The qualitative adjective is in full form. Full and short forms of adjectives

Every schoolchild knows about this. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as into what groups it is divided, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old chair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling ) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood ). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is designated and what attribute it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has this part speech is divided into the following groups:

relative;
quality;
possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relationship to another attribute, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookcase, children's play, destructive force, Brazil nut, double blow, religious views, etc.

Qualitative adjectives

This group has its own characteristics, namely:

Indicates the characteristics of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (angry), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
Forms such excellent ( strongest, subtlest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all high-quality ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of this group answer the question “whose?”, and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -iy, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather's; father - fathers, etc.

Short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:

brief;
full adjectives.

Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing text or in oral conversation.

Endings

Adjectives in short forms e in the singular have the following gender endings:

Feminine - ending -A. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
Masculine - null ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, lean, new, handsome, etc.
Neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, skinny, etc.).

In the plural, there are no gender differences for this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -And or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined according to gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give an example: She's very smart. IN in this case the word “smart” is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of a given part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "miserable, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have their full form. These words include must, glad, loving and much.

What is the difference from full ones?

They only have a short form. Their difference from the full form is in the definition morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change by case, but is declined only by number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full ones syntactic role. Thus, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in or as a component of it. Although in some cases they are still designated as a definition. More often this phenomenon observed in phraseological turns or in works folk art(for example, n and barefoot, in broad daylight, a beautiful maiden, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling short adjectives

To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.

Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from long forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

zero or male;
middle (-e or -o);
female (-I or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these shapes formed? These rules are very simple:

The relationship between the full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of relationships between the short and full forms of adjectives:

1. Matching lexical meaning(For example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. They coincide only in certain values:

“False” meaning “fake.” In this case there is no short form.
“False” meaning “insincere.” In this case, the short form will be "fake".
“Poor” means “unhappy.” In this case there is no short form.
“Poor” means “poor.” In this case, the short form will be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full form in its meaning:

the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
the short form indicates excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandma is old or grandma is old);
the long form indicates an unrelated attribute, and the short form indicates something in relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
in some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).

Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of ratios of the two forms and provides illustrative examples to secure the material.

What are the forms of adjectives?

In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:

Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by case), differ book meaning. Sentences usually include nominal predicate. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.

Full and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.

Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives

Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. According to the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature adjectives are divided into three groups:

Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) And non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).

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Short form of adjectives

Short form of adjectives is inherent only in qualitative adjectives; relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Qualitative adjectives can have not only attributive (full) but also predicative (short) forms: plot interesting- plot interesting, story interesting, work Interesting, fairy tales interesting.

The short form of adjectives in modern Russian is predominantly bookish in nature, the full form is neutral.

The relationship between short and long forms of adjectives in Russian

From the point of view of correspondence of lexical meanings, three types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives can be distinguished:

short and long forms that coincide in their lexical meaning: obedient baby - baby is obedient, sultry day - day sultry, inflexible character - character adamant;

short and long forms in polysemantic words coincide only in certain values:

Poor- 1. Regrettable, unfortunate. There will be no short form. 2. Poor. The short form is poor. The old man was poor. False- 1. Not real, fake. There is no short form. Manuscript fake. 2. Insincere. The short form is false. Feelings fake.

the short form of the adjective is different from full meaning and is treated as a semantic synonym:

A). the full form means constant sign, short - temporary: child is ill- child sick, child healthy- child healthy; b). the short form of the adjective indicates an excess of manifestation of the attribute: blouse motley (motley), grandmother old (old); V). the full form denotes an unrelated attribute, the short form denotes an attribute in relation to something: dress a short- dress short, jeans narrow- jeans narrow.

In some cases, the meaning of the long and short forms is so different that they are perceived as different words: prominent artist - from the mountain visible garden, the weather was fine clear- the purpose of the trip was clear.

Notes

Literature

A. I. Vlasenkov, L. M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009509-4

V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko. A manual for Russian language classes. - M., “Enlightenment”, 2000, ISBN 5-09-009535-3

Links

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When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, one should take into account the differences between them.

The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives differ sharply in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very much alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is good-looking. Wed. also the lack of use in short form of individual adjectives expressing permanent property objects or characteristics that serve as terminological designations: The opposite wall is blank; fresh flowers in a vase etc.
Some short forms are used sparingly. So, they are usually not used when denoting weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is fine.

The names of some colors or not at all are used in the short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple etc.), or are used with known restrictions. So, there are almost no forms at all male drill, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter forms and plural).

