What are hypernyms and hyponyms? The place and role of hyper-hyponymic relations in the formation of a linguistic picture of the world

Thematic paradigm combines words that have an integral hyperseme in their meaning, which names concepts of the same level of generalization, i.e. certain “segments of reality”. Since the names of real objects are organized into thematic paradigms, and the conceptual spheres are very numerous, then in modern Russian there is a large number of thematic series. For example, thematic paradigms determined by the semantics of the members of the series: 1) verbs of motion ( go, go, fly, sail etc.); 2) names of parts human body (head, neck, hand etc.); 3) names monetary units; 4) account name and quantity, etc. Specific feature thematic paradigm is the absence of a dominant, generic word that determines the combination of words according to specific topic. For example, the thematic paradigm “food” includes a significant number of food names: bread, pie, cheesecake; meat, sausage, cutlet; milk, sour cream, cream etc. In this paradigm, words are combined through the hypersemes “product” and “food”; hyponymic differences are associated with the type of substance from which the food is prepared, the method of its preparation, consistency, shape, etc. Integral and differential semes are determined by the lexical meaning of each member of the paradigm: bread « Food product, baked from flour"; milk“Liquid obtained from cows and used as food” (SO). Differential hyposemes: bread“product”, “baked”, “made from flour”; milk“liquid”, “from cows”.

The hyper-hyponymous (genus-specific) paradigm is characterized by the presence of a word - a generic concept and words - specific concepts. Flowers: tulip, lily of the valley, rose, aster, lily and etc.; snake: cobra, copperhead, grass snake, viper etc. A word with a generic concept in linguistics is called hypero ¢ nimom, words with specific concepts are called hypo ¢ nimami. Hyper-hyponymous relationships cover a significant part of vocabulary language. They are the most common paradigmatic connections of words. The genus-species paradigm is based on the thematic paradigm and differs from it by the presence of a hypernym - a generic concept, in relation to which hyponyms are members of the thematic paradigm. Thus, the word “food” appears in the genus-species paradigm as a hypernym, and members of the thematic paradigm bread, milk, cheese- as hyponyms.

The lexical-semantic group of words (LSG) is the most extensive organization of words in terms of the number of its members, united by a basic semantic component. The semantic component generalizes several hypersemes, denoting a class of classes of objects, features, processes, and relationships. For example, the semantic component of LSG “apartment furnishings” includes three hypersemes: 1) “room furniture” ( sofa, table, wardrobe and etc.); 2) “kitchen furniture” ( buffet, refrigerator and etc.); 3) “floor/wall covering” ( carpet, rug, tapestry and etc.). LSG may contain several semantically different paradigms. So, LSG " physical characteristic human” includes: antonymic paradigms ( fat – thin, tall – small, handsome – ugly etc.); synonymous paradigms ( handsome - pretty - pretty etc.); thematic paradigms (“posture”: proud, correct etc.; "skill": deft, fast etc.).

Lexicology. The word in semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects
- DIDACTIC PLAN
- LITERATURE
- Vocabulary as a subsystem of language, its specific features. Vocabulary and lexicology. Lexicology and other branches of linguistics
- Three dimensions of vocabulary: epidigmatics, paradigmatics and syntagmatics
- The word as the basic nominative unit of language. Differential features of a word
- Semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects of vocabulary learning
- Semasiology. Form and meaning of the word. Word and concept
- Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word
- Structure of the lexical meaning of a word. Typology of semes and their hierarchy
- Polysemy. A polysemantic word as a system of lexical-semantic variants. Types of name transfer
- Types of lexical meanings in a polysemous word
- Homonymical paradigm. Typology of homonyms. Homonymy and polysemy
- The concept of paronymy. Paronymic paradigm
- Lexical synonymy. Synonymous paradigm and its dominant. Synonymy and polysemy. Types of lexical synonyms by meaning and structure. Synonym functions

Hyponyms and hypernyms

Hyponym- a concept that expresses a particular essence in relation to another, more general concept.

Hypernym- a word with more broad meaning, expressing a general, generic concept, the name of a class (set) of objects (properties, attributes).

Examples

The term "beast" is hypernym in relation to the term “dog”, and the term “dog” in turn is a hypernym in relation to the term “bulldog”. And vice versa - the term "bulldog" - hyponym in relation to the term "dog", and "dog" is a hyponym in relation to the term "beast".

15 Denotative meaning (or denotative component) serves to logically convey the concept, while connotative meaning is various additional shades inherent in a word in a specific situation. The most small units in a language that convey meaning are called semes. It is from several semes that the meaning of a word is compared. Let's look at a simple example, consider several pairs of words in which we will highlight their connotative and denotative meaning.

