Human inner speech- This is a complex, completely unstudied phenomenon, studied by psychology, general linguistics, and philosophy. Inner speech in psychology is hidden verbalization that accompanies the thinking process. This manifestation represents the relationship between mental operations, language components, communication interaction, and consciousness. Simply put, it is verbal mental functioning. In fact, a person’s thoughts are able to “work” without verbal elements. However, in reality, verbal structures combine mental operations with the external environment, society, and the solution of personal issues and problems of a social nature. Mental speech is often presented as a “servicing” mechanism for external communication and all active operations of the subject. Consequently, inner speech reveals itself as a silent instrument, a hidden verbalization that arises during mental functioning. It represents a derivative form of sound speech, consciously adapted to perform mental functions in the mind.
Internal and external speech
There are 3 types of forms of communicative interaction through language structures, namely external, written and internal.
How does external speech differ from internal speech? The first is facing outward, towards the people around you. Thanks to it, thoughts are broadcast, while internal speech is silent speech and reflects what the subject is thinking. Both of these types of communications are interconnected. Simply put, external speech is for the environment, and internal speech is for oneself.
The peculiarities of inner speech lie in its exclusivity, that is, it does not reflect into inner speech, does not precede it. It begins around the age of seven and comes from the egocentric, outward-directed speech of children. Egocentric communication through the language component in a child is speech directed inward in mental functioning and outward in design. With the beginning of the school period, a transformation of egocentric communication into internal communication occurs. In addition, there is a distinction between two speech operations: egocentric communication and the delimitation of speech for the environment and for oneself, from a single speech operation.
The characteristics of inner speech are represented by the following features: brevity, fragmentation, fragmentation. If it were possible to record an internal conversation, it would appear incomprehensible, incoherent, fragmentary, unrecognizable in comparison with the external one.
Communication directed outward is predominantly carried out in the form of dialogue, which always involves visual acceptance of the interlocutor, his body language and acoustic understanding of the intonation aspect of the conversation. Taken together, the listed two features of external communication allow interaction through hints and understanding of understatement.
A person’s inner speech is not exclusively self-talk. Performing the function of regulation and planning, it is characterized by a structure other than external communication, a reduced structure. In terms of semantic meaning, communication “to oneself” never means an object and is not of a purely nominative nature. In a word, it does not include a “subject”. It displays what exactly needs to be done and where the action should be directed. In structure, while remaining compressed and amorphous, it retains its predicative orientation, defining only the plan for a further sentence, judgment or scheme for a further operation.
Features of internal speech are represented by the following characteristics: soundlessness, fragmentaryness, generality, secondary (education from external communication), greater speed (in relation to external), lack of need for strict grammatical design.
Often, direct speech structures in the course of communication “to oneself” are replaced by auditory and visual ones. There are interdependencies and manifestations of external communication and internal communication. Firstly, before sounding a thought, a person in internal conversation draws up a diagram or plan for a future utterance. Secondly, written presentation is generally preceded by the pronunciation of words and phrases mentally, during which the selection of the most suitable structures and the placement of pauses in the resulting written statement occurs. Thirdly, with the help of an electrophysiological study, the presence of hidden articulation in the process of internal communication was discovered.
Consequently, communication “to oneself” for external conversation performs the necessary preparatory function.
External communication interaction can be oral or written. The first is a sounding speech characterized by relatively free norms in relation to the requirements of exemplary linguistic means. It covers: speaking (broadcasting acoustic speech signals that carry some information) and listening (understanding acoustic speech signals, as well as receiving them).
Oral speech is embodied in two directions: everyday (spoken) and public. In order to differentiate them, the term “speech situation” is used, which denotes a lot of circumstances influencing the implementation, its structure and content. This determines the existence of the following definitions of public communication. First of all, public communication is a type of oral interaction that is characterized by the following elements of speech conditions: a large audience, formality of the event (concert, meeting, lesson, lecture, meeting, etc.).
Everyday communication is a type of oral interaction, the speech conditions of which are formed by: a small number of listeners and an everyday setting (that is, not official).
