feel guilty; she literally renounces herself and her desires.
To prevent this force from becoming a dark biofield, never regret what you once did of your own free will. When an individual refuses something, he generates similar negativity around himself.
Only actions contrary to one’s own essence give rise to a black aura.
Black Aura: Location Meaning
- If in the etheric shell of a person one notices black holes, that is, the likelihood of health problems. Breakthroughs in the aura occur exactly where the painful area of the body is located. At the same time, a black hole in the biofield is a consequence of disrupted energy due to the evil eye or other influence.
- Saturated plurals black clots they say that the entire organ system is affected by the disease, and the person will probably die soon. In this case, the cause will be a serious illness. If the black clot is single, only one part of the body is affected, and it must be treated quickly.
- What does it mean a person with a black aura of uniform character, which covers the body with a continuous veil? Such a biofield can indicate the degeneration of a personality, regardless of its nature of thoughts and behavior. The aura can suddenly darken from a strong shocking event that destroys the usual foundations of life. But in this case, when a person gets used to a new way of existence, strength and energy are replenished, which means the aura gradually brightens and increases in brightness.
- A black spot located exactly above the head, speaks of bad thoughts. Probably, such a person is thinking about how to commit a crime and remain unpunished.
- A black cloud that envelops the entire head of an individual, demonstrates the presence of severe depression, suffering and melancholy.
A black aura is not only destruction and a harbinger of an imminent death. If you don't feel bad or notice any energy depletion, you may simply have entered a new period of life that is preparing you to continue to create something good, to be creative and reborn. The dawn always comes after the night, so the divine vision still remains with you, it will come and cleanse the soul.
Treat the black color of the etheric shell as a positive phenomenon, and very soon this shade will change.
A group of scientists from the Cambridge Institute of Astronomy has presented for the first time an analysis of the physical characteristics of dark matter. They made observations of 12 dwarf galaxies that border our own Milky Way.
Using the world's largest telescopes, the team created detailed 3D maps of these galaxies, studying the movements of their stars to "trace" the effects of dark matter and try to gain insight into it.
It turned out that in these galaxies there is 400 times more dark matter than normal matter. But the main discovery announced as part of this study is the temperature of dark matter. Astronomers calculated that it was heated to 10 thousand degrees. In galaxies, dark matter is grouped, as the study authors put it, into a “magic volume”: dark matter with 30 million solar masses occupies a space with a diameter of a thousand light years.
"You can't pack it into a smaller volume," the researchers say. After all, according to the results of calculations, it turns out that dark matter particles move at a speed of 9 kilometers per second. The British greatly surprised their colleagues - previous theoretical estimates gave exactly the opposite picture, that is, cold dark matter, with particles moving at a speed of several millimeters per second.
Interestingly, in addition to analyzing the properties of dark matter, observing satellite galaxies allowed Cambridge astronomers to more accurately weigh the Milky Way. It turned out that it is more massive than previously thought and exceeds the Andromeda Nebula in mass.
If the Cambridge analysis is confirmed, it will have a huge impact on cosmology. Having hotter dark matter means it has a harder time forming small galaxies, but it does help create larger structures.
The unevenness of the relict background is one of the mysteries and at the same time one of the keys to understanding the development of the Universe. Perhaps new data will allow us to take a different approach to solving the notorious “Axis of Evil” - a statistical anomaly in the microwave background left after the Big Bang.
The “axis of evil” is because it is so “evil” in the eyes of scientists that it destroys the usual ideas about the evolution of the Universe. It is believed that the “axis” reflects the uneven distribution of galaxies, which after the Big Bang should have scattered “in all directions” evenly.
Scientists, in addition to observing galaxies, still have a chance to find out the properties of dark matter in experiments at accelerators. Or even catch these dark matter particles in detectors hidden in deep mines.
At the same time, reports are emerging that dark matter may not exist at all.
Joel Brownstein and John Moffat of Canada's Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics came up with the theory of scalar-tensor-vector gravity (STVG), adding quantum effects to the general theory relativity.
