Inclination definition. Verb mood as one of the main categories of a given part of speech in modern Russian

Verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that are happening, have happened or will actually happen: I am building, I have built, I will build.
Verbs in indicative mood change over time. In the present and future tense, the vowel of the end of the stem of the indefinite form is sometimes cut off, for example: see - I see, see - I will see.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present (read, build), past (read, built) and future complex (will read, will build), and perfective verbs have two tenses: past (read (s), built
il^) and the future simple (read, build).
Verbs in the conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions: would do, would bring.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using the suffix -l- and the particle b(b). This particle can appear after and before the verb, and can be separated from the verb in other words: If every person on a piece of his land did everything he could -
the same as how beautiful our land would be (A. Chekhov); I would become a pilot, let them teach me (V. Mayakovsky).
Verbs in the conditional mood vary according to number and in the singular - according to gender.
Verbs in the imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request: go to school, go to school; get up early, get up early. Live, learn, be proud, my son, that you are a Soviet citizen (S. Mikhalkov).
Verbs in the imperative mood are usually used in the 2nd person form: Believe in your people, who created the mighty Russian language, believe in it creative forces(M. Gorky).
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change tenses.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense using the suffix -i- or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood have a zero ending in the singular and te in the plural.
Sometimes the particle -ka is added to imperative verbs, which somewhat softens the order: sit down, sit down, come to me (see “Particle”, p. 146).

Verb mood category

Mood is an inflectional grammatical category verb denoting the relationship of the process to reality. This meaning is expressed in the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods.

The indicative mood represents a process as real in the past, present or future ( read - read - will read). Unlike the imperative and subjunctive moods, the indicative mood has no special morphological indicator moods: morphemes of time and person are used in this capacity.

The value of the actual process can be combined with additional modal characteristics- determination, readiness, threat and others introduced by lexical semantics, syntax and intonation: I'll go home now!; She will definitely come; So I'll ask him!

The imperative mood expresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or encouragement to action: Bring documents; Give back the tickets; Let's go to the theater. The imperative mood has no tense forms. The system of forms of the imperative mood includes forms of 2 l. units and plural and 1 l. plural (forms joint action). The imperative forms are formed from the present tense stem of perfective and imperfective verbs.

Form 2 l. units is formed using the ending -And or zero ending. In this case, the final paired-hard consonant of the base alternates with the corresponding soft one. For proper education forms, you need to know the place of stress in the form of 1 l. units present or future indicative mood. If the stress falls on the ending, then the form is 2 l. units is usually formed with the help of the ending -and: I write - write, I'm going - go, I study - study.

In verbs beat, twist, pour, drink, sew, as well as in verbs with the basis of the present or future simple tense in [ j] and the infinitive is not on -it form 2 l. units formed by a null ending: hit - hit, wey - wey, pour - pour, drink - drink, sew - sew(with simultaneous alternation of zero sound in the generating stem and vowel e in the form of the imperative mood), as well as stand — I'm standing — stop, sing — I sing — sing, chew — I'm chewing — chew.

If the accent is in the form 1 l. units the present or future simple tense falls on the stem, then the imperative form is formed using a zero ending and is equal to the stem (spelling in the imperative form th after a vowel, b after soft and sizzling): read — I'm reading — read, sit down — I'll sit down — sit down, cut — I cut — cut.

Verbs whose stem ends with several consonants, as well as verbs with a stressed prefix, deviate from this rule. You-(correlative verb without prefix You- has an accent on the ending): remember — I remember — remember, wince - wince — wrinkles, endure — I'll take it out — take it out, kick out — I'll kick you out — kick me out. In some cases, variant formations are possible, and forms with zero ending are more often used in colloquial speech: clean — I'm cleaning — clean And clean, expose — I'll put it up — expose And put it out. Finally, some verbs form the 2nd form. units from a stem different from the present tense: -give- - -come on, get up - get up, create - create, -know - know, give - give, create - create, eat - eat, go - go.

Form 2 l. units used to encourage the interlocutor, the addressee of the speech, to take action: Alla, write a letter. In colloquial speech, in teams it is possible to use the 2 liter form. units with a secondary meaning to motivate a certain set of interlocutors or addressees of speech to action: All the way up! Listen to the command! Set the for-bom-bram-sit down!(A.N. Tolstoy).