Inner speech according to Vygotsky
Many psychology “gurus” have worked and are still working on the problems of the relationship between mental activity and verbal communication.
L. Vygotsky established that words play a significant role in the formation of mental operations and mental processes of human subjects.
Thanks to experiments conducted by L. Vygotsky, it was possible to discover in younger preschool children the presence of a form of communication incomprehensible to adults in their environment, which later became known as egocentric speech or “communication for oneself.” According to L. Vygotsky, egocentric communication is the carrier of the emerging thinking processes of children. During this period, the mental activity of the little ones is just entering the path. He proved that egocentric communication is not just a sound accompaniment of the internal thought process that accompanies the movement of thoughts.
Egocentric thinking, according to Vygotsky, is the only form of existence (formation) of children’s thoughts, and other, parallel, mental thinking in children at this stage simply does not exist. Only after passing through the stage of egocentric communication, thought processes during internalization and subsequent restructuring will gradually transform into mental operations, transforming into internal communication. Therefore, egocentric inner speech in psychology is a communication tool necessary for regulating and controlling the practical activities of children. That is, this is communication addressed to oneself.
It is possible to determine the following features of internal speech, in addition to those listed above: reduction of phonetic aspects (the phonetic side of communication is reduced, words are unraveled according to the intention of the speaker to pronounce them) and the prevalence of the semantic load of words over their designation. Verbal meanings are much broader and more dynamic than their meanings. They reveal different rules of unification and integration than verbal meanings. This is precisely what can explain the difficulty of expressing thoughts in speech for the environment, in sound communication.
Consequently, in children, the external manifestation of speech is formed from a word to several, from a phrase to a combination of phrases, then to a coherent communication consisting of a number of sentences. Internal communication is formed in a different course. The baby begins to “pronounce” whole sentences, and then moves on to comprehend individual semantic elements, dividing the whole thought into several verbal meanings.
Inner speech problem
The problem of inner speech to this day remains a rather complex and completely unknown issue. Initially, scientists believed that internal communication is similar in structure to external communication, the difference lies solely in the absence of sound, since it is silent speech, “to oneself.” However, modern research has proven the described statement to be false.
Inner speech cannot be perceived as a silent analogue of external communication. It differs in significant features of its own structure, first of all, fragmentation and convolution. An individual who uses internal communication to solve a problem understands what problem is posed to him, which allows him to exclude everything that calls the task. In the net result, all that remains is what needs to be done. Simply put, a prescription for what the next action should be. This characteristic of inner speech is often called predicativity. She emphasizes that it is important not to define the subject of communication, but to tell something about it.
Inner speech is often elliptical, so in it the individual skips those elements that seem understandable to him. In addition to verbal formulas, images, plans and diagrams are used in internal communication. Simply put, within himself the subject may not name the object, but imagine it. Often it is built in the form of a summary or table of contents, that is, a person outlines the topic of reflection and omits what needs to be said due to familiarity.
Inner speech and the hidden articulation caused by it should be considered as a tool for purposeful selection, generalization and recording of information obtained through sensations. Hence, internal communication plays a huge role in the process of visual and verbal-conceptual mental activity. In addition, it is also involved in the development and functioning of an individual’s voluntary actions.
In psychology, it is customary to distinguish between two main forms of speech: external and internal.
External form of speech
External speech includes:
1. Oral (dialogue and monologue)
Sh Dialogical speech is supported speech; the interlocutor asks clarifying questions during the conversation, giving remarks that can help complete the thought (or reorient it). Dialogue is direct communication between two or more people. A type of dialogic communication is a conversation in which the dialogue has a thematic focus.
The basic rules of dialogical speech are:
- Politely introduce yourself and introduce others.
Ask and answer questions politely.
Express a request, wish, bewilderment, delight, regret, agreement and disagreement, apologize and accept.
Talk on the phone.
Play your role expressively and close to reality in a dramatization of a conversation, interview, or conversation.
Replay situations of communication with foreign peers and guests.
Exchange opinions about an event, fact, problem of discussion.
Exchange impressions about your future profession or further education.
Discuss environmental issues, preserving peace, health, etc.
Interview communication partners on various issues.
