A verb is a word that denotes an action and answers the question “What to do?” The last clarification is very important, because the word “walking,” for example, also denotes an action, however, it cannot be classified as a verb.

Action is always directed towards some object. It may be the same thing that does it, or some other one. In the first case we will be talking about a reflexive verb, and in the second - about a non-reflexive one.

Identification feature of reflexive verbs

The fact that an action performed by a certain subject is directed at himself can be indicated by a reflexive pronoun. In the Russian language there is only one such pronoun, which does not even have nominative case- "myself".

Language always strives for brevity, so the reflexive pronoun in combination with verbs was shortened to “sya”, and then turned into a part of these verbs - a postfix, i.e. suffix that is after the ending. This is how reflexive verbs arose, identifying mark which is the postfix “-sya”: “to dress oneself” - “”, “to wash oneself” - “to wash oneself”. Verbs that do not have such a postfix are called non-reflexive.

Types of reflexive verbs

The semantic content of a reflexive verb is not always so simple. An action that someone directly performs on himself is only one reflexive verb - proper reflexive.

A verb of this kind can also imply a certain action that the object performs not on itself, but in its own interests. For example, if people are said to be “being built,” this can mean not only “forming themselves in a line” (a self-reflexive verb), but also “building a house for themselves.” IN the latter case the verb will be called indirect reflexive.

They are indicated by reflexive verbs and collaboration several objects: “meet”, “negotiate” - these are reciprocal verbs.

However, not, which has the postfix “-sya”, is reflexive. Verbs that have a passive voice cannot be classified as such, i.e. implying that an action on an object is performed by someone else: “a house is being built,” “germs are being destroyed.”

A verb cannot be reflexive if it is transitive, i.e. denotes an action directed at another object, although in impersonal form such verbs may have the postfix “-sya”: “I want to buy a car.”

Basic meanings of postfix – xia

IN depending on the presence or absence of the return postfix -sia- verbs are divided into returnable and non-refundable.

Refundable- these are verbs that have a postfix -sya- (-s-).

For example:

swim, smile, hope

Non-refundable- these are verbs that do not have a postfix -sya- (-s-).

Some verbs in modern Russian have correlative pairs according to the category of reflexivity - non-reflexivity.

Exercise:

Compare:

dress - get dressed, bathe - swim, see - see

Other verbs do not have such correlative pairs.

Exercise:

Compare:

smile, hope, tumble;

go, sit down, freeze

Return postfix -sya- (-s-) can give different verb forms semantic meanings :

1) Self-return value , when the subject and the object to which the action is directed coincide in one person ( wash, bathe, dress).

For example:

I wash my face

2) Reciprocal value , when each of the two actors acts simultaneously as both a subject and an object.

For example:

1. Friends met and hugged brotherly.

2. And new friends, well, hug, well, kiss

3) Return value , when the action does not transfer to anyone, but is confined to the subject himself.

For example:

He got angry.

We're offended

Such verbs, as a rule, express internal mental condition person.

4) Objectless return value e, when the action being spoken of is a property of the given subject.

For example:

The dog bites.

The cow is butting.

The cat is scratching.

Nettle stings

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Grammatical classes of words in modern Russian language

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Explanatory note
In the section “Modern Russian language: Morphology”, according to the State educational standard, should be studied following topics: - modern introduction to morphology

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

Discipline
Grammar is one of the ancient sciences on Earth (like mathematics, geometry, physics, logic). It originated in the 4th century BC. (over 2500 years ago) in Ancient

In Russian
In traditional Russian grammar, it was customary to distinguish 10 parts of speech: 6 independent, 3 auxiliary and a special part of speech - interjection. Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological

Grammar (from the Greek Grammatike) is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and sentences of a particular language. Grammar consists of two parts: morphologist

A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. For example: house, horse, youth, walking, sleeping, whiteness

Meaning
In my own way lexical meaning Nouns in the Russian language are usually divided into four categories: - specific; - real; - collect

The concept of a noun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Rewrite, inserting the necessary nouns instead of dots. 1. Ceremonial celebrations were held for those leaving for the army.