In phraseological units, in some cases only full forms were fixed, in others only short forms. Wed:

A) the situation is hopeless, the time is hot, the hand is light and etc.;

b) everyone is alive and well, the bribes are smooth, the matter is bad, dear to the heart, the hands are short, the conscience is unclean and etc.
Long forms usually denote a permanent attribute, a timeless quality, and short forms -
temporary symptom, short-lived condition; compare: mother is sick - mother is sick; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.
This provision is not categorical. Wed:

1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red(the full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, is affected by the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color, see above);

2) Our land is rich, but there is no order in it(short form, although a constant sign is indicated; such constructions are used in scientific provisions, definitions, in descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our youth are very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these demands are unacceptable and so on.).

The third option is the full form in instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary feature, but between the last two forms in the context, shades of semantic difference are revealed. Wed:

He was old(constant sign).

He was old when I met him(a sign in relation to a given moment).

He was old when I knew him(a characteristic limited to a certain period).
In other cases, the long form denotes an absolute attribute not related to a specific situation, and the short form denotes a relative attribute in relation to certain situation. Typically this distinction appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., the short form indicating insufficiency or excess. Wed: the room is low(sign in general) – the room is low(for high furniture); the note is heavy(regardless of who will carry it) – the note is heavy(For weak person, for a child). Wed. Also: boots are too small, gloves are too big, the corridor is narrow, coat is short and so on.
The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability of syntactic control, and the full form, used in nominative case, does not have this ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(using the full form in these examples is not possible). Found in fiction constructions with the presence of controlled words when full form are associated with a stylistic task (introducing vernacular coloring into a statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; Old man... on easy language and entertaining.
The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a shade of categoricalness, while the full form is characterized by a shade of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent bookish language, complete – colloquial. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student answers are clear and precise.. Wed. use of the short form in book and written speech: Every field of activity is infinitely diverse...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is predominantly aphoristic...(Bitter).
You can choose between the short form and the long form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

Wed. with some linking verbs:

I would like to be of service to you. – I can't be of any use to your son.

His babble became unintelligible. – He quickly got drunk and became chatty.

Grandfather was noticeably becoming greedy. – The silence became painful.

The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the captain’s activities. – The supply of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

IN modern language the second option prevails. But with a linking verb be The construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.
As homogeneous predicates As a rule, only full or only short forms of adjectives appear, for example:
A) October was unusually cold and stormy(Paustovsky); I was young, ardent, sincere, intelligent...(Chekhov);

b) The open neck is thin and delicate(A N. Tolstoy); The power of sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

The following constructions violate the norm: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; “The views are original, although primitive at their core” (in both cases the forms of adjectives should be unified).

Only in special conditions context or with a stylistic task, it is possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How sweet she is, how smart she is(Turgenev) – if there are words How And So Only the short form is used, if there are words Which And such– only full form.
When politely addressed as “you”, a short form is possible (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, consistent in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives

From doublet forms of short adjectives (on -en and on -enen ), formed from complete forms with unstruck -ny , in neutral styles of speech the form is increasingly fixed on -en . These are, for example:
Short adjectives are differentiated into -enen and short participles -en . Wed:
the case is quite certain(clear) – The departure date has already been determined(installed, planned);

the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - The hero of the day is honored by our attention(he was honored with attention).
Some adjectives in the short form have a fluent vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others have no fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:
A) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

b) round - round, wet - wet, dark - dark, rotten - rotten.

Doublet forms possible: spicy - spicy And sharp(colloquial); full - full And full(book, outdated).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

The simple form of the comparative degree is used in all speech styles, in particular in colloquial speech, and complexity is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed. household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than the neighboring one; and book: growth rates foreign trade higher this year than last. Wed. Also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more complex than previous ones.
Book and colloquial versions of the simple form of the comparative degree are possible, for example: smarter - smarter, louder - louder, smarter - smarter, sweeter - sweeter, sharper - smarter. From the word young a form is formed younger (under has the meaning “lower in position, in rank, in rank”). The form is clearly colloquial more beautiful.

Conversational nature is inherent in expressions lives better than before(meaning “better than before”), more tired than yesterday(“more than yesterday”), etc.

Form of comparative degree on -to her (hurry up, boldly etc.) is used in spoken language and in poetic speech.

The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree such as “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of literary language; Wed quite common expressions more better position, more worst habits etc. The combination is not objectionable older.

Forms with prefix By- , introducing the added value of a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, are characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up earlier etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Combinations like: tell me a little more in detail(in the very form “in more detail” the meaning “a few, a little” is already contained). The forms of the comparative degree with the prefix have the same colloquial connotation By- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning “in to a greater extent than usual”, for example: My business, if you look at it, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning “as far as possible”, for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, we sat on it(Soloukhin).