		Connotation
famously celebrated		for criminal acts or bad traits of character (-) for special achievements(+)
		steadily, lastingly (long)briefly, passingly (short)
		(neutral) (colloquial)

In this table, we can observe that the logical meaning in each of the pairs of words presented above is common - this is a denotation. At the same time, the connotative meaning contains various shades of meaning. The variety of types of connotative meaning is so great that it is impossible to compile a complete list of such meanings. However, not all words have a component of connotative meaning (for example, the words look, parent, long do not have this component). However, the connotative meaning may be included in the denotative component. Such words include, for example, evaluative vocabulary. For some words, the connotative, stylistic meaning can be the main one, for example, this happens with interjections. We should not forget words whose meaning directly depends on the subjective assessment of the speaker (such words are called bias words). Thus, lexical meaning consists of connotation and denotation or denotative and connotative components, denotation serves to reflect the concept at the logical level, and connotation serves to evaluate the relationship.

17 Polysemy, or polysemy of words, arises due to the fact that language represents a system that is limited in comparison with the infinite variety of real reality, so that in words Academician Vinogradov, “Language finds itself forced to distribute countless meanings under one or another rubric of basic concepts.” (Vinogradov “Russian language” 1947). It is necessary to distinguish between the different uses of words in one lexical-semantic variant and the actual difference of the word. So, for example, the word (das)Ol can designate a number of different oils, except cow's (for which there is a word Butter). However, it does not follow from this that, denoting different oils, the word Ol will have a different meaning each time: in all cases its meaning will be the same, namely oil (everything except cow's). Just like for example the meaning of the word Tisch table regardless of what type of table the word denotes in this particular case. The situation is different when the word Ol means oil. Here, what comes to the fore is no longer the similarity of oil in terms of oiliness with various types of oil, but the special quality of oil - flammability. And at the same time, words denoting various types of fuel will be associated with the word Ol: Kohl, Holz, etc. This gives us the opportunity to distinguish two meanings from the word Ol (or, in other words, two lexical-semantic options): 1) oil (not an animal) 2) oil. Usually new values arise by transferring one of existing words to a new object or phenomenon. This is how figurative meanings are formed. They are based on either the similarity of objects or the connection of one object with another. Several types of name transfer are known. The most important of them are metaphor or metonymy. In metaphor, transfer is based on the similarity of things in color, shape, nature of movement, and so on. With all metaphorical changes, some sign of the original concept remains.

Foreign languages, philology and linguistics

Hypernyms and hyponyms Synonymous series Big role Hypernyms and hyponyms play a role in the formation of YCM. Hypernyms for words with broad generic meaning for example vehicule m vehicle movements Hyponyms words with a specific point meaning, for example, the word hand in Russian is a hypernym, and in French there are hyponyms min f hand brs m hand from shoulder to hand. Sports events ctivités sportives There are hyponyms that are conveyed in a whole sentence.

The place and role of hyper-hyponymic relations in the formation of a linguistic picture of the world.

Linguistic picture of the world vision, perception of the surrounding world through lexical and grammatical system native language. That is, this is a kind of grid that our native language attacks our perception of the world, its assessment.

There are the following lexical means NCM formation:

1.Hyperonyms and hyponyms

2.Language gaps

3. Conceptual vestiges in language

4. Words-realities

5.Synonymous series

Hypernyms and hyponyms play a major role in the formation of YCM.

Hypernyms words with a broad generic meaning (for example, v é hicule (m ) vehicle)

Hyponyms words with a specific, point meaning (for example, the word “hand” in Russian is a hyperonym, and in French there are hyponyms main (f) hand, bras (m ) arm from shoulder to hand).

Hypernymic relations in different languages do not match. For example, the Russian word “river” corresponds to fleuve (m , a river flowing into the sea) and rivi è re (f , a river flowing into another river); "finger" - doigt (m, finger) and orteil (m , toe). To convey hypernyms, a technique called “concretization” is used. For example, if we are talking about events, they are different.

1. Festive event festivities (f)

2.Cultural event manifestation culture

3.Sporting events - activités sportives

There are hyponyms that are conveyed in a whole sentence. For example, to orient build a building facing east. Or hyponym d é sistement (m , withdrawal of one’s candidacy for elections in favor of another).

Hyponyms can vary depending on the size, the object being designated, and the location. ( la baie bay, la crique small bay, l anse (f ) bay in a curved shape). IN English language(which, by the way, is richer in hyponyms than Russian and French) there are also several hyponyms that are equivalent to the Russian hypernym bay ( bay bay, cove a small bay, cove; creek and bight)

The source of hyponyms is the nomination of objects that occupy an important place in Everyday life and the culture of the linguistic community. That is, hyponyms and hypernyms reflect different perceptions of the world different people, because it is language that shapes a person’s thinking and his mentality (the Americans Sapir and Whorf spoke about this (Sapir and Whorf hypothesis or hypothesis linguistic relativity, as well as Humboldt, who believed that in human consciousness external world represented through language and fixed in language).

For example: in the Russian language there are several hyponyms to denote such a phenomenon as the movement of snow under the influence of the wind (blizzard, blizzard, blizzard, blizzard), since winter in Russia is severe, but in France there are only 2 equivalents, since winter in France is mild ( temp ê te de neige (f ) snow storm and tourbillon de neige (m ) snow whirlwind).

