In accordance with the functions, external and internal speech are distinguished.
Inner speech is the linguistic formulation of a thought without its expression, oral or written. The process of internal, mental speech proceeds at high speed; it is not the same and differs in the degree of linguistic formalization depending on its purpose.
So, preparing at the level inner speech, i.e. “to ourselves,” a sentence to be written, we build it strictly according to the rules of grammar, using various constructions, for example subordinate clauses, isolated minor members, checking the correctness case endings, personal endings of the verb, we use all the necessary prepositions, conjunctions, sometimes even marking punctuation marks.
However, simply thinking about our actions, without the intention of describing them, thinking, indulging in memories, without the intention of speaking, we do not adhere so strictly to the rules of language, and in our inner speech big role play images and diagrams, representations of the surrounding world, which, like words, play the role of signs.
In life modern man inner speech plays very important role as a means of theoretical, cognitive activity: a person “to himself” generalizes and comprehends the information constantly coming from the outside world, “silently” reads and processes information gleaned from books, “silently” solves problems, makes decisions, etc.
Since inner speech is intended only for itself and the thinking subject understands himself literally at a glance, it is fragmentary, fragmentary, very dynamic, and lacks strict grammatical structure. Because of this, by the way, situations known to every teacher occur: the student is sure that he knows the lesson material, because at the level of his inner speech he understands himself: he really grasped some connections in the topic being studied. But he cannot tell this material coherently, consistently, as required by the conditions of the lesson, due to the gap between internal speech and external, oral speech. The logic of his thought is clear to the student, but he poorly formalizes it in external speech, and his answer turns out to be incomplete, incoherent, insufficient, and difficult to understand.
The simplest method of studying inner speech, accessible to everyone, is introspection. Specialists also use the method of recording micromovements of articulatory organs during the process of internal speech.
More on the topic § 15. TYPES OF SPEECH. INTERNAL SPEECH:
- 48. Methods of transmitting someone else's speech. Direct speech, indirect speech, improperly direct speech.
- Section I. LANGUAGE AND ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS. SPEECH: TYPES AND FORMS OF SPEECH TEXT AS THE LEADING UNIT OF COMMUNICATION
- 7.45. Someone else's speech. The concept of someone else's speech and methods of its transmission
- L. S. Vygotsky’s understanding of inner speech and the logic of dialogue
- Part I. ORAL SPEECH Chapter I. CULTURE OF PRE-WRITTEN SPEECH
External speech- a system of sound signals, written signs and symbols used by humans to transmit information, the process of materialization of thoughts.
External speech serves communication (although in some cases a person can think out loud without communicating with anyone), therefore its main feature is accessibility to the perception (hearing, vision) of other people. Depending on whether sounds are used for this purpose or written signs, distinguish between oral (ordinary spoken spoken speech) and written speech. Oral and written language have their own psychological characteristics. When speaking, a person perceives listeners and their reaction to his words. Written speech is addressed to an absent reader who does not see or hear the writer and will read what is written only after some time. Often the author does not even know his reader at all and does not maintain contact with him. The lack of direct contact between the writer and the reader creates certain difficulties in constructing written speech. The writer is deprived of the opportunity to use means of expression(intonation, facial expressions, gestures) for a better presentation of your thoughts (punctuation marks do not fully replace these expressive means), as is the case in oral speech. So written language is usually less expressive than spoken language. In addition, written speech must be particularly detailed, coherent, understandable and complete, i.e. processed.
But written speech has another advantage: unlike oral speech, it allows for long and thorough work on the verbal expression of thoughts, while in oral speech delays are unacceptable, there is no time for polishing and finishing phrases. If you look, for example, at the draft manuscripts of L.N. Tolstoy or A.S. Pushkin, you will be struck by their unusually thorough and demanding work on the verbal expression of thoughts. Written speech both in the history of society and in life individual person arises later than oral speech and is formed on its basis. The importance of written speech is extremely great. It is in it that all historical experience human society. Thanks to writing, the achievements of culture, science and art are passed on from generation to generation.