Form 2 l. plural formed using a postfix -those, attached to the 2 l mold. units ( praise —praise, cut off — cut off, get up — get up). This form is used to motivate several persons, addressees of speech, to action ( Passengers, Be carefull) or one person in case of polite address to “You” ( Vladimir Nikolayevich, go into the room).

Forms 1 l. plural (forms of joint action) can be synthetic and analytical. The synthetic form of joint action is externally identical to the 1 liter form. plural indicative mood in perfective and imperfective verbs denoting unidirectional movement, but differs from them in the special intonation of motivation: let's go, let's run, we're flying.

This form may be appended with a postfix if politely requested. -te: Let's bet, Please, about something(A. Herzen). The analytical form of joint action is formed by the combination of a particle Let's(those) with the infinitive of an imperfective verb: Let's work up a sweat to increase the number, to improve quality(V. Mayakovsky). The form of joint action is used to encourage an action in which the speaker intends to take part.

A call to action can have different shades of meaning. To express an order or a categorical demand, perfect forms of verbs are more often used (sit down, buy, stand up). Imperfect forms of verbs denote the broadest invitation to action - request, advice, etc. ( sit down, buy, get up). When used with negation, the imperative mood of imperfective verbs usually expresses prohibition (Not put things in a corner). To express a warning with negation, verbs of the perfect form are used, denoting processes that are undesirable and are carried out against the will of the bearer of the procedural attribute: get lost, get sick, get infected, get dirty, catch a cold and so on. (It's windy outside, don't catch a cold; Be careful, don't stumble). In colloquial speech, in such constructions, to enhance the meaning of warning, the semantically empty form is often used look look, do not be late; Look, don't let it slip. Various shades of motivation are not morphologically expressed; they are created by intonation and lexical meaning verb: the same form pronounced with different intonation, can mean an order, a demand, advice, a plea, and a polite invitation to action.

Form 2 l. units can be addressed not only to the interlocutor, but also to the speaker himself or to a third party, and also used in a generalized personal meaning: Brother will play a trick, and I hold answer;

What a life — never lie (I. Goncharov); You and me, be at least we are state councilors, they won't let you in for anything(A. Chekhov). In this case, it is not the actual motivation in all its varieties that is expressed, but desirability, assumption, obligation.

With a similar meaning of desirability, assumption, obligation, particle combinations are often used let (let him) with 3 l molds. units and plural indicative mood ( let him read, let him come in). Such combinations are sometimes included in the imperative paradigm as analytical forms 3 l. units and plural Particle let (let him) can be combined with 1 and 2 l forms. indicative mood: Let you be the storyteller; May we rise to the occasion. The proximity of such combinations to free syntactic constructions, does not allow them to be included in the paradigm of the imperative mood as full members.

The subjunctive mood denotes an expected, possible or desired process: Would say you're on time., nothing would have happened; I would read it he book. Feature subjunctive mood is the absence of forms of time and person. The forms of the subjunctive mood are analytical; they are formed by combining verb form on -l, coinciding with the past tense form, and the particle would and change according to numbers and genders (in singular): it would be shining, would shine, it would be shining, would shine. Particle would can be separated from the -l form in other words, and also be part of conjunctions to, so that, if, as if and some others. If the particle is preceded by a word ending in a vowel, the particle can appear in the form b: If only for a vague attraction / Something thirsty soul, / I'm here I would have stayed — pleasure / Taste in unknown silence: / I would have forgotten everyone desires trembling. / With a dream b the whole world named (A. Pushkin).

Forms of the subjunctive mood can also be used to express desire or advice: Fine would He came Today; I would go you're off to the village. In complex sentences, subjunctive forms are used with a concessive meaning, usually in combination with conjunctions and allied words: No matter what, we are inseparable before eternity(Yu. Bondarev).

Scope of use of the particle would in Russian is very wide. This particle, even without combination with the verb form ending in -l, can express the meanings inherent in the subjunctive mood: It's so hot, kvass; I would like to get some sleep; If only I knew about this, bad luck for him. The possibility of combining particles can be noted as quite rare would with participle: Human, would gain confidence, looks to the future with great optimism. However, all these cases are not included in the morphological subjunctive mood.

The forms of moods can express the most various meanings and used in figurative meanings, i.e. as a function of other moods.