Hyper-hyponymous relationships play a leading role in the formation of JCM. Although hyponyms and hypernyms correspond to the same denotation (an object or phenomenon denoted by a given word), the meaning of a hyponym is more complex from a semantic point of view and includes not only the meaning of the hypernym, but also an additional specifying meaning. For example, hyponym la margelle edge of the well

Often hyponyms are characterized by national, cultural and linguistic features. They have no direct equivalents in other languages and are translated descriptively. For example, hyponym glancer gather ears of corn after the harvest.

The question of the sources of origin of hyponyms is of interest. Their origin can be explained from linguistic and extralinguistic points of view. WITH linguistic point However, the origin of hyponyms becomes clear if we look at their etymology. Many French hyponyms are inherited specific values from its Latin, Frankish, Old French, Provençal etymons (the word that underlies the nomination from which this word originates).

For example, fr. colors German origin ( Bleu ). IN Germanic language blue and cyan did not differ in color. This fact passed into fr. language.

The fact that there are names in the French language different types baskets is an extralinguistic factor. (In France, grape production is much more developed due to more favorable climatic conditions than in Russia).

For example, mannequin (m ) basket for vegetables and fruits; corbeille (f ) basket for bread and paper; hotte (f ) a basket worn behind the back; manne (f ) large grocery basket

Hyponyms can be combined into synonymous series. As an example, consider the nouns fr. and Russian language expressing the intensity of fear. Fear varies widely in intensity depending on the threat. Fear-apprehension-afraid-fright-horror-panic

Synonymous series The French language is richer due to the presence of a larger number of stylistically colored words.Peur apprehension inquietude trac ( colloquial) frousse (colloquial) -trouille (argot) pétoche frayeur, etc. d.

The synonymous series of the French language indicates a more differentiated difference in the degree of intensity of fear and its causes. ( trac(m ) fear of going on stage, of public speaking, frousse (f ) fear due to cowardice).

Hypernyms and hyponyms are characterized by ethnocultural content and lacunarity properties. For example, in French there is no verb with general meaning“to shoot down”: To shoot down a plane abattre Knock down a rider d é monter Beat eggs, butter batter Beat the whites and cream fouetter

There are hyponyms that combine 2 predicates (verbs). For example, accoster - come up and speak.

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Any language consists of many words, but it would be a mistake to imagine all this magnificence as a simple “set” from which, if necessary, we chaotically pull out something we need. this moment. Words are divided into groups and categories: various parts of speech, common words, dialect, professional, slang, slang, borrowed... In some cases, categories of words can even form hierarchical structures. An example of such a structure is hypernyms... however, no structure can consist of one element, so when talking about hypernyms, we cannot do without one more linguistic term- hyponyms.

The word "hyperonym", like many scientific terms, consists of two Greek roots. The second is also present in other linguistic terms - synonym, antonym, homonym - and means “name”. The first root is well known to us from such words as “hypertrophied” (exaggerated), “hypertension” ( high blood pressure) - in a word, this is something “super-” or “above something”... It turns out that a hyperonym is a word that is located above some other word? How can this be?

First, let's remember what a word is in general... the answer to this question is not as simple as it seems - despite the fact that we use words all the time, and you are also using them now, reading this article. Does this process seem strange to you? Of course, you are used to it, but one worker, who learned to read in the era of literacy, did not hide his surprise: “It’s as if thoughts were drawn here!” This man, without meaning to, got to the very essence of the word: unlike a specific image that can be captured in a drawing, the word is a generalization. Behind every word there is infinite set specific images. For example, if I say “apple”, some of you will imagine a green apple, some a red one, some on a plate, some on a branch - but all this will correspond to the concept of “apple”, because a word is always concept, some generalization.

But we can still see, touch, eat an apple... but here’s another word for you - “fruit”. Try to imagine a fruit - no, not a pear, not a mango, not the same apple, but a fruit... doesn’t it work? Of course, it can’t work out! Here we are dealing with a concept that generalizes other concepts - more specific ones, and can “manifest itself” in the world of specific images only through them...

This kind of word, which generalizes other words, is called a hypernym. And those words that are “hiding underneath”, expressing private entities in relation to it, are called hyponyms by linguists. For example, “trees” is a hypernym, and “oak”, “ash”, “birch”, “maple” are hyponyms, “relatives” are a hypernym, “mother”, “father”, “brother”, “grandfather” are hyponyms.

However, a noun that acts as a hypernym in relation to some group of words can itself be a hyponym in relation to another word. For example, the word “tree” will be a hyponym for the word “plant”, because plants are trees, herbs, flowers, and algae.

What are hypernyms and hyponyms? The place and role of hyper-hyponymic relations in the formation of a linguistic picture of the world

see also

See what “Hyponyms and hyperonyms” are in other dictionaries:

Examples

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