So, external speech includes the following types:
Dialogical;
Monologue;
Written
Oral speech - this is communication between people through pronouncing words out loud, on the one hand, and listening to them by people, on the other.
Depending on the various conditions communication oral speech takes the form of either dialogical or monologue speech.
Dialogue (from the Greek dialogos - conversation, conversation) - a type of speech consisting in the alternating exchange of sign information (including pauses, silence, gestures) of two or more subjects. Dialogue speech is a conversation in which at least two interlocutors participate. Dialogical speech, psychologically the simplest and natural shape speech, occurs when direct communication two or more interlocutors and consists mainly of exchanges of remarks. Replica - answer, objection, remark to the words of the interlocutor - characterized by brevity, the presence of interrogative and incentive offers, syntactically unexpanded constructions. Distinctive feature dialogue is the emotional contact of speakers, their impact on each other through facial expressions, gestures, intonation and timbre of voice. In everyday dialogue, partners do not care about the form and style of their statements and are frank. Participants in public dialogue take into account the presence of the audience and construct their speech literary. In everyday and ordinary conversation, dialogical speech is not planned. This is a supported speech. The direction of such a conversation and its results are largely determined by the statements of its participants, their remarks, comments, approval or objection. But sometimes a conversation is organized specifically to clarify a specific issue, then it is purposeful (for example, a student’s answer to a teacher’s questions).
Dialogue speech, as a rule, places fewer demands on the construction of a coherent and detailed statement than monologue or written speech; no special preparation is needed here. This is explained by the fact that the interlocutors are in the same situation, perceive the same facts and phenomena and therefore understand each other relatively easily, sometimes without a word. They do not need to express their thoughts in detail speech form. An important requirement for interlocutors during dialogical speech is to be able to listen to the partner’s statements to the end, understand his objections and respond to them, and not to his own thoughts.
Monologue - a type of speech that has one subject and represents a complex syntactic whole, structurally not at all related to the speech of the interlocutor. Monologue speech is the speech of one person expressing his thoughts over a relatively long time or a consistent coherent presentation by one person of a system of knowledge.
Monologue speech is characterized by:
· consistency and evidence, which provide coherence of thought;
· grammatically correct formatting;
Monologue speech is more complex than dialogue in content and language design and always assumes enough high level speech development speaker. There are three main types of monologue speech: narration (story, message), description and reasoning, which, in turn, are divided into subtypes that have their own linguistic, compositional and intonation-expressive features. With speech defects, monologue speech is disrupted in to a greater extent than dialogical.
A monologue is an extended utterance (an elementary unit of text) by one person, completed in semantically. The psychological and pedagogical feature of monologue speech is that the reaction of the listeners is guessed, gestures and facial expressions play a smaller role than in dialogue. Monologue is most often public speech, addressed a large number of people. The oratorical monologue is dialogical.
The speaker seems to be talking with the audience, that is, a hidden dialogue is taking place. But open dialogue is also possible, for example, answering questions from those present.
Monologue speech assumes that one person speaks, while others only listen without participating in the conversation. Monologue speech in the practice of human communication occupies great place and manifests itself in a wide variety of oral and written presentations. Monologue forms of speech include lectures, reports, and speeches at meetings. General and characteristic feature all forms of monologue speech - its pronounced orientation towards the listener. The purpose of this focus is to achieve the necessary impact on listeners, convey knowledge to them, and convince them of something. In this regard, monologue speech is extensive in nature, requires a coherent presentation of thoughts, and therefore, preliminary preparation and planning.
As a rule, monologue speech proceeds with a certain tension. It requires speaking skills logically, consistently express your thoughts, express them in a clear and distinct form, as well as the ability to establish contact with the audience. To do this, the speaker must monitor not only the content of his speech and its external structure, but also the reaction of the listeners.
The amount of information loss during a monologue message can reach 50%, and in some cases, 80% of the volume of original information [7].