For example, to express motivation, along with forms of the imperative mood in the Russian language, forms of the indicative and subjunctive moods are widely used. This use is typical for 2 liter forms. units and plural indicative mood, and important role At the same time, an incentive intonation plays: Now will you go home and bring it me a book!; You immediately come back to your unit and about everything report commander! Past tense forms of verbs also have an incentive meaning. begin, to finish, go, go, fly, take, undertake and etc.: Well, together, together started!; I went Go away — that's what I'm telling you. The use of forms of the indicative mood with an incentive meaning enhances the categorical nature of the incentive: the speaker thus emphasizes confidence in the fulfillment of his expressed will. At the same time, in structures with a particle Not forms of the indicative mood can also express a softened impulse, a request:

You won't tell do we have anything, Ivan Fedorovich? WITH The forms of the subjunctive mood are also used with the same meaning of weakened impulse: Sergey, walked would you go home. But if there is a particle in the design so that, the impulse expressed by the form of the subjunctive mood is of a very categorical nature: So that returned the book to me immediately!

In the same way, the meaning of an expected or possible process can be expressed not only by the subjunctive mood, but also by the forms of the indicative and imperative moods. Past tense forms of the indicative mood are used to denote a possible, easily feasible action: He is not connected with Yermil by a rope, quit Yes went (A. Ostrovsky). Forms of the imperative mood are often used with a conditional or concessional meaning: Not even a word about this Tell; No matter what, everything falls out of hand; Come you before, everything would be fine; She will give , and he will kick you out of the hut.

A special case is the use of the 2 liter form. units imperative mood to denote an unexpected action, always combined with And, and: After all, Lady Matryona recognized me and recognized me, old, yes a complaint against me and serve (I. Turgenev); And I and remember about your offer. To enhance the meaning of surprise and unpreparedness of action in such constructions the form is often used take: And he take it yes and say it out loud. Carrying out the action named by the verb (give, remember, Tell) has nothing to do with the will of the speaker. This use of the form allows the speaker only to qualify the action as unexpected, unprepared. Form 2 l. units The imperative mood in this use is very close in meaning to the past tense form of perfective verbs.

Verb is one of the most important parts speech. It serves to describe an action, to designate a certain process, that is, without it there will be absolutely nothing, just a meaningless name for a phenomenon that cannot manifest itself in any way, having been fixed in a certain state. This nominative part of speech is characterized by such constant morphological features as aspect, reflexivity, transitivity and conjugation, while non-constant ones include gender, person, number, tense and mood. The latter will be discussed in this article. How to determine in Russian what it affects, why it is even necessary? Let's try to understand and, importantly, remember.

What is inclination? General overview

In principle, some scientists define mood as “attitude to reality.” A rather abstract formulation that does not particularly explain the meaning of this morphological character, I have to admit. But if you try to figure it out, everything becomes extremely clear.

There are three in total in Russian indicating real action and is used in all three times- it is precisely this that is the most common and, therefore, the easiest to remember. Or the most difficult. Its existence in three tense forms allows you to conjugate verbs in all available ways, which is why you have to remember a huge number of endings, which is not always so easy.

It also occurs quite often in Russian. It means an order, a request, some kind of instruction - any action that a person must perform not according to his own will, but according to the will of his interlocutor. Verbs in the imperative mood exist in only two forms, which, of course, simplifies working with them, but at the same time creates certain difficulties for those who are not native speakers of Russian and cannot intuitively choose the correct ending.

In Russian, it is also called the subjunctive, and shows an unreal action that is possible under certain conditions. It is called the simplest: only one form, changing only by gender, to which a particle is added - identifying such an element in the text is not difficult.

Now that we have a basic understanding of what moods are in Russian, examples will help us understand the rule better.

Imperative mood - why, how

So, we continue to consider in Russian. As mentioned above, it means, based on the name, a command in any of its forms: an order, a request, a polite instruction - the semantic connotation depends only on the intonation, there are no features in the formation of the form depending on the motive that the speaker puts in.

The imperative mood in Russian is a rule that is deposited in our subconscious; we apply it without even thinking. But it is still necessary to understand why it is this way and not otherwise.