Classifications of nouns by lexical meaning
Exercise 5 Find nouns of a certain category among these words and distribute them into groups: - specific; - thing

Common and proper nouns
Exercise 6 Explain why the names of the months: January, February, March, etc. are not proper names. Exercise 7 Mars has two lu

A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. Specific nouns

Qualitative adjectives and their features
Qualitative adjectives denote the qualities and properties of objects directly. For example: wide river, capable student

Relative adjectives and their features
Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of objects not directly, but by their relationship to other objects. They can have different semantic meanings

Their signs
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a specific person or animal. For example: fathers (house), mothers

Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Adjectives can move from one category to another. For example: relative adjectives can become qualitative: stone house

Their signs
Quality names adjectives can have two forms - full and short. Short form

Qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. Positive degree– uh

And their signs
Exercise 5 It is not always easy to draw a clear line between qualitative and relative adjectives, since relative adjectives, when used figuratively

Possessive adjectives and their signs
Exercise 8 Find possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -ov. Indicate in what case and what number they are, what ending they have. Is it similar to the endings of a being

Full and short adjectives and their characteristics
Exercise 21 Read and indicate the short and full adjectives used in the compound nominal predicate. Mark cases of inappropriate use

Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Exercise 33 Rewrite, forming from the adjectives given in brackets, forms of degrees of comparison, simple or compound. (When doing this exercise, keep in mind that simple shapes compare

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes any attribute of an object (color, quality, size, age, material from which the object is made, etc.

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number). For example: one, one hundred, forty, seven Number the names

In grammar, there are two categories of numerals: quantitative and ordinal. Cardinal numbers

Declension of numerals
Cardinal numeral one detecting series grammatical features, bringing it closer to an adjective as a part of speech, inflected using the ending

The concept of a numeral as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Which of the highlighted words are numerals? 1. Witty, my dear, hands down! Have a full glass of leisure! And pour a hundred epigrams on foe and friend

Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals
Exercise 5 Task: Read the following Note and comment on it. Note: B

Declension of numerals
Exercise 8 Prove that the seventh changes in the same way as gray, big, blue. Exercise 9 Rewrite, choosing the necessary numerals and putting them in

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number); these are words that answer the question how many?) or the order of objects when counting (answer n

The problem of pronouns is one of the most difficult problems in grammar. Pronouns are traditionally defined as parts of speech that indicate objects, when

Pronouns
Based on the nature of the functions they perform (i.e., by meaning), pronouns are divided into eight functional-semantic categories: 1.

By grammatical properties pronominal words are usually divided into three categories: 1. Subject-personal pronouns (m

Declension of pronouns
Pronominal adjectives are declined like ordinary adjectives (which - like old; which - like factory). Pronominal numerals are inflected

The concept of a pronoun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Read and indicate what mistakes were made in the use of 3rd person pronouns. Correct and rewrite. 1. Kalashniko

Functional-semantic categories of pronouns
Exercise 9 Read and indicate whether the forms are used correctly plural 3rd person personal pronouns. Rewrite with necessary corrections. &n

Grammatical grades of pronouns
Exercise 14 Who, what are pronominal nouns; which, which, whose are pronominal adjectives. Prove it. Exercise 15 How many and

Declension of pronouns
Exercise 17 Negative pronouns so they are combined with prepositions: there was no one - was not with anyone, did not tell anyone - did not go to anyone, was not noticed by anyone -

Pronouns are traditionally defined as a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them (who, you, this, some, several).

Topic plan
1. . 2. . 3. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. Basic postfix values

The concept of a verb as a part of speech
The term “Verb” itself is of Old Slavonic origin. IN Old Russian language– the verb means “Word”. The verb is the most most of

Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
If the initial form of the noun is the nominative case form singular, then the initial form of the verb is the infinitive

The category of transitivity-intransitivity is a constant grammatical category of the verb. It expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the object. All

Verb mood category
Unlike the verbal categories we have considered, the mood category is an unstable grammatical category of the verb, i.e. by mood verb in Russian language izm

Verb person category. Impersonal verbs
The person category of the verb expresses the relation of the action performed by the subject to to the speaking person. Only verbs of the present and future tenses change by person. Past verbs

Conjugation of verbs
Changing present and future tense verbs into singular and plural persons is called conjugation. In the past tense verbs in s

In addition to the infinitive, special inconjugated forms of the verb are participles and gerunds. Participle