This new theory supposedly fits perfectly with the observed behavior of groups of galaxies, without the need to resort to "dark matter." And even the so-called “modified Newtonian dynamics” - another modern variation of the picture of the world, which assumes the existence of two types of gravity at once, the force of one of which decreases with the square of the distance, and the other is linear.
Braunstein and Moffat have none of this, but there are gravitons that are born from the vacuum, and most intensely where large masses are concentrated (in the centers of galaxies).
That is, according to this hypothesis, two kilograms of mass at a distance of a meter will be attracted to each other more strongly if they are near the center of the galaxy; in comparison with the situation when the same two kilograms float next to each other, but on its outskirts.
What then to do with the terrible “axis of evil”, supposedly the trace of a hidden force that deformed the Universe? It turns out that there is an alternative explanation.
Chris Vale from the American Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley explains the anomaly by weak lensing of the microwave background.
To date, the mystery of where the dark matter came from has not been solved. There are theories that suggest that it consists of low-temperature interstellar gas. In this case, the substance cannot produce any radiation. However, there are theories against this idea. They say that the gas is able to heat up, which leads to the fact that they become ordinary “baryonic” substances. This theory is supported by the fact that the mass of gas in a cold state cannot eliminate the deficit that arises.
There are so many questions about dark matter theories that it's worth looking into it a little more.
What is dark matter?
The question of what dark matter is arose about 80 years ago. Back at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, the Swiss astronomer F. Zwicky came up with the idea that the mass of all galaxies in reality is greater than the mass of all those objects that can be seen with their own gases in a telescope. All the numerous clues hinted that there was something unknown in space that had an impressive mass. It was decided to give the name “dark substance” to this inexplicable substance.
This invisible substance occupies at least a quarter of the entire Universe. The peculiarity of this substance is that its particles interact poorly with each other and with ordinary other substances. This interaction is so weak that scientists cannot even detect it. In fact, there are only signs of influence from particles.
The study of this issue is being carried out by the greatest minds around the world, so even the biggest skeptics in the world believe that it will be possible to catch particles of the substance. The most desirable goal is to do this in a laboratory setting. Work is being carried out in mines at great depths; such conditions for experiments are necessary to eliminate the interference caused by particles of rays from space.
There is a possibility that a lot of new information will be obtained thanks to modern accelerators, in particular, with the help of the Large Hadron Collider.
Particles of dark matter have one strange feature - mutual destruction. As a result of such processes, gamma radiation, antiparticles and particles (such as electron and positron) appear. Therefore, astrophysicists are trying to find traces of gamma radiation or antiparticles. For this, various ground and space installations are used.
Evidence for the existence of dark matter
The very first doubts about the correctness of calculations of the mass of the Universe, as already mentioned, were shared by the astronomer from Switzerland F. Zwicky. To begin with, he decided to measure the speed of galaxies from the Coma cluster moving around the center. And the result of his work puzzled him somewhat, because the speed of movement of these galaxies turned out to be higher than he had expected. In addition, he pre-calculated this value. But the results were not the same.
The conclusion was obvious: the real mass of the cluster was much greater than the apparent one. This could be explained by the fact that most of the matter that is in this part of the Universe cannot be seen, and it is also impossible to observe it. This substance exhibits its properties only in the form of mass.
A number of gravitational experiments have confirmed the presence of invisible mass in galaxy clusters. The theory of relativity has some interpretation of this phenomenon. If you follow it, then each mass is capable of deforming space, in addition, like a lens, it bends the direct flow of light rays. The galaxy cluster causes distortion, its influence is so strong that it becomes noticeable. The view of the galaxy that is located directly behind the cluster is most distorted. This distortion is used to calculate how the matter is distributed in this cluster. This is how real mass is measured. It invariably turns out to be several times larger than the mass of visible matter.
Four decades after the work of the pioneer in this area, F. Zwicky, the American astronomer V. Rubin took up this issue. She studied the speed at which matter, which is located at the edges of galaxies, rotates around the center of the galaxy. If we follow Kepler's laws concerning the laws of gravity, then there is a certain relationship between the speed of rotation of galaxies and the distance to the center.