Written speech is a graphically designed speech organized on the basis of letter images. It is addressed to a wide range of readers, is not situational and requires advanced skills sound-letter analysis, the ability to logically and grammatically correctly convey your thoughts, analyze what is written and improve the form of expression.
Written and spoken communication is usually performed different functions. Oral speech for the most part functions as Speaking in a conversation situation, written speech is like business, scientific, more impersonal speech, intended not for the directly present interlocutor. In this case, written speech is aimed primarily at conveying more abstract content, while oral, colloquial speech is mostly born from direct experience. From here whole line differences in the construction of written and oral speech and in the means that each of them uses.
In oral, colloquial speech the presence general situation, uniting the interlocutors, creates a commonality of a number of directly obvious prerequisites. When the speaker reproduces them in speech, his speech seems excessively long, boring and pedantic: much is immediately clear from the situation and can be omitted in oral speech. Between two interlocutors, united by the commonality of the situation and, to some extent, experiences, understanding is possible without a word. Sometimes, between close people, one hint is enough to be understood. In this case, what we say is understood not only or sometimes even not so much from the content of the speech itself, but on the basis of the situation in which the interlocutors find themselves. In conversational speech, therefore, much is left unspoken. Conversational oral speech is situational speech. Moreover, in oral speech-conversation, the interlocutors, in addition to the subject-semantic content of the speech, have at their disposal a whole range of expressive means, with the help of which they convey what is not said in the very content of the speech.
In written speech addressed to an absent or generally impersonal, unknown reader, one cannot count on the fact that the content of the speech will be supplemented by general experiences drawn from direct contact, generated by the situation in which the writer was. Therefore, in written speech, something different is required than in oral speech - a more detailed construction of speech, a different disclosure of the content of thought. In written speech, all significant connections of thought must be revealed and reflected. Written speech requires a more systematic, logically coherent presentation. In written speech, everything should be understandable solely from its own semantic content, from its context; written speech is contextual speech.
There are two types of speech: external and internal. External speech is addressed to other people. Through it, a person transmits and perceives thoughts. Inner speech is speech “to oneself”, speech in the form of. Both types of speech are mutually related.
External speech, in turn, is divided into two types: oral and written. Each of these types of external speech has its own psychological characteristics, which you need to know in order to use them correctly in the communication process.
Oral speech
Oral speech- speech directly addressed to someone. It is expressed in sounds and is perceived by other people through hearing. Oral speech is the most ancient in origin. Children also learn oral speech first, and then written speech. Oral speech manifests itself in monologue and dialogic forms.
Dialogue speech means a conversation between two or more persons who either listen while others speak, or speak while they are being listened to. The one who speaks in this moment, acts as an active person, and the one who listens is passive in relation to the speaker.
However, passivity in dialogue is relative, since the perception of speech is an active process, sometimes requiring the listener to be far from easy mental activity. In progress verbal communication the interlocutors change roles and support each other in conversation, which is why dialogical speech is sometimes called supported speech. Exchange of roles allows interlocutors to better understand each other.
Characteristic a feature of dialogical speech is direct communication: interlocutors hear and most often see each other. This circumstance allows speakers to use expressive means of language: voice intonation, facial expressions, gestures.
At the same time, the speaker can observe (in conditions of mutual vision) the reactions of listeners to his speech, attention or inattention to it, the degree of understanding, agreement or disagreement, etc. These observations allow the speaker to adjust his speech, repeat some thoughts, expand or, conversely, curtail reasoning, strengthen or weaken expressive means of speech.
Thus, a teacher conducting a conversation with students in a lesson not only directs the children’s thoughts and statements with his questions, but also constantly changes the nature of his speech depending on the students’ reaction to it.
Dialogue speech
Dialogue speech occurs in specific conditions, and the subject of the conversation is familiar to the interlocutors. This allows them, in some cases, to understand each other perfectly. Therefore, in a free dialogue (in a normal conversation between two or more people), the interlocutors do not always adhere to language rules, shorten sentences, supplement what is said with facial expressions, gestures, and unique intonations.