The concept of a verb as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Explain why it is necessary to consider that skill is an adjective (short form), and skill is a verb. Compare:

Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
Exercise 5 Read the joke fairy tale “Infinitive”. The Infinitive looks at how the verbs are conjugated and says: “Oh, is it really necessary to conjugate this way?” - And to

Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs.
The main meanings of the postfix - xia Exercise 10 Phrases with the instrumental case of the character are sometimes stylistically incongruous

Transitive and intransitive verbs
Exercise 21 Read the text. From hunting stories It happened on the river bank. My dog ​​stumbled upon a hare. The shore was steep

Verb aspect category
Exercise 25 The grammatical meaning of the form will become clearer if it is associated with phenomena reality. The student (student) will understand what the meaning is perfect form, if it is clear to him

Verb tense category
Exercise 99 Compare the formation of the past tense form in different groups verbs. From what basis are they formed? Using what affixes? What verbs have a past tense meaning?

Conjugation of verbs
Exercise 109 The verbs want, run have most endings of the II conjugation. What endings violate this order for the verbs want and run?

Participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 115 Find participles in the text. Choose one of them and prove that it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. Make up a sentence with this participle to change

The participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 150 For each participle with explanatory words, two sentences are given. Choose which of these sentences can be associated with a gerund. Make a sentence and write it down.

The verb is the largest part of speech in grammatical system modern Russian language. This significant part speech denoting an action or state of being

The concept of an adverb as a part of speech
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (write quickly and beautifully,

Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
When classifying adverbs, two features are taken into account: - function in a sentence; - type of adverb meaning.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Like adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by the opposition of three forms: positive, comparative and superlatives. Forms of degrees of comparison

Exercises for independent work
Note: exercises are performed at the choice of the teacher, can be used on practical exercises and be recommended for homework. Up

An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (to write quickly and beautifully, a child is very

Features of the state category as a part of speech
The category of state (impersonal predicative words) is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the state of living beings, nature, environment in grammatical

Condition categories
Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: the emotional and mental state of a person (sad,

Unchangeable parts of speech
In modern Russian, along with the seven inflected ones discussed earlier independent parts speeches that have a more or less developed inflectional paradigm (including

Pretext

Particles
Particles are usually called the auxiliary part of speech, conveying shades of lexical and syntactic meanings, clarifying and specifying the meaning of lexical and

Pretext
Exercise 1 Think about why the words but or cannot be considered prepositions. Exercise 2 Prepositions are used with the dative case:

Particles
Exercise 14 Read. Select the particles that serve: a) to form word forms; b) to convey different shades of meaning of the entire sentence or its members

The preposition is service part speech used as a means syntactic subordination nouns (as well as pronouns) other words in a sentence and phrase

Unproductive part of speech
Interjections are a relatively unproductive part of speech, which in itself, like modal words, constitutes a special structural-semantic type of words and expresses (n

Modal words- this is a special part of speech, the general categorical meaning of which comes down to the transfer of various subjective-modal relations of the speaker to what and how

Students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian Language: Morphology” is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is offered two

Fund of control tasks for the discipline
“Modern Russian language: Morphology” (for students of the specialty “Journalism”) Note:Fund test assignments designed for control

List of abbreviations
Abr. – F. Abramov Already. – V. Azhaev Ax. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. Co

Information about Russian language researchers
Fyodor Ivanovich BUSLAEV (13 (2514.1818, Kerensk, now the village of Vadinsk, Penza region, - 31.7 (12.8).1897, village of Lyulino, Moscow province, now within Moscow) - Russian philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences

Main stages of studying morphology
In the study of the morphological structure of the Russian language, four periods can be roughly distinguished. First period ( mid-18th century- mid-19th century) is associated with the name

V. V. Vinogradov
“Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of words)” (excerpt) 1. It is necessary to pay attention to the subordination of some parts of speech to others, which in school

Parts of speech problem
(From the book by P.S. Kuznetsov “On the principles of studying grammar”) 1. An essential issue in morphology is the question of parts of speech,

Adjective
I. In modern Russian language short forms qualitative adjectives are used only in the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate and are accessories

Yuri Dolin
“Insidious” part of speech in the speech of television journalists First, it should be said that in recent decades the very problem of “Russian language on air” has become one of the most pressing issues

The problem of pronouns as a special part of speech
Considering the obvious grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba and many other scientists came to the conclusion that pronouns were not composed at all.