Sh Monologue speech- a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts and knowledge by one person. It also develops in the process of communication, but the nature of communication here is different: the monologue is uninterrupted, therefore the speaker has an active, expressive, facial and gestural influence. In monologue speech, compared to dialogical speech, the semantic side changes most significantly. Monologue speech is coherent, contextual. Its content must, first of all, satisfy the requirements of consistency and evidence in presentation. Another condition, inextricably linked with the first, is the grammatically correct construction of sentences. A monologue does not tolerate incorrect construction of phrases. It places a number of demands on the tempo and sound of speech. The substantive side of the monologue must be combined with the expressive side. Expressiveness is created both by linguistic means (the ability to use a word, phrase, syntactic construction that most accurately convey the speaker’s intention) and by non-linguistic communicative means (intonation, a system of pauses, the division of the pronunciation of a word or several words, which performs the function of a kind of emphasis, facial expressions and gestures).
During a monologue speech it is allowed
§ Speak on the content of the text based on brief notes, outline or key words.
§ Express your opinion on the content of illustrative material based on questions.
§ Convey the content of the text you listened to or read.
§ Talk about an event or fact.
§ Present in class with a report or essay prepared at home.
§ Speak briefly on the content of the text read or listened to.
Oral speech-- verbal (verbal) communication using linguistic means perceived by ear. Oral speech is characterized by the fact that individual components of a speech message are generated and perceived sequentially.
The processes of generating oral speech include links of orientation, simultaneous planning (programming), speech implementation and control: in this case, planning, in turn, occurs through two parallel channels and concerns the content and motor-articulatory aspects of oral speech.
Oral speech - this is speech pronounced in the process of speaking; the main form of using natural language in speech activity. For the colloquial style of a literary language, the oral form is the main one, while book styles function in both written and oral form (a scientific article and an oral scientific report, a speech at a meeting without a previously prepared text and a recording of this speech in the minutes of the meeting). The most important distinguishing feature of oral speech is its unpreparedness: oral speech, as a rule, is created during a conversation. However, the degree of unpreparedness may vary. This can be a speech on a topic unknown in advance, carried out as improvisation. On the other hand, it can be a speech on a previously known topic, thought out in certain parts. Oral speech of this kind is typical for official public communication. From oral speech, i.e. speech generated in the process of speaking, one should distinguish between speech read and learned by heart; for this type of speech the term "sounding speech" is sometimes used. The unprepared nature of oral speech gives rise to a number of its specific features: an abundance of unfinished syntactic constructions (for example: Well, in general... contemplation... I can draw for friends); self-interrupting (There are still many people in Russia who want... who write with a pen and not on a computer); repetitions (I would... I would... like to say more); constructions with nominative themes (This boy / he wakes me up every morning); pick-ups (A - We invite you... B - tomorrow to the theater). The specific features caused by unprepared oral speech mentioned above are not speech errors, because do not interfere with understanding the content of speech, and in some cases serve as an important means of expression. Moreover, speech designed for direct perception, which is oral speech, loses if it is too detailed, consists exclusively of detailed sentences, if direct word order predominates in it. In a speech intended for a listener, the structural and logical pattern of a phrase often changes, incomplete sentences are very appropriate (saving the energy and time of the speaker and listener), incidental additional thoughts and evaluative phrases are allowed (enriching the text and being well separated from the main text through intonation). One of the most significant disadvantages of oral speech is considered to be its intermittency (logical, grammatical and intonation), which consists in unjustified stopping of speech, breaking off phrases, thoughts, and sometimes unjustified repetition of the same words. The reasons for this are different: ignorance of what to say, inability to formulate the subsequent thought, the desire to correct what was said. The second of the most common shortcomings of oral speech is its lack of differentiation (intonation and grammatical): phrases follow one after another without pauses, logical stresses, without clear grammatical design of sentences. Grammar and intonation confusion naturally affects the logic of speech: thoughts merge, the order of their occurrence becomes unclear, the content of the text becomes vague and indefinite. Written speech is speech created using visible (graphic) signs on paper, other material, or a monitor screen.
