What makes a person’s speech (whether written or oral) most understandable? Without what would she be poor and expressionless? Of course, without adjectives. For example, if you read the word “forest” in the text without definitions, you will never understand which one is meant. After all, it can be coniferous, deciduous or mixed, winter, spring, summer or autumn. The Russian language is great. The qualitative adjective is a direct confirmation of this. In order to vividly and accurately present any picture, we need this wonderful part of speech.
Meaning and main features
An adjective is a name indicating the attribute of an object, that is, its properties that contain characteristics of quality, quantity, belonging. For example, they give a definition by color, taste, smell; indicate an assessment of a phenomenon, its nature, etc. Usually questions are asked to it: what (th, -th)? what is (-a, -o)? whose(s)? This is a significant (independent) part of speech.
The grammatical ones include:
- variability by gender (for example, red - masculine, yellow - female, green - average);
- declension by cases (let's check: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - evening; prepositional - about night);
- the possibility of a short form and degree of comparison (qualitative adjectives);
- changeability by numbers (for example, blue is singular, blue is plural).
Syntactic role
- The most common position for an adjective in a sentence is the modifier. It most often depends on a noun and is completely consistent with it. Consider the sentence: Deep footprints were visible in the snow. The tracks (what?) are deep. An adjective is a subject-dependent adjective expressed by a noun. Graphically indicated
- Ability allows an adjective to be the main member of a sentence - the subject. ( For example: The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.)
- Quite often, what adjectives are found as part of the predicate in the form of a nominal part? Quality in short form. ( Compare: He was weak from illness. - The boy was weak. In the first case, the main member is a verb, in the second - an adjective in a compound nominal predicate.)
Adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive
This part of speech has three categories, differing in both form and meaning. Let's look at all their features for comparison in the table.
| Quality | Relative | Possessives |
This feature of an object has varying degrees of manifestation in it. One may be redder or whiter, while the other may be smaller or larger. Only they can form phrases with such adverbs as “not enough” and “extremely”, “very” and “extraordinarily”, “too”. Capable of having short form: strong, invincible, glorious. Only qualitative adjectives can form degrees of comparison. Examples: sweeter, kindest, tallest. From them they can be obtained Difficult words by repeating: darling-darling, blue-blue. | The attribute they denote does not contain a greater or lesser degree, like qualitative adjectives. Examples: one nail cannot be more iron than another, and there is no such thing as the greatest clay pot in the world. They indicate the material from which the object is made or composed: a wooden floor, a sandy beach, gold jewelry. Show location or proximity to something: sea region. Evidence of time: February snowstorms, evening promenade, the year before last. The quantity is determined: a three-year-old child, a one and a half meter pointer. The purpose of the item is revealed: a sewing machine, a regular bus, a loading platform. They do not have a short form and degrees of comparison. | They indicate that this item belongs to someone or something. If the tail is a fox, then it is a fox, the hat could be grandma's or dad's. The main distinguishing feature is the question “whose”? |
Quality varies
It is worthwhile to dwell in some more detail on the most flexible definitions in use and word formation, which are known as quality adjectives. Examples of their meanings are incredibly varied. They may indicate:
- on the shape of the object: multifaceted, round, angular;
- its size: tall, wide, huge;
- color: orange, dark green, purple;
- smell: stinking, fragrant, odorous;
- temperature: cold, lukewarm, hot;
- sound level and characteristics: quiet, loud, booming;
- overall rating: necessary, useful, unimportant.
Additional exclusivity
There are more features, which you need to know so as not to confuse qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives with each other. So, the first of them have the following features:
- the formation of new words using the prefix “not”: a sad person, an expensive product; or diminutive suffixes: gray - gray - grayish;
- the ability to select synonyms: cheerful - joyful; bright - brilliant; antonyms: cold - hot, evil - kind;
- adverbs ending in -o, -e originate from qualitative adjectives: white - white, gentle - tenderly.
More about degrees of comparison
They also only have qualitative adjectives. Examples of simple education comparative degree: clearer, darker, longer. The compound comparative degree is a phrase: “less” or “more” is added to the adjective: less hard, softer.
The superlative degree is called that because it indicates the predominance of a characteristic in one object over other similar ones. It can be simple: it is formed using the suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. For example: the most faithful, the lowest. And compound: the adjective is used in combination with the word “most”: the most wonderful, the deepest.
Can adjectives change their category?
And again it is worth remembering the broad capabilities of the Russian language. Everything is possible in it. Therefore, it is not surprising that qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives in a certain context change their meaning according to category.
For example, in the phrase “glass beads” everyone understands that we're talking about about beads made of glass. But “glass arguments” are already a metaphor, these are completely fragile, fragile arguments. We can conclude: the relative adjective (first example) has turned into a qualitative adjective (second example).
If you compare the expressions “fox hole” and “fox character”, you can see how the belonging of animal housing turns into the quality of human nature, which means that the possessive adjective has become qualitative.
Let’s take two more phrases as an example: “hare’s trail” and “hare’s hat.” The prints of the animal are not at all the same as the headdress made from it. As you can see, a possessive adjective can turn into a relative adjective.