How many categories of faces are there in modern Russian?
1. In the system grammatical categories, in their content and structure, in the methods and forms of their expression, the essence and specificity of grammatical structure language.

Yu.T. Dolin
On the question of the grammatical nature of forms like “clap” in modern Russian Forms like clap, khvat, bam both in Russian and in other languages Slavic languages attracted, etc.

Some tips on how to improve your
literacy Both jokingly and seriously 1. Check your literacy according to the talk book. 2. Between us, the place case

REFLECTIVE FORM OF VERBS . Verb form, formed using the ending -s or -xia. Verbs with this ending can be divided into 1. verbs for which there are no correlative forms without -xia: to be afraid, to laugh, etc.; however, some of them have verbs without -xia from the same basics, but with different prefixes: ridicule, etc.; 2. verbs that have correlative verbs without -xia, but with such a difference in meaning that cannot be attributed to the ending -xia, eg. fight, cf. tear; 3. verbs that have forms without -xia with such a difference in meaning as may be considered to be due solely to the presence or absence of this ending. The first 2 cases do not allow us to determine the functions of formations with -xia, since the meaning of intransitivity that unites them all is usually common in many verbs without -xia. In the latter case, we can talk about the difference between pledges, which can be called returnable and non-refundable (see Pledges and Refundable pledge). The main meanings (functions) of V.F. for verbs that have both non-reflexive and V.F. are the following: 1. own returnable: the actor does to himself what, in the irrevocable form, he does to the person or object indicated by the VIN. pad. noun: wash, rejoice, etc.; 2. mutual: several characters do to each other what they do when irrevocable form the actor does with other persons or objects indicated by blame. pad. noun: fight, meet, etc.; 3. passive: the object of the action of the verb in the non-reflexive form here (with V.F. with a passive meaning) becomes the subject of speech, although its real (ungrammatical) relationship to the action of the verb remains the same, i.e. is denoted by a noun in nominative, case, and the subject of the action is either not denoted, or is denoted as an instrument of action, creates, by the case of the noun: a house is being built by a carpenter; more often without creativity. pad., indicating the producer of the action: the floors in the house are washed weekly; at the same time, V.F. with a passive meaning is used mainly with names, pad. nouns that do not denote a person; 4. indirect return: the actor does something for himself, in his own interests; V.F. has such a meaning relatively rarely and, moreover, mainly from not transitive verbs: knock, i.e. knock for oneself in order to make oneself known, to make a promise, i.e. promise for yourself, etc.; 5. intransitive: action is considered independently of the object of action, sometimes as an ability, property: to scold, bite, etc.; 6. intensification or concentration of intransitive meaning(from verbs having a non-reflexive form with an intransitive meaning): blush, cf. blush, smoke - “blow smoke around oneself”, cf. smoke; 7. impersonal(from verbs that have an intransitive meaning in the non-reflexive form): the action is considered without relation not only to the object (which does not exist even in the non-reflexive form), but also to the subject of the action, as something that happens by itself: sleeping, breathing, believing, wanting, etc.; in this case, the person who is the subject of the action in the non-reflexive form of these verbs is designated by a noun in the date. pad.: he can’t sit well. See Pledges and titles. there is an article by Fortunatov.

• - 1. The writing of the personal endings of verbs in the present and future simple tense differs: a) in the I conjugation: -eat, -et, -eat, -ete, -ut or -yut...

  A reference book on spelling and style

• - 1...

  A reference book on spelling and style

• - 1...

  A reference book on spelling and style

• - see reflexive verb...
• - Classification of verbs by semantic feature. Verbs differ: 1) specific action. Write, chop, build; 2) physical condition. Lie, sit, sleep, stand...

  Dictionary linguistic terms

• - Subdivisions of verbs depending on different ratios the basics of the infinitive into the basics of the present tense...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - see verb classes...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - see verb classes...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - 1) is included in the structure of proper impersonal verbs, which are not used without it: it is getting dark; 2) is included in the structure of a personal verb, which is used in an impersonal meaning: left...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - Groupings of verbs based on the relationship between the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present or future simple tense, endings 3 l. plural There are five types of productive and seventeen unproductive classes...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - Synthesis of a stem and an affix, forming the word form of a specific lexeme: write-u, ​​love-yu,...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

• - The function of perfective verbs, aimed at conveying dynamics, makes it possible to express the change of situations in time, determine their sequence...