Oral speech is usually considered to be more ancient than written language. Writing is seen as an additional, secondary method of communication. The date of the emergence of written language is usually associated with the finds of ancient texts on stone, clay tablets, and papyri.
Oral speech predominates in everyday life, which is why it is considered leading. But gradually written language begins to have an increasing influence on oral speech. Written speech is prepared speech. It can be checked, corrected, edited, shown to specialists and repeatedly improved, achieving improved content and form of presentation. All this cannot be done if you keep the speech only in your mind. In addition, written speech is easier to remember and retains in memory longer. A written text disciplines the speaker, gives him the opportunity to avoid repetitions, sloppy formulations, slips of the tongue, hesitations, and makes speech more confident. The norms and literary norms of written speech are more strict; grammar courses were usually based on the structures of written speech.
Oral speech has some advantages: it has more spontaneity and living feeling. At the same time, it requires a lot of training: almost automaticity in the choice of words. In oral speech the syntax is simpler, literary norms are not so strict; it uses numerous means of sound expressiveness: intonation, various pauses; it is accompanied by gestures and facial expressions. It is oral speech that provides greater contact when communicating.
2. Written speech is a type of monologue speech. It is more developed than oral monologue speech. This is due to the fact that written speech presupposes the absence of feedback from the interlocutor. In addition, written speech does not have any additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and punctuation marks that organize the sentence.
Internal and external speech
External speech is associated with the process of communication. Inner speech is the core of our thinking and all conscious activity. Both thinking and the rudiments of consciousness are present in animals, but it is inner speech that is a powerful catalyst for both, which endows man - in comparison with all other animals - with simply supernatural abilities.
It was already said above that a listening person, willy-nilly, repeats to himself the words he hears. Whether it is beautiful poetry or the multi-story swearing of an alcoholic, what is heard is repeated in the mind of the listener. This mechanism is caused by the need to retain the complete image of the message at least for a short time. These repetitions (reverberations) are closely related to inner speech, that is, they “flow” into it.
In many ways, inner speech is similar to dialogue with yourself. With the help of inner speech, you can prove something to yourself, inspire, convince, support, encourage.
Every speaker, when preparing for a public speech, must clearly understand what goal he is pursuing with his speech. In accordance with this, he chooses the type of public speech. Experts identify the following goals: to inform, comply with protocol, convince, entertain. Based on this, we can talk about the following types of public speaking: informational speech, protocol-etiquette speech, persuasive speech and entertaining speech.
Information speech. The purpose of this speech is to give new information about a particular subject, deepen knowledge, broaden horizons. The main genres of informational speech are public lecture, reporting report, discussion of a project, etc.
Protocol and etiquette speech. The purpose of this speech is to observe the traditions of communication in this situation, to fulfill the requirements of etiquette and ritual. The following types of speeches can be considered: greeting and speech at an official meeting of guests, official congratulations to the hero of the day, a funeral speech, a speech appreciating the merits of someone, etc.
Persuasive speech. The purpose of a persuasive speech is to encourage the audience to accept the speaker’s opinion, his assessment of a fact or event. In persuasive speech, two main types can be distinguished: a) argumentative speech and b) agitation speech.
Argumentative speech. The general goal of an argumentative speech is to convince the audience to agree with the speaker on a controversial issue, to prove that the speaker is right. A type of argumentative speech is judicial speech. The main function of judicial speech (lawyer or prosecutor) is influence.
Propaganda speech. The purpose of a propaganda speech is to motivate listeners to take some action based on emotional argumentation. Examples of campaign speeches include speeches at election meetings, advertising speeches, speeches in support of certain social movements. Rally speeches occupy a special place among propaganda speeches. These are, as a rule, speeches with political appeals and protest.
Entertaining speech. The purpose of an entertaining speech is to entertain, amuse, amuse listeners, and give them the opportunity to have a good time. Examples of entertaining speeches: a speech at a banquet, a toast, a story in a company about a funny incident.
Inner speech is primarily associated with supporting the thinking process. This is a very complex phenomenon from a psychological point of view, which ensures the relationship between speech and thinking.