High quality and relative adjectives
§ 1295. Qualitative adjectives denote a property inherent in the object itself or discovered in it, often one that can be characterized by varying degrees of intensity: white-whiter,Beautiful-more beautiful,lasting-stronger,stubborn-more stubborn,good-better. The core of this category consists of adjectives, the basis of which denotes a characteristic not through its relationship to the subject. This includes words that name such properties and qualities that are directly perceived by the senses: color, spatial, temporal, physical and other qualifying features, qualities of character and mental makeup: red,blue,light,bright;hot,loud,thick,fragrant,voiced,round,soft,cutting,sweet,warm,quiet,heavy;far,long,long,short,small,close,narrow;barefoot,deaf,healthy,young,blind,old,thick,skinny,frail;proud,Kind,greedy,wicked,wise,bad,stingy,smart,cunning,good,brave,generous;important,harmful,fit,necessary,useful,correct.
Qualitative adjectives have two series of forms - full (attributive) and short (predicative): white,white,white,white And white,Bela,white,white;dark,dark,dark,dark And dark,dark,dark,dark;bitter,bitter,bitter,bitter And bitter,bitter,bitterly,bitter; they form comparable forms. degrees (comparative): important-more important,Kind-kinder,sweet-sweeter,smooth-smoother,thick-thicker. From qualities. adjectives can be formed into adverbs O, e:hot-hot,far-far,long-for a long time,surplus-unnecessarily,wise-wisely,melodious-melodiously,brave-bravely. Most of the qualities. adjectives are also characterized by a number of word-formation features: the ability to form other qualities. adjectives naming shades and degrees of quality ( whitish,enormous,hefty), and nouns naming abstract concepts ( depth,courage,emptiness) (see § 607). Quality adjectives are supplemented by participles in the adjective meaning. (see § 1579) and through relative adjectives - provided that the latter acquires a qualitative meaning (see § 1299–1301).
§ 1296. Relative adjectives name a characteristic through its relation to an object or to another characteristic: the motivating basis denotes the object or characteristic through the relation to which this property is represented: wood,steel,summer,bathing,yesterday's. The nature of the expressed relationships is very diverse: it can be a designation of a characteristic based on the material ( wood,metal), by belonging (possessive adjectives: fathers,fishy,sisters,husband,my), as intended ( children'sbook,schoolbenefits), by property ( autumnrains,eveningcool). Relates. adjectives name a characteristic that cannot manifest itself with varying degrees of intensity.
Relates. adjectives constitute the main and continuously replenished mass of Russian adjectives (only groups of ordinal and pronominal adjectives are not replenished). Unlike qualities. adjectives represented by both unmotivated and motivated words relates. adjectives are motivated by words of other parts of speech: nouns ( iron,door,fathers,sisters,lamp,Komsomol,spring,upper); verbs ( tannic,swimming,dance,medicinal), numerals ( fourth,tenth,fortieth,two hundredth) and adverbs ( near,former,then,yesterday's,present). The exception is ordinal adjectives. first,second and many pronominal adjectives (see § 1297), which are unmotivated words.
Ordinalrelates. adjectives that name a characteristic through its relation to number (quantity, place in a series) are similar in meaning to other relates. adjective: they denote a relationship. Pronominal adjectives are unique in their meaning: these are demonstrative words. Pronominal and ordinal adjectives have a certain similarity: ordinal adj. may indicate a place in a row (see § 1366); thus they behave like demonstrative words. The latter primarily applies to adj. first,second,third. On the other hand, pronominal adj. That,this,another,other can act as ordinal adjectives. A similar interchangeability of some ordinal and pronominal adjectives is observed when listing: AndThat,Andother,Andthird;Andthose,Andother,Andthird.
Demonstrative functions are also characteristic of the countable pronominal adjective one-alone; let's compare: aloneremained,A otherwentVmovie;SpringfrostsensitiveDriedAndinvigoratedforest.More oneAnd, otherday,ANDunderbarkwill wake up juice(Tward.). Word one can also be used in the meaning of an indefinite pronoun some:WhichproducedconsequenceThisarrival,readerMaybeto knowfrom oneconversation,whichhappenedbetween alonetwoladies(Gogol); LivedonearthVold times alonePeople,impassableforestssurroundedWiththreepartiescampstheseof people,AWithfourthwassteppe(Gorky).
§ 1297. Pronominal adjectives are divided into six groups: 1) possessive (so-called. possessive pronouns): a) personal, indicating ownership by the first person ( my,our), second person ( is yours,your) or to a third party (indeclinable adj. his,her,their); b) returnable, indicating ownership by any of three persons: mine; 2) index: That,this,such,sort of(colloquial), that's how it is,next, as well as words That That,such That, see section “Word Formation”, § 1039; 3) definitive: any,all kinds,every,any,all,whole,other,another,myself,most; 4) interrogative: Which,which,whose,what; 5) undefined: Which That,some,some; 6) negative: no,nobody's.
Note. The category of pronominal adjectives also includes colloquial words such, theirs, Nashenskiy, Vashinskiy. These words are reflected in the language of fiction.