  Syntax: Dictionary

• - The function of verbs aimed at denoting an action or state in the process of its implementation...

  Syntax: Dictionary

• - There are three accent types: 1) fixed accent on the base; 2) fixed stress on the ending; 3) movable stress...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"Reflexive form of verbs" in books

1.5. Verb suffixation

From the book Language of the Russian emigrant press (1919-1939) author Zelenin Alexander

1.5. Suffixation of verbs Suffix – irova(t). Height foreign language borrowings in the middle of the 19th century in the sphere of verbal vocabulary was associated with a significant increase in the repertoire of foreign language verbs in – īrt (and its variant – izīt) [Sorokin 1965: 296; Essays 1964b: 130–140;

Economics of Verbs

From the book Selling Wine Without Bottles: The Economy of Consciousness in global network author Barlow John Perry

The economics of verbs What exactly forms will become in the future intellectual property and ways to protect them, hidden thick fog standing at the entrance to Virtual Century. However, I can make (or repeat) a few simple statements, with the sincere belief that

§ 65. Inverse reciprocal correlation of phenomenology with itself

From the book Ideas to Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy. Book 1 author Husserl Edmund

§ 65. The inverse reciprocal correlation of phenomenology with itself Further, one could see the obstacle in the following: with a phenomenological attitude, we direct our gaze to pure experiences in order to investigate them, but the experience of this itself

Drawback duty

From the book Encyclopedia of Lawyer author author unknown

Refundable duty REFUNDABLE DUTY (tax) - 1) the amount of import duties and taxes subject to refund to the payer when exporting goods from the Russian Federation: placed under the customs warehouse regime (provided they are actually exported within 3 months from the date of placement under this regime);

XII. Spelling verbs

author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

XII. Spelling of verbs § 48. Personal endings of verbs 1. The spelling of personal endings of verbs in the present and future simple tense differs: a) in the first conjugation: -eat, -et, -em, -ete, -ut or -yut; b) in the second conjugation: -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at or -yat. The II conjugation includes (from among

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 1. B indefinite form and in the past tense the suffixes -ova-, -eva- are written, if in the 1st person singular of the present or future simple tense the verb ends in -yu, -yuyu, and the suffixes -ыва-, -iva-, if in the indicated forms verb ends

XII. SPELLING OF VERBS

author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

XII. SPELLING OF VERBS § 48. Personal endings of verbs The spelling of personal endings of verbs in the present or future simple tense differs: a) in the I conjugation: - eat, - et, -em, - ete-, -ut or - yut; b) in the II conjugation : - ish, - it, -im, - ite, - at or - yat. For verbs with

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, literary editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 1. The suffixes - ova-, -eva- are written in the indefinite form and in the past tense, if in the 1st person singular of the present or future simple tense the verb ends in - yu, - yuyu, and the suffixes - ыва , - willow-, if the verb is in the indicated forms

Return sequence

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(VO) of the author TSB

6.59. I and II verb conjugations

author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.59. I and II verb conjugations Changing verbs in the present and future simple tense according to persons and numbers is called conjugation. Two types of conjugation - the first and the second - differ in the personal endings of the present and future simple tense: -у (-у), -ест, -ет, -ем, ее, -ут (-ут)

6.60. Word formation of verbs

From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.60. Word formation of verbs In the modern Russian language, verbs are formed in a morphological way: such types are used as prefixal, suffixal, postfixal, prefix-suffixal, prefix-postfixal, suffixal-postfixal,

6.64. Spelling verbs

From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.64. Spelling verbs 6.64.1. Personal endings of I and II conjugations of verbs 1. Verbs of II conjugation (with personal endings -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat) in the present and future simple tense include (among those having unstressed endings) verbs ending in -it in the infinitive: build

47 “profitable” verbs

From the book Effective Commercial offer. Comprehensive Guide author Kaplunov Denis Alexandrovich