Inner speech is not aimed at communication. This is a conversation a person has with himself. In inner speech, thinking occurs, intentions arise, and actions are planned. The main feature of internal speech is its unpronounceability, it is silent. Inner speech is divided into internal pronunciation and inner speech itself. Inner speech differs in structure from external speech in that it is collapsed and most of the minor members of the sentence are omitted. Internal speech, like external speech, exists as a kinesthetic, auditory or visual image. In contrast to internal speech itself, internal pronunciation coincides in structure with external speech Vygotsky L.S. Collected works: In 6 volumes. T. 1.: Questions of the theory and history of psychology / Ch. ed. A.V. Zaporozhets. -- M.: Pedagogy, 2001. Inner speech is formed on the basis of external speech. Inner speech is speech to ourselves; we do not use it to address other people. Inner speech has a very significant significance in a person’s life, being connected with his thinking. It organically participates in all thought processes aimed at solving any problems, for example, when we strive to understand a complex mathematical formula, understand some theoretical issue, outline a plan of action, etc.
This speech is characterized by the absence of full sound expression, which is replaced by rudimentary speech movements. Sometimes these rudimentary articulatory movements acquire a very noticeable form and even lead to the utterance of individual words during the thought process. “When a child thinks,” says Sechenov, “he certainly speaks at the same time. In children about five years old, thoughts are expressed in words or whispered conversation, or at least by movements of the tongue and lips. This happens extremely often to adults as well. At least I know from myself that my thought is very often accompanied by silent conversation with my mouth closed and motionless, that is, by movements of the muscles of the tongue in the oral cavity. In all cases, when I want to fix some thought primarily before others, I certainly whisper it. It even seems to me that I never think directly in words, but always with muscle sensations that accompany my thought in the form of a conversation.” In some cases, inner speech causes the thought process to slow down.
Despite the lack of full verbal expression, internal speech obeys all the rules of grammar characteristic of the language of a given person, but does not proceed in such a detailed form as external speech: there are a number of omissions in it, there is no pronounced syntactic division, complex sentences are replaced by individual words. This is explained by the fact that in the process of practical use of speech, abbreviated forms began to replace more expanded ones. Inner speech is possible only as a transformation of external speech. Without the preliminary full expression of a thought in external speech, it cannot be briefly expressed in internal speech.
Speech communication is a complex and multifaceted process. Speech is the process of verbal communication of people with each other. At the same time, speech is multifunctional. There are many classifications of speech functions, the main ones being communicative and significative. The main types of speech are external and internal speech. External speech, in turn, is divided into separate subtypes: monologue, dialogic, oral, written and kinesthetic. Inner speech is inextricably linked with external speech and represents a special form of the thought process.
External speech- a system of sound signals, written signs and symbols used by humans to transmit information, the process of materialization of thoughts.
External speech serves communication (although in some cases a person can think out loud without communicating with anyone), therefore its main feature is accessibility to the perception (hearing, vision) of other people. Depending on whether sounds or written signs are used for this purpose, a distinction is made between oral (ordinary spoken spoken speech) and written speech. Oral and written speech have their own psychological characteristics. When speaking, a person perceives listeners and their reaction to his words. Written speech is addressed to an absent reader who does not see or hear the writer and will read what is written only after some time. Often the author does not even know his reader at all and does not maintain contact with him. The lack of direct contact between the writer and the reader creates certain difficulties in constructing written speech. The writer is deprived of the opportunity to use expressive means (intonation, facial expressions, gestures) to better express his thoughts (punctuation marks do not fully replace these expressive means), as is the case in oral speech. So written language is usually less expressive than spoken language. In addition, written speech must be particularly detailed, coherent, understandable and complete, i.e. processed.
But written speech has another advantage: unlike oral speech, it allows for long and thorough work on the verbal expression of thoughts, while in oral speech delays are unacceptable, there is no time for polishing and finishing phrases. If you look, for example, at the draft manuscripts of L.N. Tolstoy or A.S. Pushkin, you will be struck by their unusually thorough and demanding work on the verbal expression of thoughts. Written speech, both in the history of society and in the life of an individual, appears later than oral speech and is formed on its basis. The importance of written speech is extremely great. It is in it that the entire historical experience of human society is consolidated. Thanks to writing, the achievements of culture, science and art are passed on from generation to generation.