In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier first options (on -her ) are typical for book speech, second (on -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: all the more so it is necessary to emphasize this, to speak more than seriously - wait more than two hours. The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.
The simple form of the superlative degree (as opposed to the same form of the comparative degree) has a bookish character, and the complex form is used in all styles of speech; compare: the highest peaks of knowledge - the most high buildings in the city; the strictest penalties - the strictest teachers in the boarding school.
An outdated connotation is inherent in constructions formed by combining the word most with a superlative adjective (in the form of -greatest – -the greatest the expression of the limiting characteristic has already been concluded); Such constructions were found among writers of the 19th century, for example: at the best price(Gogol); one of the most the most honest people (Aksakov); the most convincing evidence(Belinsky); most honored guest(Dostoevsky). They were used less frequently in later era: the most valuable energy(Bitter); in the most impudent way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Nowadays, single expressions of this type are preserved: most closest way, the shortest road, the closest way and a few others.

Should be distinguished complex shape superlative degree, containing a pronoun most(in cases where high degree quality is expressed beyond comparison, the so-called absolute superlative), and a form with adverbs most, least(relative superlative degree; the latter form is characteristic primarily of scientific and journalistic speech), For example: the most suitable conditions - the most suitable conditions. Therefore, the option in the sentence was chosen unsuccessfully: “All this requires the most serious approach to the matter from the meeting participants” (instead of: ... the most serious approach to business, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the characteristic).

§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives

To express possessiveness (the meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.

-ov(-ev), -in(-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in his grandfather’s words(Tvardovsky); About twenty minutes later these neighbors were called to the old woman's hut(Kazakevich).
Wed. colloquial expressions with double expression of belonging: genitive case noun and possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petya's house, in Aunt Mashina's jacket) or two possessive adjectives (Aunt Lizin's husband).

Possible endings in genitive and dative cases masculine and neuter adjectives -in ; compare: near grandfather's house - near grandfather's house; to the neighbor's son - to the neighbor's son. Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have been in use for a long time literary language are replaced by forms with a complete ending ( -oh, -oh ).

Forms are outdated -s(-s) , formed from surnames: instead Marx's "Capital", Hegel's "Logic", Dalev's "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of the noun are used – “Capital” by Marx, “Logic” by Hegel, “Dictionary” by Dahl. The specified forms are saved, as well as forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Vera's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations, entrenched in the language ( adam's apple, Antonov's fire, pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas's kiss, Promethean fire, Sisyphus's work, Solomon's solution and etc.).
When choosing options in synonymous constructions father's house - father's house It should be taken into account that adjectives in -sky (-ovsky, -insky) more often express qualitative meaning; compare: fatherly care, motherly love.
Possessive adjectives on -new, -different denote not individual, but group affiliation– belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, Ivory, snake venom, bee sting. Such forms easily lose their possessive meaning and acquire a qualitative or relative value(expression of property, similarity, relationship to someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance. Wed. phraseological units: night blindness, a swan song and etc.
Adjectives on -y, -y, -y also express group affiliation or characteristic, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel hair, swan fluff, bear fat. These forms often acquire a qualitative-relative meaning, for example: ravenous appetite, hare cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns

Adjectives and nouns of the same root with them in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions can perform the same function of definition, for example: father's house - father's house, Mountain peak– mountain top, bookcase – bookcase, spelling exercises – spelling exercises. When choosing one of the two parallel structures one should take into account the shades of meaning inherent in them in the context and stylistic features(book or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

In pairs factory workers - factory workers, student's work - student's work, garden trellis - garden trellis the first combinations have more specific meaning(means workers of the plant about which we're talking about, the work of a particular student, the lattice of a particular garden), and the second - more general; in the first version two objects are named, in the second - an object and its attribute. Wed. in the context:
Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up high percent people engaged in physical labor;

The student's work was rated as good. – The story under review is far from a mature work; it is still student work;

The garden trellis is painted in green color . – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

My brother's help was very timely. – They gave me truly brotherly help.
Adjectives-definitions have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate hallmark subject, characteristic and stable, and nouns in indirect cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:
father's house - father's house(accessory);

company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

water pipe - water pipe(relationship of part to whole);

emerald color - emerald color(definitive relations);

morning exercises - exercises in the morning(circumstantial relations);

Moroccan oranges – oranges from Morocco(origin);

laboratory equipment – laboratory equipment(purpose);

bronze chandelier – bronze chandelier(material);

raspberry jam – raspberry jam(substance);

watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called in isolation from another).

Depending on the context, one of the above options is selected. In general terms, it can be stated that combinations of an adjective and a noun are used more often than combinations of two nouns.

So, the usual designs wool muffler(not “wool muffler”), leather gloves(not “leather gloves”), allowing you to point out characteristic feature subject, and not just the material.