All pronominal adjectives, except postfixal and prefixal (see § 1036–1039), as well as simple. such,theirs,Nashenskiy,Vashinskiy, are unmotivated words.
Refers to everyone. adjectives, pronominal adjectives differ in the nature of their lexical meaning; they denote such signs that arise on the basis of the speaker’s attitude towards persons, objects and phenomena. Yes, words my,is yours,his,mine indicate possessive relations established by the speaker: (relating to me, to you, to himself, etc.); words this,such on behalf of the speaker indicate a sign ((one that the speaker definitely points to, which he characterizes)); the meanings of the words are similar Which That,some,some((the one the speaker points to vaguely)). Pronominal adjectives can indicate any attribute; their content is determined in speech.
Pronominal adjectives also have other features of lexical meanings characteristic of demonstrative words. Yes, words my,is yours,our,your,mine may have abstract typifying meanings characteristic of personal pronouns of nouns (see § 1277). For example, in statements of a general nature, in proverbs, these adjectives denote belonging to any generally imaginable person: MyhutWithedge;Notyourssadnessstrangerschildrensway; ItsshirtcloserTobody.
Demonstrative pronouns such And That in addition to the actual demonstrative meaning ( A handful ofland,similaronanother,How manyVherloveAndsuperstitions!ABOUT suchAndonskyare sad,ANDV suchbeforegravesbelieve. Erenb.) has an intensifying meaning. At the same time the word such emphasizes the degree of manifestation of characteristic (a), and That also identifies the bearer of the attribute named by the noun (b): a) RingedmusicVgarden So untoldheartbroken(Ahm.); HedelusionalVraysvotes|And« Fairy taleViennaforests», | AndcaressBryanskikhforests, |ANDhow That like this Vasilkovsm, |to whom|thousandsyears(Inconsistent); b) Craneatdilapidatedwell,Abovehim,Howboil,clouds,INfieldscreakygate,ANDsmellof bread,Andyearning,AND those dim spaces,Whereevenvoicewindweak(Ahm.); EatVLeningradhardeyesAndthat,Forof the pastmysterious, muteA, Thatbitterlycompressed roT, those hoopsonheart,What,Maybebe,alonerescuedhisfromof death(Erenb.).
§ 1298. The semantic boundary between qualitative and relative adjectives is conditional and unstable: relates. adjectives can develop qualitative meanings. In this case, the meaning of the objective relation in the adjective is combined with the meaning of the qualitative characteristic of this relation. Yes, word iron How does it relate? adjective means (containing iron) or (made of iron) ( ironore,ironnail); this same adjective also has a number of figurative, qualitative meanings: (strong, strong) ( ironhealth), (firm, unyielding) ( ironwill,irondiscipline). Adjective children's as a relative means (belonging to, characteristic of children, intended for children) ( children'stoys,children'sbook,children'shouse); as qualities. the adjective of this word receives a figurative meaning: (not characteristic of an adult, immature) ( children'sreasoning,children'sbehavior). Likewise: goldcharacter,goldenrye,wolfishhunger,caninecold,cockyenthusiasm;Usopens[door] MitrofanStepanovichZverev, Very homemadeth,Vrobe(M. Aliger); Soonsanatorium silencepublishing housesviolates tractor bolt shoesKhamlovsky(gas.).
§ 1299. A touch of quality may be present in all relates. adjectives, but in varying degrees. To a greater extent, the development of qualitative meanings is characteristic of relative adjectives themselves and, to a lesser extent, of possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives.
Among possessive adjectives, the ability to acquire a qualitative meaning primarily distinguishes adjectives with the suffix th. Adjectives with this suffix have meaning. (characteristic (less often - belonging) to the one named with the motivating word): fishy,feline,canine,veal,human. Given the context, such adjectives easily acquire qualitative meanings. In combinations fishytemperament,felinegait,caninedevotion,vealtenderness relates adjectives act as qualitative: INotWant,toYouatealmscompassionAnd caninedevotion(Cupr.); Agallopbehindthunder,behindfourIlyaProphet,underjets-My vealwoulddelight, Vealbtendernessyours(Pastern.).
Note. In cases where relative adjectives are motivated by the same noun, but are formed using different suffixes (rooster And cocky, shepherd And pastoral, human And human), non-possessive adjectives more easily acquire qualitative meaning: cocky enthusiasm, pastoral idyll, human attitude.
Possessive adjective formed with the help of suf. ov, in, nin(fathers,grandfathers,maternal,sisters,brother), the development of qualitative values is not typical. This is explained, firstly, by the fact that such adjectives denote a specific individual affiliation (see § 781, paragraph 1), and secondly, by the fact that they are generally limited in use: relations of affiliation in modern language are more often indicated by the form gender. n. noun ( fathershouse-housefather).
Note. Adj. damn along with the possessive meaning, it is widely used to denote expressive negative attitude to the defined subject: damn idea; damn abyss affairs; AND contributed that I wear damn I in second floor(Necr.).
Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. There are already students in Russian high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.
Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give a result; the category cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .
