Writers turn to phraseological riches native language as an inexhaustible source of speech expression. Let us remember Ilf and Petrov, how expressive their speech is, thanks to the authors’ frequent use of proverbs and sayings! Here are a few examples: There is no need to disdain any means here. Hit or miss. I choose the gentleman, although he is clearly a Pole; He still had a vague idea of what would follow after receiving the orders, but he was sure that everything would go like clockwork: “And butter,” for some reason it was spinning in his head, “you can’t spoil the porridge.” Meanwhile, the porridge was brewing big.
In artistic and journalistic speech phraseological units are often used in their usual linguistic form with their inherent meaning. The introduction of phraseological units into the text, as a rule, is due to the desire of journalists to enhance the expressive coloring of speech. The imagery inherent in phraseological units enlivens the narrative, often giving it a playful, ironic overtone: It’s not about the new broom, but about how it sweeps
Humorists and satirists especially like to use phraseological units; they value colloquial, stylistically reduced phraseology, often resorting to mixing styles to create a comic effect
Colloquial phraseology acts as a means linguistic characteristics characters; to stylize the author's speech, which is perceived as a casual conversation between a conventional narrator and the reader, and in this case, reduced phraseological units recreate the picture of live communication
A striking stylistic effect creates a parodic use book phraseological units, often used in combination with foreign-style lexical and phraseological means. The very nature of phraseological units, which have vivid imagery and stylistic overtones, creates the prerequisites for their use in expressive, and above all in artistic and journalistic speech. The aesthetic role of phraseological devices is determined by the author’s ability to select required material and enter it into the text. Such use of phraseological units enriches speech and serves as an “antidote” against speech stamps.
However, the possibilities for using phraseological units are much wider than simply reproducing them in speech. The phraseological riches of the language come to life under the pen of talented writers and publicists and become a source of new artistic images, jokes, unexpected puns. Word artists can treat phraseological units as “raw materials” that are subject to “creative processing”. As a result of the phraseological innovation of writers and publicists, original verbal images arise, based on “played out” set expressions. Creative processing phraseological units gives them a new expressive coloring, enhancing their expressiveness. Most often, writers transform phraseological units that have high degree stability of lexical composition and perform in speech expressive function. At the same time, the changed phraseological units retain artistic merit national - imagery, aphorism, rhythmic and melodic orderliness. Let's consider some techniques of phraseological innovation by writers and publicists.
Content
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3-4
Chapter 1. Theoretical part.
1.1 What are phraseological units?.................................................. ...................................5
1.2 Features of Russian phraseological units………………………………………………………6-7
1.3. Classification of phraseological units……………………………………………………….7-8
Chapter 2. Practical part.
2.1 . Phraseologism as a fragment of a schoolchild’s language picture…………………..9-14
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..15
References……………………………………………………………………………….16
Introduction
Studying the functioning phraseological units in speech in linguistics everything is given more attention. Phraseology comparatively new area linguistics, therefore interesting and fascinating.
Topic of our research: “The life of phraseological units in speech modern schoolchild».
The relevance of research. Phraseologisms are not fully studied in Russian language lessons, and in literature lessons there is no such topic at all. Only in high school is it discussed as a means of imagery. Schoolchildren need to differentiate between different stylistic coloring lexical layers, choose correctly language means, take a full interest in the history of language and the etymology of words and expressions.
The goal is to analyze the speech of modern schoolchildren, in particular students of 5th and 6th grades of secondary secondary school, from the point of view of both quantitative and qualitative use of phraseological units by them. To do this, you need to solve the following problems:
Define, highlight and describe the functions of phraseological units;
Define the concept of “phraseologism”;
Explore the use of phraseological units in the speech of modern schoolchildren through a survey and linguistic experiment;
Trace the connection between the history of society and the history of language through phraseological units;
Materialresearch - phraseological units.
The following were used in preparationmethods:
Empirical (study and analysis of literature on this topic).
Questionnaire; linguistic experiment.
Theoretical (study, generalization and systematization of the information obtained).
Statistical method (statistical recording of data obtained as a result of a survey and linguistic experiment).