So, external speech includes the following types:
Dialogical;
Monologue;
Written
Oral speech - this is communication between people through pronouncing words out loud, on the one hand, and listening to them by people, on the other.
Depending on the various conditions of communication, oral speech takes on the form of either dialogical or monologue speech.
Dialogue (from the Greek dialogos - conversation, conversation) - a type of speech consisting in the alternating exchange of sign information (including pauses, silence, gestures) of two or more subjects. Dialogical speech is a conversation in which at least two interlocutors participate. Dialogical speech, the psychologically simplest and most natural form of speech, occurs during direct communication between two or more interlocutors and consists mainly of the exchange of remarks. Replica - response, objection, remark to the words of the interlocutor - is distinguished by brevity, the presence of interrogative and incentive sentences, and syntactically undeveloped constructions. A distinctive feature of dialogue is the emotional contact of speakers, their impact on each other through facial expressions, gestures, intonation and timbre of voice. In everyday dialogue, partners do not care about the form and style of their statements and are frank. Participants in public dialogue take into account the presence of the audience and construct their speech literary. In everyday and ordinary conversation, dialogic speech is not planned. This is a supported speech. The direction of such a conversation and its results are largely determined by the statements of its participants, their remarks, comments, approval or objection. But sometimes a conversation is organized specifically to clarify a specific issue, then it is purposeful (for example, a student’s answer to a teacher’s questions).
Dialogue speech, as a rule, places fewer demands on the construction of a coherent and detailed statement than monologue or written speech; no special preparation is needed here. This is explained by the fact that the interlocutors are in the same situation, perceive the same facts and phenomena and therefore understand each other relatively easily, sometimes without a word. They do not need to express their thoughts in detailed speech form. An important requirement for interlocutors during dialogical speech is to be able to listen to the partner’s statements to the end, understand his objections and respond to them, and not to his own thoughts.
Monologue - a type of speech that has one subject and represents a complex syntactic whole, structurally not at all related to the speech of the interlocutor. Monologue speech is the speech of one person expressing his thoughts over a relatively long time or a consistent coherent presentation by one person of a system of knowledge.
Monologue speech is characterized by:
· consistency and evidence, which provide coherence of thought;
· grammatically correct formatting;
Monologue speech is more complex than dialogue in content and linguistic design and always presupposes a fairly high level of speech development of the speaker. There are three main types of monologue speech: narration (story, message), description and reasoning, which, in turn, are divided into subtypes that have their own linguistic, compositional and intonation-expressive features. With speech defects, monologue speech is impaired to a greater extent than dialogic speech.
A monologue is a detailed statement (an elementary unit of text) by one person, complete in semantic terms. The psychological and pedagogical feature of monologue speech is that the reaction of the listeners is guessed, gestures and facial expressions play a smaller role than in dialogue. A monologue is most often a public speech addressed to a large number of people. The oratorical monologue is dialogical.
The speaker seems to be talking with the audience, that is, a hidden dialogue is taking place. But open dialogue is also possible, for example, answering questions from those present.
Monologue speech assumes that one person speaks, while others only listen without participating in the conversation. Monologue speech occupies a large place in the practice of human communication and is manifested in a wide variety of oral and written speeches. Monologue forms of speech include lectures, reports, and speeches at meetings. A common and characteristic feature of all forms of monologue speech is its pronounced orientation towards the listener. The purpose of this focus is to achieve the necessary impact on listeners, convey knowledge to them, and convince them of something. In this regard, monologue speech is extensive in nature and requires a coherent presentation of thoughts, and therefore, preliminary preparation and planning.
As a rule, monologue speech proceeds with a certain tension. It requires the speaker to be able to logically, consistently express his thoughts, express them in a clear and distinct form, as well as the ability to establish contact with the audience. To do this, the speaker must monitor not only the content of his speech and its external structure, but also the reaction of the listeners.
The amount of information loss during a monologue message can reach 50%, and in some cases, 80% of the volume of original information [7].