But in reality, measurements showed that the rotation speed did not change with increasing distance to the center. Such data could be explained only in one way - the matter of the galaxy has the same density both in the center and at the edges. But the visible substance had a much greater density in the center and was characterized by sparseness at the edges, and the lack of density could only be explained by the presence of some substance that was not visible to the eye.
To explain the phenomenon, it is necessary that there is almost 10 times more of this invisible matter in galaxies than the matter that we can see. This unknown substance is called “dark matter” or “dark matter”. To date, this phenomenon remains the most interesting mystery for astrophysicists.
There is another argument in favor of evidence of the existence of dark matter. It follows from calculations that describe the process of how galaxies formed. It is believed that this began approximately 300,000 years after the Big Bang occurred. The calculation results say that the attraction between the fragments of matter that appeared during the explosion could not compensate for the kinetic energy from the expansion. That is, the matter could not concentrate in galaxies, but we can see it today.
This inexplicable fact is called the galaxy paradox; it was cited as an argument that destroys the Big Bang theory. But you can look at it from the other side. After all, particles of the most ordinary matter could be mixed with particles of dark matter. Then the calculations become correct, and how galaxies were formed in which a lot of dark matter had accumulated, and particles of ordinary matter had already joined them due to gravity. After all, ordinary matter makes up a small fraction of the total mass of the Universe.
Visible matter has a relatively low density compared to dark matter because it is 20 times denser. Therefore, those 95% of the mass of the Universe that are missing according to scientists’ calculations are dark matter.
However, this led to the conclusion that the entire visible world, which had been studied up and down, so familiar and understandable, was only a small addition to what actually made up.
All galaxies, planets and stars are just a small piece of something that we have no idea about. This is what is exposed, but the real is hidden from us.
On February 11, representatives of the international project Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory LIGO announced the first in history.
It is believed that dark energy is the driving force that ensures the constant expansion of the Universe. In this case, observing several black hole mergers may suggest its nature. Signal parameters such as wave frequency and amplitude tell a lot about their source. And by comparing the power of the collision, determined using conventional telescopes, with the power of gravitational fluctuations measured by detectors, it is possible to determine how far the event occurred and how much space expanded while the waves were flying towards Earth.
“This measure of the effect of dark energy should be stronger and more reliable than anything we currently use,” says astrophysicist Avi Loeb of Harvard University. “Observations of just a few black hole mergers could change everything, and if there are dozens of them, this will become a new direction in cosmology."
The discovery of gravitational waves could be a major test for Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. After all, with their help you can confirm or refute the basic principle theory of equivalence of gravitational and inertial forces, from which it follows that the forces of gravitational interaction are proportional to the mass of the body and affect all masses (bodies of different masses) equally.
Scientists can now determine how the strength of gravitational waves decreases as they travel over long distances. And if the force does not decrease as the models predict, it will pose a serious challenge to one of the basic theories of physics.
Another direction in which science can advance thanks to the latest discovery is the search for traces of the so-called cosmic inflation. According to the inflationary cosmological model, shortly after the Big Bang, the Universe expanded much faster than in the standard hot Universe model.
If, after the success of the LIGO project, new, even more sensitive ones appear around the world, they may be able to detect shorter waves that arose during the period of intense expansion of the young Universe. According to the theory, at that time space was impenetrable to light and electromagnetic radiation, so gravitational fluctuations may be the only “witnesses” of this period.
“We could potentially trace almost all the way back to the Big Bang,” says Dejan Stojkovic of New York University. “LIGO won’t be able to sense such vibrations, but now that we know the waves exist, it will be much easier to convince people invest money in creating other types of detectors."
Finally, gravitational waves may be the long-awaited key to Grand Unification Theories, which suggests that at the early stage of the development of the Universe, all four fundamental forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions - were combined into one force. As the Universe expanded and cooled, the forces separated for reasons that are still unclear. Once again, traces of these events can be found in the future using particularly sensitive detectors.
In any case, the near future promises to be interesting. After all, new studies of gravitational waves can finally prove the correctness of many basic models or, conversely, completely revolutionize our understanding of the Universe.