Qualitative adjectives
It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics Living creatures (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have whole line grammatical features , by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign this adjective fits - you have a qualitative adjective in front of you. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.
2) Form short forms. Long is long, short is small.
3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have no degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.
For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.
Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very beautiful, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's store - store for children) and etc.
Signs of this 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent quality names adjectives, relatives do not have. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives can be transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager- village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between quality and relative names adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.
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QUALITY
QUALITY
a set of properties, characteristics of products, goods, services, works, labor that determine their ability to satisfy the needs and demands of people, meet their purpose and requirements. Quality is determined by the measure of compliance of goods, works, services with the conditions and requirements of standards, agreements, contracts, and consumer requests. It is customary to distinguish between the quality of products, work, labor, materials, goods, and services.
Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., rev. M.: INFRA-M. 479 pp.. 1999 .
Economic dictionary. 2000 .
Synonyms:See what “QUALITY” is in other dictionaries:
quality- The set of characteristics of an object related to its ability to satisfy established and anticipated needs. Notes 1 When concluding a contract or in a regulated environment, for example, in the field of nuclear safety... ... Technical Translator's Guide
Philosophy category reflecting the essential certainty of things and phenomena real world. Philosophy concept "K." does not coincide with the use of this term when it means high value and the usefulness of the thing. High quality... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
QUALITY, quality, cf. 1. units only That which makes an object what it is; one of the main logical categories, which is the definition of an object according to the characteristics that characterize it, internally inherent in it (philosophy). Something stops... Dictionary Ushakova
AND QUANTITY philosophical categories, first analyzed in this status by Aristotle in ‘Categories’ and ‘Topic’. Aristotle attributed four possible contexts to quality (a predicament answering the question ‘what?’): the presence of either... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia
QUALITY. The word quality in vernacular means virtue and vice. For example, in N.I. Naumov’s essays “In a Forgotten Land”: “And this headman, Miron Antonich, is a smart man, full quality..." (Naumov, p. 40). In L. Tolstoy’s title of the play... History of words
Quality- the degree that determines the totality of opportunities to satisfy one’s needs. [Kruglova N. Yu. “Commercial law. Tutorial" 2nd ed. M.: RDL Publishing House, 2001] Quality is a set of characteristics of an object related to its... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
Property, character, temper, flight, cut, tailoring, type, embossing; quality factor, sample, brand, grade, qualification; aroma, bouquet, print, color, flavor; peculiarity. A man of the old school. A landowner of the old style. Average restaurant. High flying lady... Synonym dictionary
Quality- Quality ♦ Qualité That which answers the question “which?” For example: “he is big and strong; he is very nice and a little stupid, etc.” All this is the essence of quality, and from this it is clearly seen that in philosophy the concept of quality does not necessarily mean... ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville
Wed. property or accessory, everything that constitutes the essence of a person or thing. Quantity means count, weight and measure; to the question of how much: quality; to the question of what, it explains the goodness, color and other properties of the object. People understand the quality of a person in... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
A philosophical category that expresses the essential certainty of an object, due to which it is precisely this and not something else. Quality is a characteristic of objects, revealed in the totality of their properties. See Transition quantitative changes V… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Quality and application of aviation fuels and oils, Papok K.K. Quality and use of aviation fuels and oils Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1938 edition (Aeroflot publishing house). IN…
- Quality of life of Russian citizens and its impact on political and economic preferences, Averin Yu.N. Quality of life Russian citizens and its influence on political and economic preferences. ISBN:978-5-19-010853-8…
EE "Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin
Department of General and
Russian linguistics
TRANSITION OF RELATIVE AND
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
IN QUALITY
Course work
student 3rd year
Specialties: Russian language and literature.
Foreign language (Polish).
Faculty of Philology
Scientific adviser:
Brest, 2010
Introduction
Chapter 1. Adjective. general characteristics
Chapter 2. Qualitative adjectives
2.1.Complete and short adjectives
2.2. Formation of short forms of qualitative adjectives
Chapter 3. Relative adjectives
3.1. Possessive adjectives
Chapter 4. Qualitative-relative adjectives
Chapter 5. The use of adjectives in figurative meaning
Chapter 6. Changing relative adjectives
Conclusion
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
My theme course work– “Transition of relative and possessive adjectives into qualitative ones.” The Russian language is constantly changing and is replenished with more and more new words, the meanings of already famous words, because they begin to be used to designate other objects, signs, and actions. In this case, we can talk about an active way of replenishing vocabulary, i.e. transition of words from other categories. The problem of the transition of words from one category to another is covered in detail in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, L.V. Shcherba, N.S. Valgina; A. I. Smirnitsky, B. A. Serebrennikov. The transition of relative and possessive adjectives to qualitative adjectives still remains complex, not completely resolved and a rather debatable problem. Thus, the relevance of the undertaken research is due to the fact that, based on the rich experience of studying parts of speech accumulated in domestic and foreign linguistics, an attempt is made to organically complement traditional and new concepts, primarily from a cognitive point of view on the ontological properties of parts of speech, their formation, as well as the basis for their selection. From the same positions, a new relationship of concepts reflecting the essence of lexico-grammatical transitivity is substantiated.