Recurrent mutation

From book Literary Newspaper 6411 (№ 15 2013) author Literary Newspaper

Return mutation First, I read L. Byzov’s article “Asianization,” and then I heard about the surprising statement of the head of the Federal Migration Service, Mr. Romodanovsky. And he said that his wonderful service with an avalanche of illegal migration alone has already

VERB TENSES

From the book Without distorting the Word of God... by Beekman John

VERB TENSE The present tense of a verb is often used to convey a past or future action. In the first case, when an event from the past is spoken of as if it were happening in currently, the author's goal is usually to give the narrative

Reflexive verb

Verb with the affix -sya (-еъ). The scope of the concept “reflexive verb” and the related concept “reflexive form of the verb” is presented differently in theoretical research and in educational literature. In some works (“Morphology of the modern Russian language” by I. G. Golanov, school books) reflexive verbs are all verbs with the affix (particle, suffix) -, regardless of their origin and collateral value: this includes formations from transitive verbs (wash, be upset, hug, etc., where -sya is considered as a formative affix), from intransitive verbs (cry, take a walk, wake up, walk, etc., where -sya is a word-former affix) and verbs that are not used without -sya (to be afraid, to be proud, to climb, to hope, to wake up, to laugh, to crowd, etc.). In other works (academic “Grammar of the Russian Language”), reflexive verbs ы are reflexive verbs, in contrast to which verbs with the affix -sya, which do not express a voice meaning, are called reflexive forms of the verb a; The latter include formations from intransitive verbs (threaten, call, knock, etc.) and verbs that are not used without -sya ( cm. higher). In third works (university textbook “Modern Russian Language,” Part II), reflexive verbs are considered independent lexical formations in which the affix -sya performs a word-formation function (fidget, give out, lean against, call to one another, tidy up, hurt yourself, cry, knock, etc.). etc., be proud, hope, laugh, etc.), and the reflexive forms of the verb are formations in which the affix -sya fulfills formative function: these are forms passive voice, preserving lexical-semantic identity with transitive verbs (the window is washed by workers, the streets are landscaped by Komsomol members, etc.). The difference in the interpretation of the terms “reflexive verb” and “reflexive form of the verb” is due to different understanding collateral categories ( cm. voice of the verb.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “reflexive verb” is in other dictionaries:

RETURNABLE, oh, oh. 1. Same as reverse (1 digit) (obsolete). Let's hit the road. 2. Renewing, sometimes arising again. V. typhus (an acute infectious disease that occurs in the form of attacks). 3. In grammar: 1) a reflexive verb denoting... ... Dictionary Ozhegova

- (gram.) see Reflexive verb... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (reflexive | réfléchi | reflexiv | reflexive | riflessivo) Containing a return to the subject of the action. A reflexive verb (verbe réfléchi) means that the action coming from the subject returns to it again (French je me baigne “I am bathing”) ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

RETURN, return something to where or to whom, turn, turn back, give back, back; send home, put or put on old place. Get your health back, your money, get back what you lost, get it back for yourself. Come back,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Reflexive pronouns part of speech, type of pronoun, expressing the direction of action on the one producing it. Group... ... Wikipedia

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with postfix xia(s), which express reverse action, are called inverse: be proud, fall in love, date.

Suffix xia(s) can be used with most verbs in all forms except participles. It comes after the infinitive suffix - ti (t) or ending at personal forms verb. For example: wash - wash, wash, wash.

Modern verb suffix xia (s) - it's ancient short form reverse pronoun myself in the accusative case singular.

Using a suffix xia(s) verbs are formed:

Attention! It is written -s is written Xia

We swim in the sea - we swim in the lake; I shaved yesterday - shave twice.

Verb state category

The category of state expresses the relation of action to subject and object. Subject-object relations appear in the sentence. The verb is the main link in the implementation of grammatical relations between the subject and object of an action. Yes, in a sentence The team carries out the plan subject of action (or carrier dynamic signs) the word appears brigade; action performed by the subject as an active agent, aimed at an object (plan), which in a sentence acts as a direct object.

The logical relations of subject and object in this sentence coincide with the grammatical ones; the verb expresses the meaning of an active action aimed at an independent object.

However, these logical relations can be conveyed in a different grammatical form, for example The plan is carried out by the team. In this sentence structure, the verb acts with the meaning of passive action. Verb performed, formed from a transitive verb fulfill using postfix -sya, has lost its transitive meaning. The logical subject is expressed in the dependent form of the noun - the instrumental of the subject, the logical object appears in the form of the nominative case.