Combinations are also common Georgian wines(and not “wines from Georgia”), Pacific herring(not “herring with Pacific Ocean»), Orenburg shawl(and not “a scarf from Orenburg”), since it is more important to give a qualitative description of the item than to indicate its origin. Wed. breaking this last connection in combinations such as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin and so on.

More common combinations Kids toys(not “toys for children”), writing paper(not “writing paper”), Desktop(and not “desk for work”), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinctive feature of the object.

However, it should be noted that in some cases each of the two options has its own advantages. Yes, in pairs climb with the agility of a monkey – climb with the agility of a monkey the first construction is supported by its wider applicability (the concept of “monkey agility” is broader than the concept of “monkey agility”, since both humans and animals can demonstrate this dexterity); The second construction is supported by its imagery: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of the bearer of the trait - a monkey. In addition, the second design has richer expressive possibilities, since it allows you to more fully and accurately characterize the dependent noun with the help of an adjective that defines it; compare: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combining wolf howl).

Wed. also the justification of each option in a pair: I knocked and grabbed the doorknob.. – There was a door handle on the table.
Parallel phrases can diverge in their meanings and express different meanings. Wed:
The enlarged village has real city streets(not “city streets”). – Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, the streets of the city were lit by gas jets(not “city streets”);

A new urban center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction we created new center cities.
Combinations with a qualifying adjective can have figurative meaning(cf. his body was covered with goosebumps, his crane-like gait was funny, he moved at a snail’s pace), metaphorical use ( a man on thin, birdlike legs).

How to determine the full or incomplete form of an adjective?

I don't know
the full form answers the question what?, and the short form what?
ask the question WHAT or WHAT? If it fits, then you have a short adjective in front of you
Well, if it’s complete then the ending is beautiful
and incomplete it is not beautiful
upon completion
The full form of the adjective denotes a feature that is conceivable outside of time (steep bank, cheerful girl, round face) . The short form of the adjective denotes a feature of an object at a given specific moment in time (steep bank, steep bank, cheerful girl, cheerful girl, round face, round face).
Adjectives in short form do not change by case, but change by gender and number, that is, they take the corresponding endings of masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the stems of full adjectives.

Ending

The only thing

(boy) cheerful

(girl) is cheerful

average
-o(s)

(child) cheerful
Plural

(for all genera)

(children) cheerful

When forming short forms of the masculine gender, one may observe following features: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels o or e ( strong strong, smooth is smooth, harmful is harmful, sick is sick); 2) displacement of short forms of the masculine gender in -enen by short forms in -en (insensitive insensitive, meaningless meaningless, numerous numerous).

In a sentence, the short form usually serves nominal part compound predicate, for example: Rest is in vain. The road is steep. The evening is wonderful. I'm knocking on the gate (A. Blok). Can also act as separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent, like a forest deer, fearful, she seemed like a stranger in her own family (A. Pushkin).

Footprints indirect cases short forms are preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: barefoot, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from young to old; good fellow, fair maiden, green wine.

Some adjectives (glad, much, must, love, need, etc.) are used in modern Russian only in a short form. In sentences, like most short forms, they are part of the predicate. For example:

I'm glad to forget, but I won't forget; I'm glad to fall asleep, but I won't fall asleep.
brief
The full form of the adjective denotes a feature that is conceivable outside of time (steep bank, cheerful girl, round face). The short form of the adjective denotes a feature of an object at a given specific moment in time (steep bank, steep bank, cheerful girl, cheerful girl, round face, round face).
Adjectives in short form do not change by case, but change by gender and number, that is, they take the corresponding endings of masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the stems of full adjectives.

When forming short forms of the masculine gender, the following features may be observed: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels o or e (strong is strong, smooth is smooth, harmful is harmful, the patient is sick); 2) displacement of short forms of the masculine gender in -enen by short forms in -en (insensitive insensitive, meaningless meaningless, numerous numerous).

In a sentence, the short form usually serves as the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: Rest is in vain. The road is steep. The evening is wonderful. I'm knocking on the gate (A. Blok). It can also act as a separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent, like a forest deer, fearful, she seemed like a stranger in her own family (A. Pushkin).

Traces of indirect cases of short forms have been preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: barefoot, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from young to old; good fellow, fair maiden, green wine.

Some adjectives (glad, much, must, love, need, etc.) are used in modern Russian only in a short form. In sentences, like most short forms, they are part of the predicate. For example:

I'm glad to forget, but I won't forget; I'm glad to fall asleep, but I won't fall asleep.
The incomplete form of the adjective is formed by truncation of the stem Vesely - cheerful, winged - winged. playful-playful. Often serves as a predicate in a sentence