The linguistic causes of transitivity phenomena include the following:
1) absence in the language the right words and structures for expressing thoughts;
2) desire to save linguistic means; 3) multidimensionality of language units; 4) need for differentiation semantic connections and relationships;
5) semantic capacity of syncretic formations; 6) the need for the structure of the language itself.
Object of study is a system of parts of speech like special system forms and categories of the Russian language.
Subject of study are the processes of lexico-grammatical transition of relative and possessive adjectives into qualitative ones.
Purpose research is to describe the conditions of lexical-grammatical transitivity and transposition, to identify patterns of changes in semantic-grammatical properties as a result of their transition from one part of speech to adverbs.
The main goal predetermined the formulation and solution of the following research objectives :
1) Study the literature covering the issue of transition.
2) Identify the peculiarities of the transition of adjectives existing in the Russian language.
3) generalize and comprehend the meaning of transitivity, describe systemic changes in the sphere of parts of speech of the Russian language.
Research methods , which were used by me when writing my course work (theoretical and empirical):
Study, analysis;
Quantitative method (to clarify the number of motivators of various parts and areas of use);
Classification of studied material, induction and deduction;
The main method in working on the material is descriptive, implemented in the techniques of comparison, generalization, interpretation and classification of the units under study.
The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that, within the framework of established theories, it for the first time clarifies the essence of the phenomenon of lexico-grammatical transitivity and the relationship of parts of speech, and shows the relationship between the phenomena of lexico-grammatical transitivity and transposition.
Research material - card index obtained by continuous sampling from various sources. During the study, we turned to grammars and dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language: “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language” (1970), “Russian grammar” (1980), “Derivative dictionary of the Russian language” by A. N. Tikhonov, “Explanatory dictionary of word-forming units Russian language" T. F. Efremova (TSSERYA), " Etymological dictionary of the Russian language" by M. Vasmer, "Dictionary of the Russian language" edited by A. P. Evgenieva (MAS), "Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language" by S. I. Ozhegov.
The theoretical value of the work is:
1) in identifying patterns of formation of classes of words, their interaction with each other;
2) in substantiating subverbal connections at the level of lexical (group) categorical-grammatical meanings and meanings of individual word forms.
The study shows the mechanisms of recategorization, i.e. neutralization of some categorical features and actualization of others, resulting in a rethinking of what is already known categorical meaning words, bringing them under a new lexical and grammatical category.
CHAPTER 1. ADJECTIVE. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Adjective- this is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the attribute of an object in the form of grammatical dependence on a noun (a good student, the thought is interesting, the running was fast). Adjectives denote the attribute of objects directly or through the relationship of these objects to other objects.
On this basis, all names are divided into two groups: qualitative adjectives (high house) and relative adjectives (stone house). Relative adjectives include a subgroup of possessives, denoting that an object belongs to a person from whose name the adjective is derived (grandfather’s house - from grandfather, sister’s scarf from sister).
Qualitative and relative adjectives in modern Russian are not closed groups. The grammatical boundary between them is fluid, since the semantic features that make it possible to distinguish one category of adjectives from another undergo changes.
Almost all relative adjectives have a connotation of quality in their meaning, which, as a result of certain reasons, sometimes develops into an independent meaning. For example, the relative adjectives gold, iron, stone, steel, wooden, brotherly, classy, theater, concert and many others can be used both in their basic meaning of relative adjectives (golden bracelet, iron lattice, stone house, wooden fence) and in the meaning of qualitative adjectives (golden character, iron will, stone face, wooden voice). Relative adjectives, moving into the category of qualitative adjectives, sometimes (as a phenomenon of the individual author’s style) acquire the morphological features of the latter, for example, the short form: “We write that the day was golden”; degrees of comparison: “His gait became more and more wooden.”
When choosing the basic principle for classification, linguists distinguish the adjective in different ways. Exist different approaches to the study of adjectival vocabulary in domestic and foreign linguistics. Domestic scientists working on problems in English(E.M. Wolf, I.P. Ivanova, L.A. Komleva, L.A. Kulikovskaya) distinguish relative adjectives and qualitative adjectives. Thus, E.M. Wolf notes that the most traditional classification of adjectives as lexical units is their division into qualitative and relative. There is no impassable boundary between qualitative and relative, as between any syntactic subclasses. In Russian linguistics, adjectives are considered from a semantic and grammatical point of view. But the semantic criterion comes to the fore. According to V.V. Vinogradov, the semantic basis of adjectives is quality. He divides the Russian adjective into qualitative and relative, including possessive ones.
The relevance of the study is related to the growing interest of modern linguistic science in the systematic study of vocabulary.
The organization of the lexical-semantic system is subject to general principle organizing a system through relationships and connections between their elements. A system is understood as a set of interconnected elements, and a structure is understood as the connections between elements in the system. Systems approach to the study of vocabulary involves identifying connections between elements of the lexical-semantic system. The work systematizes and comprehensively characterizes the means of the English language involved in conveying the category of quality by genetically relative adjectives.