In order to use verbs in the imperative mood, you first need to determine who you need to address. To address a request to a person whom the speaker addresses as “you,” the appropriate form is used singular. To form it, you need to take away the ending from the verb in the indicative mood ( read-read-read..., run-run-run..., be-will-will...) and add one of two vowels ( And or th) or soft sign (read, run, be). Fortunately, native speakers of Russian usually intuitively know which ending to choose, so putting the verb in the second person singular of the imperative mood usually does not cause difficulties.

If we address a person with “you” or want to address our request to a group of people, then “those” are simply added to the singular form of the imperative mood ( read, run, be) - everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

Is it really that easy?

But this is the Russian language - where are there no exceptions? No one has abolished verbs in which, during conjugation, the root vowels and consonants change, or even the root completely. For example " eat-EAT-EAT, go-GO-GO" Here, unfortunately, the rule is useless; either intuition or banal subconscious knowledge of the required form will help - there is no other way.

The imperative mood in Russian is simplest topic, to master which you need to be able to form the second person singular form of this mood, and, if necessary, simply add a “polite” ending to it.

The use of exception forms is not so frequent as to be a serious difficulty for native speakers. Foreigners, however, will have to try very hard to understand the imperative mood of the verb.

And a few more features

Firstly, you need to take into account that they are formed only from imperfective verbs - they are the ones who answer the question “What to do?” ( open-open-open), whereas perfect view, accordingly, - only from the perfect - with the question “What to do?” ( open-open-open slightly).

Another interesting thing related to imperfect look verb: the presence of the suffix “va” after the roots “zna-”, “da-”, “sta-” (as in the words KNOW, GIVE, ARISE). Usually, to form the imperative mood, the verb is placed in the first person singular, corresponding to the pronoun “I” (I know, yes, I get up), that is, this suffix disappears, as in all other forms of the verb ( knows, you give, you get). But in the imperative mood the suffix returns ( Get to know, come on, get up), we should never forget about this.

What about the subjunctive? Education and Application

Let's move on to the subjunctive conditional mood. Here everything is much simpler than even in the imperative. The peculiarity of the use of this mood is that for its formation a form of the past tense is used, changing in accordance with the gender and number of the object of the statement, that is, in order to talk about an object in the singular, we use the singular forms of the past tense ( I went and drew), and if we are talking about a group of people or someone to whom we respectfully address “you”, it applies plural same past tense ( pointed, talked).

The second component of the subjunctive mood is the particles “would” and “b” - their choice depends on the context and is most often determined by the euphony of the phrase.

That is, when we want to show the possibility of action under any condition, we take a verb in the appropriate past tense form and add the necessary particle to it: I would say, I would go, they would laugh.

A little more about the features of use

This form, by the way, is used not only to express an action under a certain condition, but also in the case when we want to express dreams, desires ( I would like, I would dream) and fears, doubts ( wouldn't have happened). It would probably be more correct to say that all these shades are used in equally, therefore used in school textbooks The name “conditional mood” is very conditional (it makes a funny pun), it is better to use the term “subjunctive mood”.

And now once again and briefly

In principle, the whole theory is presented above according to the simple rule of mood in the Russian language. The table will help consolidate it.

Practice, practice, and practice again!

To finally consolidate the learned material, try putting the following verbs in different moods.

In the indicative: draw, laugh, take, rustle, answer, hate, go out, refuse, put, be proud, tear off, order, purr, hope, scratch.
In the imperative: go, renounce, shout, call, get, dream, achieve, switch off, give, bloom, overcook, curse, boast, imagine, realize.
In the subjunctive: paint, visit, appear, command, destroy, warm up, breathe, freeze, buy, ask, reduce, break off, do, congratulate, think.

Summing up

The indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods are one of those basic rules, which does not require special memorization and is applied for the most part automatically, according to the sense of language that each speaker has. But at the same time, in no case can one deny the need to study at least basic theory: Without knowing the rules, you will never be able to understand certain features of a linguistic phenomenon.

In any case, practice is sometimes a much more effective teacher than dry theory. The huge advantage of this particular case is that we apply this rule every day, so it won’t be difficult to learn it.

Inclination definition. Verb mood as one of the main categories of a given part of speech in modern Russian

More on the topic MOOD VERB:

1. Educational observation

2. Three moods of the verb

3. Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood

4. Verbs in the imperative mood