Hypothesis: if we consider the use of phraseological units in the speech of a modern schoolchild, we can identify the linguistic picture of the world of schoolchildren.
This research contains next steps research: choosing a topic, setting goals and objectives, collecting material, summarizing the data obtained, identifying patterns, summing up the results of the work.
Chapter 1. Theoretical part
1.1.What are phraseological units?
A phraseological unit is a special combination of words, it is a combination of words general meaning which is not derived from the independent meanings of each word.For example, if it is said about someone that “he works poorly,” then the meaning of the phrase directly follows from the separate meanings of the words “work” and “badly.” If we have the phrase “Peter works carelessly,” then the meaning of “badly, carelessly” does not follow from the meanings of the verb “let down” and the noun “sleeves.” It turns out that in a “usual” phrase the meanings of the words add up and give an easily predictable general meaning the entire combination of words, and in a special, phraseological phrase, it is impossible to predict what general meaning the independent words included in this combination will give.
A phraseological unit is a reproducible phrase. It is known that the speaker himself constructs most combinations of words directly in the process of speech. For example, if a person seems very smart to you, you can choose to say: “clear-headed”, “great thinker”, “extremely smart”, etc. However, if you say “he is brilliant”, then the expression “seven spans in the forehead” was not created at the moment of speech by combining independent words, but retrieved from memory.
Phraseology of the Russian language serves to create imagery and expressiveness of speech. It is unusually rich and diverse in its composition, has great stylistic possibilities due to its internal properties, which constitute the specificity of phraseological units. These are semantic capacity, emotionally expressive coloring, and a variety of associative connections. The expression of the emotional, subjective principle in speech, evaluativeness, and semantic richness of phraseological units act constantly, regardless of the will of the speaker.
1.2. Features of Russian phraseological units.
Phraseologisms should be distinguished from free phrases. To understand them fundamental differences, let us dwell on the features of the use of phraseological units in speech.
Important feature phraseological units is their reproducibility: they are not created in the process of speech (like phrases), but are used as they are fixed in the language,
Phraseologisms are always complex in composition; they are formed by combining several components. It is important to emphasize that the components of phraseological units bear emphasis. Therefore, in a strict sense, terms cannot be called phraseological units used together, but written separately, auxiliary and significant words such as under the arm, which have only one stress. The complexity of the composition of phraseological units suggests their similarity with free phrases (cf.: get into trouble - fall into a trap). However, the components of a phraseological unit are either not used independently, or they change their usual meaning in a phraseological unit (blood with milk means “healthy, with good color face, with blush").
Phraseologisms are characterized by constancy of composition. In free phrases, one word can be replaced by another if it fits the meaning (cf.: reading a book, looking through a book, studying a book). Phraseologisms do not allow such replacement. It would never occur to anyone to say instead of the cat crying, the cat cried. True, there are phraseological units that have variants (spread your mind - stretch your brain). However, the existence of variants of some phraseological units does not mean that words can be arbitrarily replaced in them. Variants that are fixed in the language are also characterized by a constant lexical composition and require accurate reproduction in speech.
The constancy of the composition of phraseological units allows us to talk about the “predictability” of their components. So, knowing that the word bosom is used in the phraseological unit, one can predict another component - friend; the word sworn suggests the word enemy used with it, etc. Phraseologisms that do not allow any variation are absolutely stable combinations.
Phraseologisms are inherently stable grammatical structure, they usually do not change the grammatical forms of words. So, you can’t say you can’t beat yourself up by replacing the form plural screw up, or consume full adjective instead of short in phraseology on bare feet. However, in special cases variants of grammatical forms in phraseological units are possible (cf.: warm your hand - warm your hands).
Most phraseological units have a strictly fixed word order. For example, it is impossible to swap the words in the expression neither dawn nor dawn, although the meaning, it would seem, would not be affected if we said: neither dawn nor dawn. At the same time, in some phraseological units it is possible to change the order of words (cf.: leave no stone unturned - leave no stone unturned). Rearrangement of components is usually allowed in phraseological units consisting of both a verb and nominal forms dependent on it.