The object of the study is the grammatical, word-formation, functional, semantic means of the English language, which determine the qualitative status of genetically relative adjectives, leading to the formation of qualitative-relative adjectives.
The purpose of the work is to clarify the main semantic, structural-morphological, functional and systemic characteristics of qualitative-relative adjectives and to form a lexical-semantic field of qualitative-relative adjectives.
In accordance with the goal, the scope of tasks includes:
1. Determination of the general semantic boundaries of the lexical-semantic field of qualitative-relative adjectives, as well as its content plan and expression plan.
2.Description of the structure of the lexical-semantic field of qualitative-relative adjectives, its definition structural type, identification of its constituent microfields and their distribution in the structure of the macrofield.
3. Characteristics of the features of the functioning of the lexical-semantic field of relative adjectives in speech (analysis of patterns and interaction with elements of the surrounding context in the transmission of semantic quality options that underlie each microfield).
The solution to the set tasks is carried out using a comprehensive research methodology, the basis of which is the methods of field structuring and elements of quantitative calculation, as well as component, definitional and contextological analysis. At certain stages of the study, elements of distributive and transformational methods of analysis are used. Throughout the work, the method of comparing dictionary definitions is used to ensure the reliability of the data obtained. The working material is generalized and classified and analyzed using the deduction method.
CHAPTER 2. QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES
Qualitative adjectives include:
1. Denoting properties and qualities perceived by the senses (salty, aromatic, cold, warm, soft, hard );
3. Internal and external qualities and properties of humans and animals (pleasant, kind, evil, bad, smart);
4. Spatial relationships, size, size (spacious, narrow, tall, short);
The characteristics of qualitative adjectives are the following:
1. The presence of not only full, but also short forms (beautiful-beautiful, beautiful, beautiful);
2. The presence of degrees of comparison (brave-braver, bravest);
3. The possibility of forming diminutive, affectionate and augmentative forms expressing the degree of quality (red-reddish, red, blushing);
4. The possibility of forming abstract nouns with the suffixes -ost, -is, -ot, -izna (severity, liveliness, freshness, deafness, blueness);
5. Possibility of forming adverbs with –о, -е (clean-clean, white-white);
6. Possibility of forming antonymous pairs (young - old, white - black). The entire set of these grammatical features distinguishes qualitative adjectives from relative and possessive adjectives, which do not have any of the above features. However, not all high-quality adjectives have these features, and yet sometimes one of these features is enough to classify an adjective into this category.
2.1 FULL AND SHORT ADJECTIVES
Qualitative adjectives can have 2 forms - full and short: high-high, high-high. Historically, short forms of adjectives are primary, since in ancient times adjectives had only a short form. In the Old Russian language, short adjectives were inflected and freely used both as a predicate and as a modifier. Their change in cases coincided with the declension of nouns. Over time, short adjectives lost their nominal declension and their attributive function. Remnants of indirect cases of short adjectives have been preserved in modern Russian in separate expressions: in broad daylight, in broad daylight, in the blue sea.
Truncated adjectives, formed by cutting off the final vowel of inflection, should be distinguished from short adjectives full form and used due to certain requirements of rhyme and rhythm in poetic language 18-19 centuries. For example, V.A. Zhukovsky: “the battle is terrible, the hymns are victorious”; from A.S. Pushkin: “black curls, light groves, treacherous eyes.” Nowadays, truncated adjectives are formed extremely rarely. Truncated adjectives differ from short-form adjectives in that they answer the question which? and in a sentence they act as a definition.
2.2 FORMATION OF SHORT FORMS OF QUALITATIVE ADJECTIVES
Short forms of adjectives are formed by adding the following singular gender endings to the stem:
1.in m.r. −zero ending (tall, good, old, new, expensive, handsome).
2.in f.r. − endings –a, -ya (tall, good, old, new, beautiful);
3.wed. − endings -o, e (high, good, beautiful).
Some adjectives have a short form in –nen (timely, fiery, valuable, inclined).
In short forms of m.r., formed by means of the suffixes –k- and –n-, a fluent vowel appears – o- or –e- (ringing, sticky, low, sweet).
The formation of short forms of adjectives in the SRL is limited. Many high-quality adjectives do not form short forms at all. The short form is characteristic only of adjectives that name qualities associated in their manifestation with a certain time moment. Adjectives that mean constant sign nouns do not usually form a short form.
CHAPTER 3. RELATIVE ADJECTIVES
Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of objects according to their various relationships to other objects (Sunday rest, newspaper information, annual report). Relative adjectives, derived from adverbs of place and time, also express an attitude towards place and time (local resident, yesterday's lunch, old acquaintance).
Adjectives in speech are closely related to the names of objects, i.e. nouns, and are used as their definitions, for example (fresh bread, dark night), and as nominal predicates, for example (the bread is fresh, the night is dark). Relative adjectives denote relationships to elements of the surrounding reality: to objects (institute dormitory - at the institute), materials (nylon jacket - made of nylon), temporary or spatial landmarks (yesterday visitor, Siberian choir). A relative attribute cannot change its intensity, which is why combinations of relative adjectives with adverbs of measure and degree are impossible. (you can’t say “very reading room”.