Compare also: Everyone greets a friend and Friends are welcome. In the first case, the verb expresses active action, aimed at an independent object, in the second - the action is distributed between subjects, and is at the same time objects.

The meaning of the verb state is closely related to the semantics of the verb and turns out to be syntactic connections it with other words.

The category of state finds its expression in the methods of verbal control, closely associated with the category of transitivity/intransitivity. Thus, all transitive verbs can express the meaning of an active action, but intransitive verbs never express it. Transitive and intransitive verbs formed from transitive ones using a postfix -sya, express double subject-object relations, and enduring ones do not correlate with transitive verbs (for example, go, grow, bloom), express a one-sided, subjective attitude. Compare for example:

Subject-object relations Subject relations

The student completes the task. - Everyone around is sleeping.

The task is completed by the student. Vasilko goes to school.

Alenka dresses her sister. - Lena laughs.

Lena gets dressed (Alyonushka dresses herself).

Morphological and word-formative means of expression individual values state postfix Xia. With the help of this word-forming affix the meaning of reverse and passive action is expressed.

Transitive and intransitive verbs correlate with postfixes Xia differ not only in the meaning of the state, but also in semantic shades, compare, for example fight ~ fight, love - love, fight - climb, carry-carry. Only when creating verbs with a passive meaning are the semantic nuances of comparable verbs almost invisible, for example the factory builds workshops, workshops are built by the factory; the choir performs the cantata, the cantata is performed by the choir.

In the modern Ukrainian literary language, the following states of verbs are distinguished: active (or active), passive and reverse neuter.

In addition, there is a group of intransitive verbs that do not express double, subject-object relations; these are verbs of zero object state.

Attention! IN linguistic science since the time of M.V. Lomonosov it has been determined traditional system states of verbs. M.V. Lomonosov in “Russian Grammar” named six states: real (or transitional), inverse, reciprocal, average, passive (or suffering) and general.

In the works of A. A. Shakhmatov, three states are named: real, passive and inverse, and within the inverse state they are considered different meanings its: actually inverse, indirectly reciprocal, mutually inverse, etc.

In academic grammar Ukrainian language only two states are considered: active and passive, it is emphasized that the category of state is inherent only in transitive verbs; it is based on two interrelated correlative grammatical meanings- active and passive. Active meaning is expressed by morphological forms, passive - by morphological and syntactic forms. In considering the verb state there is different approach scientists fall into this category: some take into account the semantic and grammatical shades of subject-object relations expressed in verbs; others identify the state with the category of transitivity/intransitivity; some scientists rely only on the grammatically manifested correlation of subject-object relations, leaving the subject relations with the zero object without attention.

1. Active state. Verbs of the active (or actual) state express the active action of the subject, aimed at an independent object. Only transitive verbs that control the form have this meaning accusative case without pretext.

For example: A mower in a meadow scythes his scythe loudly(M. Rylsky) The girls looked at the viburnum bush in the meadow(I. Nechuy-Levitsky).

The formal expression of a direct object by a dependent noun (or pronoun or other substantivized word) is grammatical indicator active state verb. In the structure of a sentence with an active verb, grammatical subject-object relations correspond to logical subject-object relations.

2. Passive state. Verbs of the passive state are contrasted with verbs of the active state by the relationship of the subject to the object and by the direction of action. The logical subject of a passive verb has the form instrumental case without a preposition and acts as an indirect object, thereby expressing the relationship between a passive subject and a passive action. The object of action with a passive verb is expressed by the form of the nominative case (pronoun or substantivized word), which acts as the subject, for example: The song is performed by all concert participants.

Passive verbs arise from active verbs using a postfix -xia. The states of the verb, correlative in meaning, appear respectively in active or passive figures of speech, for example: The singer performs an aria. - The aria is performed by the singer.

The forms of inflection of verbs in the passive state are somewhat limited in use: with the instrumental subject, the verb is often placed in the 3rd person, less often in the 1st or 2nd person or in the past tense. The meaning of the passive state can also be expressed by the form of the passive participle, for example: Did you think I'm obsessed with you? - And, choking, you fall into the grass... I am affirmed, I am affirmed, I live(P. Tychina) I'm abandoned and I'm poor(I. Kotlyarevsky).