1.3. Classification of phraseological units.
Writers turn to the phraseological riches of their native language as an inexhaustible source of speech expression. In artistic and journalistic speech, phraseological units are often used in their usual linguistic form with their inherent meaning.
However, the possibilities for using phraseological units are much wider than simply reproducing them in speech. The phraseological riches of the language come to life under the pen of talented writers and publicists and become a source of new artistic images, jokes, and unexpected puns. Artists of words can treat phraseological units as raw materials that are subject to creative processing. As a result of the phraseological innovation of writers and publicists, original verbal images arise, based on played-out set expressions. Creative processing of phraseological units gives them a new expressive coloring, enhancing their expressiveness. Most often, writers transform phraseological units that have a high degree of lexical stability and perform an expressive function in speech.
Some phraseological units came to us:
1) from agricultural life:raise virgin soil, take the bull by the horns, calf delight;
2) from medical practice:sore spot, swallow the pill, take a teaspoon after an hour;
3) from the field of arts:leading role, playing first violin, singing from someone else's voice;
4) from scientific life:center of gravity, at the zenith of glory, at the freezing point;
5) from history:, pretend to be poor, great migration of peoples;
6) from military life:take under fire, disable, smoke screen;
7) from maritime life:go with the flow, chart a course, without a rudder or sails;
8) from various crafts:sewn with white thread, pulled together without a hitch;
9) from hunting life:death grip, fall into a trap, bite the bit;
10) from trade practice:shake hands, measure according to your yardstick, pay with the same coin;
11) from folklore:Koschey the Immortal, the beaten one is lucky for the unbeaten, a fairy tale about white bull;
12)from the Bible : antediluvian times, time to collect stones.
Summing up the work on the topic, we draw conclusions that phraseological units are a special linguistic unit, different from a free phrase, and names those properties of phraseological units that were identified by them.
Chapter 2. Practical part
2.1.Phraseologism as a fragment of a schoolchild’s language picture
Communication is one of the most important areas of life for young people. The formation of a future personality depends on how communication develops.
Schoolchildren from grades 5 and 6 took part in the study (See Table 1).
Table 1.
Number of schoolchildren who took part in the experiment
15 students
6th grade
5th grade
9 students
6 students
Linguistic research speeches of schoolchildren, an idea of the language picture peace is coming through an explanation of the origin and meaning of the following phraseological units (See Questionnaire).
Questionnaire 1. Explain the origin and meaning of the following phraseological units:
Achilles' heel
Peak situation
Wolf in sheep's clothing
Nick down
Washing the bones
Analysis of the questionnaire made it possible to identify the most “easy” phraseological units to understand; the origin turned out to be undisclosed (See Table 2).
Table 2.
Level of understanding of the meaning of phraseological units
Phraseologisms
Understand the meaning
Don't understand the meaning
Understand the meaning
Don't understand the meaning
1. Achilles' heel
2. Peak situation
3. Wolf in sheep's clothing
4. Notch on the nose
5. Washing bones
6. Mamaev’s massacre
As the table shows, not a single student explained the origin of at least one phraseological unit.
At the same time, the following expressions became the most understandable for fifth-graders: “Wash the bones,” “Peak situation,” “Achilles’ heel,” “Mama’s massacre.”
The most unclear thing remains: “Peak situation.”
The picture of understanding changes somewhat for sixth-graders: “Wash the bones”, “Hack on the nose”, “Mama’s massacre”, “Achilles’ heel”
All 100% of students understand the expression “wash the bones.” They have difficulty understanding the phraseology “peak situation.”
The phraseology “peak situation” causes great difficulty.
The schoolchildren responded to the definitions of the phraseological unit “peak situation” as follows:
– funny situation. - a situation from which there is no way out. – not a clever situation – I don’t know
These seemingly innocent questions show how far the historical and cultural roots of these phraseological units are from the consciousness of a modern schoolchild. Comparing original meaning phraseology with modern understanding, we can replace that the evolution of language has come such a long way that the original meaning of a word or phrase is lost, and in the mind of the student it is transformed into something completely different. The origin and meaning of the phraseological units discussed above.