3.1 Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives are characterized by a number of formal and semantic features that distinguish this group from other lexico-grammatical groups of adjectives. If qualitative and relative adjectives answer the question “which?”, then for possessive ones there is a special question word"whose?".
From a semantic-syntactic point of view, possessive adjectives are synonymous with constructions with the meaning of possession; cf. Petya's book = a book that belongs to Petya; fox hole = a hole belonging to a fox. Possessive adjectives are characterized by special word-forming suffixes –in-, -ov-, -ev-, (mother’s, father’s, Igorev)
The boundary between lexico-grammatical groups of adjectives is fluid. The same adjective can be relative in its basic meaning, but qualitative in its figurative meaning, and vice versa. Thus, relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning; compare stone house - “made of stone” and stone heart - “ruthless”. Many relative adjectives with the suffix -sk- can also be used in a possessive meaning (but they do not become possessive). Compare Pushkinsky reading-memory Pushkin (relative value), Pushkin - Peruvian Pushkin (possessive meaning).
Possessive adjectives are quite often examined in their relative meaning; Wed "Foxy burrow" ( possessive meaning), “fox coat” (relative meaning). It is possible to manifest the qualitative meaning of possessive adjectives; cf. “fox hole” - belonging to a fox (possessive meaning); “fox cunning” - sophisticated (qualitative meaning).
The boundary between qualitative and relative adjectives is largely conditional and unstable. Relative adjectives easily develop qualitative meanings. The meaning of subject relations in relative adjectives begins to be combined with the meaning qualitative assessment these relationships. That. same adjective different conditions speech can be both relative and qualitative. Thus, the word golden as a relative adjective means “containing gold, made of gold (gold ring, gold currency, gold mines). This also has a number of purely qualitative meanings: “colored like gold” (golden curls); “beautiful, remarkable in its inner merits” (heart of gold). The adjective “ideological” as a relative means “connected with ideas, relating to ideas” (ideological struggle, ideological influence); moving into the class of qualitative adjectives, this word takes on the meaning “imbued with a positive idea, guided by solid positive principles” (ideological literature, ideological art ). The adjectives “iron”, “steel”, being relative, mean “relating to iron, steel”; "made of iron, steel." These same adjectives, acquiring qualitative estimated value, mean “hard, like steel, like iron, unshakable, strong. Wed. also relative and qualitative meanings of the same adjectives in combinations: wolf ice and wolf appetite, wooden fence and wooden voice, mental illness and soulful person, art gallery and painting appearance, music school and musical child. By acquiring the meaning of qualitative adjectives, relative adjectives can acquire corresponding grammatical features. It becomes possible:
1. Formation of short forms from these adjectives:
“The Kremlin is sleepless, and its walls call to work and hurry.”
2.Education of degrees of comparison:
“A vain reflection of the former life, She was still dead.”
3. Formation of adverbs in –о-, -е-, as well as forms of comparative degree from such adverbs, for example: superficially (to become more superficially familiar, to speak theatrically.
4. A combination of an adjective and an adverb indicating a greater or lesser degree of quality.
“The secretary of the city committee ... will try to ensure that its leaders show a completely state and party attitude towards the needs of construction.
However, in most cases, relative adjectives, becoming qualitative, retain their grammatical features.
CHAPTER 4. QUALITATIVE-RELATIVE ADJECTIVES IN LINGUISTIC COLLECTION
Qualitative-relative adjectives are characterized at the semantic level by the meaning of attribute, at the syntactic level - by the function of a definition or predicative, at the morphological level - by the possible presence of forms of agreement and degrees of comparison. In grammar, adjectives are distinguished based on grammatical meaning, grammatical form and syntactic function.
The purpose of this section is to consider the main types of adjectives: qualitative, relative and qualitative-relative, which are considered an intermediate class between relative and qualitative. The most common is the division of adjectives into qualitative relative ones. This classification dates back to ancient tradition. This division is reflected in the definition of the adjective. An adjective denotes either a qualitative attribute of an object, outside of its relationship to other objects, or a relative attribute, denoting a property of an object through its relationship to another object, attribute or event. In traditional grammar, adjectives are usually divided into qualitative and relative. Russian grammar traditionally distinguishes between qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives.
Qualitative adjectives denote attributes of objects and events embedded in the things themselves; they can denote the properties and qualities of objects that are directly perceived by the senses, including the colors of objects, spatial qualities, and the physical qualities of people and animals.
Relative adjectives express quality, property, attribute of something defined by indicating the relationship to another object. The linguistic encyclopedic dictionary gives following definition“The meaning of a relative adjective is the relationship established between an object (or attribute) and another object, the attribute of which is denoted by the adjective.” Relative adjectives, if they denote a certain attribute, are not one that could be graded, therefore they do not have degrees of comparison and are not combined with an intensifier.
It is believed that relative adjectives are derivative units, and qualitative ones are simple words that directly name the attribute, property, quality of an object, thus the main criterion becomes the method of nominating the attribute: direct or indirect (indirect).