Monologue speech
Monologue speech- This . He speaks and others listen. This type of speech includes various speeches by one person before an audience: a lecture, a report, a message, a deputy’s speech, an actor’s monologue, etc. A monologue is a speech that is continuous and unsupported by listeners.
In this sense, it is more difficult than dialogue. Before speaking, the speaker must think through the content of the speech, the plan for presenting thoughts, the form of presentation, taking into account the audience, its preparation, experience and knowledge. He assumes in advance that it may turn out to be complex and unclear, what questions the listeners may have, and how they will react to his speech.
All this gives the author a feeling of high responsibility for the content, form and composition of the speech. Monologue speech requires compliance with the laws of logic and the rules of grammar. The strength of its impact is achieved by the convincing evidence (scientific and business speech), imagery and expressiveness, influence on the feelings of listeners (speech of a speaker, artist).
The teacher's speech should contain all these means. Monologue speech requires not only mandatory preliminary preparation, but also continuous attention to one’s own speech (its content, persuasiveness, linguistic perfection, etc.) and to the reactions of listeners. In other words, monologue speech requires the speaker high culture thinking, speech and psychological observation.
A monologue is difficult not only for the speaker, but also for the listeners, whose attention must be stable and focused for a long time. The perception of monologue speech is especially difficult for children, and the younger they are, the more so. The reason for this is not only the lack of stability of children’s attention, but also the uniqueness of the object of attention: attention to words, to the content of speech, and even more so to the sequence of the speaker’s reasoning is always more difficult than attention to real things and phenomena.
Monologue speech in its structure is closer to written speech than dialogic speech.
Written speech
Written speech expressed by graphic signs and perceived by sight. It is a type of speech with which communication between people who are separated is possible. long distances and time. that it is more difficult than oral speech, both for those who convey thoughts through it, and for those who perceive these thoughts.
The writer conveys the content of speech without using such aids language, such as intonation, facial expressions, gestures that facilitate the understanding of thoughts. The writer cannot always take into account the reaction of readers to his speech, because he does not see, does not hear, and often does not know them.
The circle of readers of books, newspapers, and magazines is very wide and diverse. Readers are also deprived of the opportunity to directly express their opinion about the content and form of what is written. To become accessible to a wide range of readers, written speech must be structured as detailed, fully consistent with the rules of logic and grammar.
Written speech places great demands on the person who uses it. Written speech can be dialogical and monological.
Inner speech is speech “to oneself”, with the help of which logical processing of sensory data occurs, their awareness and understanding in a certain system of concepts and judgments. A person does not directly address other people with it, but through it a thought is formed and exists.
Inner speech is difficult to study, so its essence has been and is understood differently. I. Muller called it “speech minus sound,” and behaviorists called it a hidden speech skill. L. S. Vygotsky considered inner speech to be the central link in the path of the transition of thought into word and words into thought, a special internal plan speech thinking. A. N. Sokolov defines it as a speech mechanism mental activity ().
Soviet psychologist B.F. Baev, in his study of the nature of inner speech, points out its essential feature - dependence on the needs that it serves. Inner speech not only forms thought, it is an obligatory component in everything. cognitive processes person.
As you practice solving a certain type of problem, mental tension decreases, and muscle activity also decreases. speech apparatus. At the same time, inner speech becomes less developed.
The abbreviation of speech is expressed in the fact that many words are left out that are not needed, since the subject of thought and the situation in which thinking occurs are clear to the subject himself and therefore do not require full verbal expression. For example, an experimenter (physicist, chemist) or simply a student, who thought for a long time about a more optimal solution to a problem, eventually approached the goal.
This was expressed in inner speech with one loudly pronounced word “Found!” One word at this stage of thought formation can play the role of complex sentence or complex judgment. Thus, inner speech forms thought.
It should always be borne in mind that inner speech and thinking are not the same thing. Thinking is a generalized and indirect reflection of reality; it is the meaningful, cognitive side of speech. But a thought cannot be formed without the participation of inner speech. Pointing to the unity of inner speech and thinking, they mean, first of all, the process of thought formation.