Achilles' heel
Achilles- favorite hero of many legends Ancient Greece. This is an invincible, brave man who was not taken by any enemy arrows. You've probably heard the phraseology oftenAchilles' heel. So what does his heel have to do with it if he was invincible and brave?!Legend says that Achilles' mother Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. But while dipping, she held him by the heel (heel), and the heel was unprotected.
In one of the battles, Paris, Achilles' opponent, shot an arrow at Achilles' heel and killed him. Anything weak vulnerable spot a person is calledAchilles'sfifth.
Wash the bones.
In ancient times, the Slavs had a ritual of so-called secondary burial. Several years after the funeral, to cleanse the soul of the deceased from sins and remove the spell from it, the excavated remains (that is, bones) were washed. This ritual was accompanied by memories of the deceased, assessments of his character, actions, and deeds. Thus, the expression to wash the bones initially had the most direct, literal meaning and only over time was it figuratively rethought.
Mamaev's massacre.
Famous battle between the Russian army and the Tatar Khan Mamai, which took place in 1380 on the Kulikovo field (in the territory of the present Tula region), ended in the defeat of the Tatars. Obviously, this battle made a huge impression on our ancestors: the expression “Mamaev's massacre " began to mean both "bloody battle", and "terrible fight", and " complete destruction", and "heavy defeat". This is also where another, more ironic expression came from: “ Mamaev's invasion", meaning uninvited guests.
Peak situation.
Remember the epigraph to “The Queen of Spades” by A. S. Pushkin? “The Queen of Spades means secret malevolence.” (Newest fortune telling book). The card suit of spades, due to its black color, foreshadowed some kind of trouble when fortune telling on cards. Here comes the hero Queen of Spades“This same lady deceived him at the moment of almost achieving great success - and deceived him so much that he went crazy... You really don’t want to find yourself in a peak situation: after all, then, it seems that nothing is working out and the whole world is up in arms against you. It’s as if in fortune telling you only got spades.
Wolf in sheep's clothing e
That's what we call evil people, pretending to be good-natured, predators of all kinds, who hide under the mask of meekness in order to mislead and more conveniently attack the gullible. Nowadays, imperialists, for example, are often called “wolves in sheep’s clothing” when they try to seize power in small countries, hypocritically shouting about protecting these countries from attack.
This image was taken from the Bible. There is this warning: “Beware of false accusers: they come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inside they are ravenous wolves.”
Nick down
Here is a very interesting combination of words; the explanation of its origin will be extremely unexpected for most readers.
The meaning of these words is quite clear -« Nick down» means: remember firmly, once and for all.
It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make notches on your own face.
Vain fear: word« nose» here it does not mean the organ of smell. Oddly enough, it means« commemorative plaque», « note tag». In ancient times, illiterate people carried such sticks and tablets with them everywhere and made all kinds of notes and notches on them. These tags were called« noses».
In ancient times, our language had another meaning for the word« nose»; you will encounter it when you come to the expression« get away with it»
For more full definition specifics of the schoolchild's linguistic picture of the world, the children were offered questionnaire 2. “Why do you use phraseological units in speech.” (See Table 3)
Table 3.
Why do you use phraseological units in speech?
Answer options
1. Fashionable, modern
2. Needed in speech to connect words
3. Helps overcome the lack of words
4. Make speech brighter
5. I don’t use it at all.
At first glance, the table data is quite clear. I would like to focus your attention on point 6:
– It seems to me that everyone wants to use phraseological units, but not everyone can. They are used by people who read a lot and have rich speech;
– phraseological units are used by well-read people;
– phraseological units are necessary in speech, because it is more interesting to communicate with a person, he can more accurately express his thoughts and feelings;
– phraseological units are needed to ensure that the speech of those people who perform at comedy concerts is developed;
– I try to use it in special situations, but if I use phraseological units often, it spoils the speech (my opinion).
Thus, the analysis of the answers allowed us to conclude that the main purpose of using phraseological units in the speech of schoolchildren is:
– needed in speech to connect words;
– help overcome the lack of words;
– make speech brighter.
It is especially noteworthy that the item “I don’t use at all” consists of only one answer. Based on this, it can be assumed that students use phraseological units in their speech, and it is older schoolchildren who focus their attention on expressiveness, expressive coloring of speech with the help of phraseological units.