CHAPTER 5. USE OF ADJECTIVES IN FIGURE MEANING AND THEIR BELONGING TO CLASS
When an adjective is used in a figurative meaning, its belonging to the lexico-grammatical category often changes.
The most productive thing in modern Russian is the transition of relative adjectives into qualitative ones. The names of substances, objects, phenomena, abstract concepts often become a way of metaphorically reflecting the world. Accordingly, the relative adjectives formed from them, when metaphorized, pass into the category of qualitative ones and enter into synonymous series, represented by qualitative adjectives: “golden words are beautiful words”; “golden leaves - bright yellow leaves.” In this case, adjectives denote a qualitative, evaluative characteristic of an object, name its color, smell, taste, and reflect the subjective perception of the speaker or writer.
For example, “The heavy smell of machine tools, the lead air, Alas, you could not breathe for long, You were tired and ill” (Polonsky). M.Yu. Lermontov, describing Princess Mary through the mouth of his hero, uses the definition of “velvet eyes” and explains its meaning this way: “She has such velvet eyes - exactly “velvet”: I advise you to assign this expression when talking about her eyes: lower and the upper eyelashes are so long that the rays of the sun are not reflected in her pupils. I love these eyes without shine: they are so soft, they seem to be stroking you.”
A typical case of the transition of relative adjectives into qualitative ones should be considered when relative adjectives denoting an attitude towards a material (especially materials, minerals) are the source of the creation of metaphorical epithets used to characterize the vivid characteristics of a person.
Possessive adjectives also move into the category of qualitative ones. Used as metaphors, they become figurative characteristics of people, their appearance, characteristics of their character and behavior. For example, a “mermaid look” is a mysterious, alluring look; “knightly act” a selfless, noble, magnanimous act; “wasp waist” is a very thin waist.
Many of these adjectives form with nouns stable phrases, which are characteristics of typical human qualities: “a dog’s devotion” - “a dog’s life”; “donkey stubbornness”; “veal tenderness”; "wolfish appetite"
Possessive adjectives can become relative adjectives. As a rule, this happens when they are used metonymically, when they denote products in the manufacture of which fur, skin, or bone of animals are used, the belonging of which is referred to by adjectives in direct meaning: “fox collar.” “hare hat”, “bear sheepskin coat”, “seal coat”.
CHAPTER 6. CHANGING RELATIVE ADJECTIVES, ASSIGNING A SHORT FORM
Many relative adjectives, being used in a figurative meaning and becoming qualitative, on the contrary, acquire the ability to change according to degrees of comparison, and sometimes even a short form. Forms of degrees of comparison in former relative adjectives are formed predominantly analytically: “Meanwhile, Akaki Akakievich walked in the most festive mood of feelings” (Gogol); as well as modern newspaper phrases: “the most golden television time”, “the highest grossing movie”, the most Southern City countries”, “the very last resort”, “the most stagnant times”.
However, the authors also use suffixal forms, but mainly to form the comparative degree: “It is remarkable that Russian words, as at the famous dinner of generals that Ermolov talks about, sound more foreign than Latin ones.” (V. Shklovsky).
In some cases, former relative adjectives form a short form that emphasizes the qualitative, evaluative meaning that develops in the word: “Our golden-green chrysolites are the only ones in the world” (Fersman) (“the only ones”, i.e. unique, inimitable).
In a qualitative sense, relative adjectives can be combined with adverbs of measure and degree: “very vague ideas”; "V highest degree fantastic story"; “the white skirts untwisted, the blizzard inflamed the eyes, an elastic, dashing, very March blizzard” (O. Suleimenov); “You can’t hide from me if we argue, we’re rude, you’re leaving on the train with someone very different.”
IN modern speech, primarily newspaper speech, there is an interesting tendency to form characteristic qualitative adjective form, and combinations for those adjectives that at first glance have not lost their relative meaning. For example: “The Most Russian Sail” is the title of an article about a sailing catamaran built by Moscow sailing enthusiasts. Or: “In January 1987, four musicians split off from the group “Aria” and created their own “Master”. However, in these cases, grammatical forms lead to the fact that in adjectives, in addition to the basic, i.e. relative meaning, a qualitative one also develops shade of meaning: “Russian” - peculiar, characteristic specifically for Russia; “hard rock” - very loud, very measured, with a pronounced rhythm. Particularly noteworthy is the following example: “During the period of perestroika, will we rebuild correctively - labor institutions? Expand the old ones? Build new ones? You can make a strict regime even stricter. The deadlines are longer. Chamber premises like - still more intimate. Punishment cells are more isolated.”
Here, in a number of qualitative adjectives standing in the synthetic form of the comparative degree “stricter, longer, more isolated”, the relative adjective “chamber” (from “camera”), used in the comparative degree, is included. Characteristic only of qualitative adjectives grammatical form greatly influences the semantics of this adjective. And it is perceived in the circle of characteristic words associated with the idea of a prison cell: “gloomy,” “cramped,” “gloomy,” “leaving no hope of liberation.” The example convincingly shows how significant the grammatical form itself can be, demonstrates the ability of grammar to influence the semantics of a message.
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