The absence of an instrumental subject in the verb neutralizes the meaning of the passivity of the action, and the verb acquires the meaning of a reflexive-medial state. For comparison: The film is watched by a commission And The film is being watched for the second time.

3. Back average condition. Verbs of the reflexive-medial state express the action of the subject, do not transform into an independent object, but are directed back to the actor himself or additionally characterize him through an unnamed object, for example: child puts on shoes(puts on his shoes) workshops compete(compete with each other) dog bites(may bite someone).

Reflexive verbs can have different shades of reflexive-medial state, differently characterize the relationship between the subject and object of the action

a) the actual reflexive verbs express an action, the subject and object of which is the same person. These include verbs: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, bathe, wash, powder, shave, dress up. For example: With obscene help, the boy did not hesitate to wash and tidy up(Panas Mirny)

b) reciprocal verbs express an action performed by several subjects, each of which simultaneously acts as the object of the action. These include verbs: meet, compete, greet, hug, kiss, correspond, communicate, consult. For example: It was then... in the village, in the evening, when I met Gabriel, I saw you. “And now you see where we met,” Zherdyaga recalled.(S. Sklyarenko)

c) indirect reflexive verbs express an action performed for the subject himself. For verbs with an indirect meaning, the state can be indirect object or circumstance, for example prepare for exams, get ready for a trip, get ready for a trip. These verbs are different from the actual reverse topics, that the logical direct object is not expressed with them. For comparison: The girl washes her face(the girl washes herself) and girl getting ready to go(the girl packs her things for the trip) The father took his cap: - Get ready, son, let's go(Panas Mirny) (means "pack your things")

G) c-reflexive verbs express action, is concentrated in the very acting person, or express internal state subject. This includes verbs with the meaning of the relationship between the performer of the action and the object admire, worry, wonder, get angry, become angry, calm down, lament, shake, suffer and under. For example: There three willows bowed down as they lamented(L. Glebov)

d) active-objectless verbs express the property of the subject without its connection with the object. These include verbs with the meaning of dynamic characteristics of creatures: bite, fight, scratch, hit (the dog bites, the cow hits, the cat scratches, the horse hits) or inanimate objects: sting, prick (nettle sting, thistle prick) ",

e) passive qualitative verbs express a static attribute of an object, which includes the influential actions of another object. This includes verbs like tear, bend, fight, break, crumble, prick, g. laugh, drown(melt, turn into a liquid state), melt etc. Compare in phrases: iron bends, chintz crumples, wax melts, tin melts, ice breaks, bread crumbles, glass breaks."

f) reflexive passive verbs express an action attributed to a passive subject. Reflexive passive verbs control form dative case(dative subject), which acts as an indirect application. The logical object of reflexive-passive verbs is expressed in the nominative case form and acts as the subject of the sentence. For example: And I remember my grandfather’s Ulyantsi fairy tale(A. Donchenko).

If the direct object is not expressed in the nominative case form, then the verb turns into an impersonal with a zero state value for the object, for example I shouldn't eat bread - I shouldn't eat.

Reflexive passive verbs arise from transitive verbs using a postfix -sya, in which, to a certain extent, the meaning of the reciprocal pronoun has been preserved, especially in the group of reflexive verbs themselves.

According to the expression of the object, everyone has a zero state intransitive verbs without postfix -sya (fly, ring, posters, become, run etc.), as well as impersonal verbs with a postfix Xia (can’t sleep, can’t sit, can’t lie down).

Intransitive verbs without postfix Xia mean an action closed in the subject itself, that is, they express only subjective attitude(relationship of action to subject), for example: Summer passed like a day, and out of the restless fog came the blue-eyed, golden-fanged September(M. Stelmakh).

Impersonal verbs with postfix Xia also express one-way relations of action to a logical subject in the form of the dative case (dative subject). Action expressed impersonal verb with postfixes xia, attributed to the subject as an internal state independent of him (I couldn’t sleep; the girl couldn’t sit in the house; he couldn’t lie down).

• Shakhmatov A. Ya. Syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1041. - P. 476-481. Modern Ukrainian literary language: Morphology / Under general. ed. I. K. Bipolida. - M., 1969.