Conclusion
So, in this work we tried to explore the linguistic picture of the world of a modern schoolchild. The subject of the study is phraseology. Examining the material obtained as a result of the survey, we found that schoolchildren in Everyday life use the most common phraseological units, but do not know their origin. It was revealed that the phraseological unit “lost sheep” was transformed in the minds of the schoolchildren, and now they give it a meaning opposite to the original one.
In addition, we have established that language picture The worlds of a fifth grader and a sixth grader are different. Older schoolchildren understand the importance, diversity, and scale of the use of phraseological units. They stand above the everyday level, trying to touch the depth of language, the unknown linguistic space.
At the same time, we have noted: the older schoolchildren become, the more conscious they are of their speech, the wider and more diverse the linguistic picture of the world becomes.
Working on this topic, we came to the conclusion that schoolchildren need to distinguish between different stylistic colors lexical sections, choose the right language means, be fully interested in the history of the language and the etymology of words and expressions.
To do this, it is necessary not only to see a huge section of vocabulary - phraseology, but also to analyze living speech.
Bibliography
1. S.G.Barkhudarov
. “Russian language in 6th grade,” M.: Prosveshchenie, 2007.
2.
V.V.Vinogradov
. Russian language. M.: " graduate School", 1972.
3
. S.I. Lvova, V.V. Lvov “Russian language in 6th grade,” M.: Mnemosyne 2009.
4.
E.A. Bystrova et al. “Educational phrasebook Russian language: A manual for students of national schools", L.: Education, 1984.
5. Phraseologisms of New Testament origin in modern Russian language
6. http://www.gramma.ru/RUS/?id=7.12&PHPSESSID=e226e52dd59f7fff17ea35ff94757b - Culture writing. Phraseological phrases. Idioms from works of Russian literature.
15.1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous Russian linguist Irina Borisovna Golub: “Writers turn to the phraseological riches of their native language as an inexhaustible source of speech expression.”
Linguist I.B. Golub talks here about phraseological units, or stable phrases, which make our speech more expressive, therefore, of course, they are often used in literary works.
For example, in Bogomolov’s text in sentence 9 the phraseological unit “remembered kind words" This means that the villagers did not forget Vitka’s help and often spoke about him with sympathy and joy, because he did a lot of good for them.
Sentence 30 uses the phraseology “stick like a leaf,” that is, very strongly, persistently beg and persuade. The writer uses this expression in connection with an old woman who, apparently, really needed firewood. That is why she begged Vitka to help her.
15.2. Explain how you understand the meaning of a fragment of the text: “We are not just warriors, but liberators,” he told the soldiers more than once with dignity. - Whom are we freeing?.. The disadvantaged!.. We are obliged to help them as much as possible. We should not take, but give...”
The hero of the text by Vladimir Bogomolov believed that soviet soldiers not looters, but liberators and must help, in whatever way they can, the population of the countries that they are liberating from the fascists.
For example, Vitka, risking his life, brought birch firewood from the forest, although he knew that the Germans were still hiding there, in the wilderness. They often attack Soviet vehicles; they even attacked an ambulance bus and burned the wounded.
The text also says that in any place where the unit was stationed, Vitka willingly dug a garden for the villagers and carried out minor repairs; he even knew how to build stoves from broken bricks. This is stated in sentences 8 and 9.
15.3. How do you understand the meaning of the word HUMANITY?
Humanity is positive quality, which may be inherent in people. This is what they say about those who are always ready to help their neighbors and treat other people with care and attention.
In the text by Vladimir Bogomolov, such a person is Vitka. He is always happy to help those who need his help. For example, he takes the kids for rides in a car, digs a garden local residents, stacked stoves, went for firewood, even if it was dangerous.
In works of fiction one can often find examples of humane attitude towards one's neighbor. For example, in the novel by A. S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter“Grinev gave the counselor a bunny sheepskin coat, thus starting the relay race of kind, humane attitude towards one’s neighbor. Between Grinev and Pugachev are established a good relationship, which is why their strange “friendship” becomes possible.
Humanity should become the basis of relations between people, then we will all live and communicate comfortably.