Written speech is a graphically designed speech organized on the basis of letter images. It is addressed to a wide range of readers, is not situational and requires in-depth skills of sound-letter analysis, the ability to logically and grammatically correctly convey one’s thoughts, analyze what is written and improve the form of expression.
Written and spoken speech usually perform different functions. Oral speech for the most part functions as colloquial speech in a conversation situation, written speech - as business, scientific, more impersonal speech, intended not for the directly present interlocutor. In this case, written speech is aimed primarily at conveying more abstract content, while oral, colloquial speech is mostly born from direct experience. Hence a number of differences in the construction of written and oral speech and in the means that each of them uses.
In oral, colloquial speech, the presence of a common situation that unites interlocutors creates the commonality of a number of directly obvious prerequisites. When the speaker reproduces them in speech, his speech seems excessively long, boring and pedantic: much is immediately clear from the situation and can be omitted in oral speech. Between two interlocutors, united by the commonality of the situation and, to some extent, experiences, understanding is possible without a word. Sometimes, between close people, one hint is enough to be understood. In this case, what we say is understood not only or sometimes even not so much from the content of the speech itself, but on the basis of the situation in which the interlocutors find themselves. In conversational speech, therefore, much is left unspoken. Conversational oral speech is situational speech. Moreover, in oral speech-conversation, the interlocutors, in addition to the subject-semantic content of the speech, have at their disposal a whole range of expressive means, with the help of which they convey what is not said in the very content of the speech.
In written speech addressed to an absent or generally impersonal, unknown reader, one cannot count on the fact that the content of the speech will be supplemented by general experiences drawn from direct contact, generated by the situation in which the writer was. Therefore, in written speech, something different is required than in oral speech - a more detailed construction of speech, a different disclosure of the content of thought. In written speech, all significant connections of thought must be revealed and reflected. Written speech requires a more systematic, logically coherent presentation. In written speech, everything should be understandable solely from its own semantic content, from its context; written speech is contextual speech.
Written speech - verbal (verbal) communication using written texts. It can be either delayed (for example, a letter) or immediate (exchange of notes during a meeting). Written speech differs from oral speech not only in that it uses graphics, but also in grammatical (primarily syntactic) and stylistic respects - in syntactic constructions typical of written speech and functional styles specific to it. It is characterized by a very complex compositional and structural organization, which must be specially mastered, and hence the special task of teaching written language at school. Since the text of written speech can be perceived simultaneously or, in any case, in large “chunks,” the perception of written speech differs in many ways from the perception of spoken speech
Inner speech(speech “to oneself”) is speech that is devoid of sound design and proceeds using linguistic meanings, but outside the communicative function; inner speaking. Inner speech is speech that does not perform the function of communication, but only serves the thinking process of a particular person. It is distinguished by its structure by its convolution, the absence of minor members of the sentence. Inner speech can be characterized by predicativeness.
Predicativity - a characteristic of internal speech, expressed in the absence in it of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence only of words related to the predicate (predicate).
Inner speech differs from external speech not only in the external sign that it is not accompanied by loud sounds, that it is “speech minus sound.” Inner speech is different from external speech in its function. While it performs a different function than external speech, it also differs in some respects in its structure; proceeding under different conditions, it generally undergoes some transformation. Not intended for another, inner speech allows for “short circuits”; it is often elliptical, omitting what the user takes for granted. Sometimes it is predicative: it outlines, What is stated, but is omitted as a matter of course, as something known, about how there is a speech; often it is built like a summary or even a table of contents, when the topic of thought is outlined, then, about how is spoken of, and is omitted as something known, What must be said.
Acting as internal speech, speech, as it were, refuses to perform the primary function that gave rise to it: it ceases to directly serve as a means of communication in order to become, first of all, a form of internal work of thought. While not serving the purposes of the message, inner speech, however, like all speech, is social. It is social, firstly, genetically, in its origin: “internal” speech is undoubtedly a derived form from “external” speech. Proceeding under different conditions, it has a modified structure; but its modified structure also bears obvious traces of social origin. Inner speech and verbal, discursive thinking occurring in the form of inner speech reflect the structure of speech that has developed in the process of communication.