Absolute synonyms in Russian. Absolute synonyms

Synonyms in Russian

A. Signs of synonyms.

Synonyms (gr. synonymos- eponymous) - these are words,

different in sound,
but identical or close in meaning,
belonging to the same part of speech,
often differing in stylistic coloring .

For example: here - here, wife - spouse, look - look, homeland - fatherland, fatherland.

Synonyms are usually denote the same phenomenon of objective reality. The nominative function makes it possible to combine them into open series, which are replenished with the development of language, with the emergence of new meanings for words.

On the other hand, synonymous relationships may disintegrate, and then individual words are excluded from the synonymous series and acquire other semantic connections.

For example,

word scrupulous, formerly synonymous with the word haberdashery(cf.: trades London scrupulous(A. Pushkin)), is now synonymous with the words thin, delicate;
word vulgar ceased to be synonymous with words widespread, popular(cf. the hope expressed by the writer Trediakovsky that the book he wrote would be at least a little vulgar) and came close to the following: vulgar - rude, low, immoral, cynical;
at the word dream the semantic correlation with the word is currently broken thought(cf.: What a terrible dream!(A. Pushkin)), but preserved with the words dream, daydream.

In most cases, synonyms, denoting the same thing, characterize it with different points vision.

Synonyms are recorded in special dictionaries— dictionaries of synonyms (see links below).

Some linguists do not consider synonyms:

words meaning genus-species relations: flower - chamomile;
words denoting related concepts: house - apartment.

B.Synonymous series.

A group of words consisting of several synonyms is called synonymous row (or nest): doctor— doctor— doctor— Aesculapius.

Synonymous series can consist of either multi-rooted, and from single-rooted synonyms: face - face, overtake - overtake; fisherman - fisherman, fisherman.

First place in synonymous series usually a word that is general in meaning and stylistically neutral is used - dominant(lat. dominants- dominant) (it is also called core, main, reference word). Other members of the series clarify and expand it semantic structure, complement it estimated values. For example, brave -intrepid,daring,dashing,.

So, in last example the dominant of the series is the word brave, it most succinctly conveys the meaning that unites all synonyms, - “not experiencing fear” and free from expressive and stylistic shades. The remaining synonyms are distinguished in semantic-stylistic terms and by the peculiarities of their use in speech. For example,

intrepid- a book word, interpreted as “very brave”;
daring- folk poetic, means “full prowess”;
dashing— colloquial — “brave, taking risks”;
synonyms brave, courageous, fearless, fearless differ not only in semantic nuances, but also in capabilities lexical compatibility(they are combined only with nouns that name people; you cannot say “brave project”, “fearless decision”, etc.).

Members of a synonymous series can be not only individual words, but also stable phrases(phraseologisms), as well as prepositional case forms: a lot - over the edge, without counting, the chickens don’t peck. All of them, as a rule, perform the same syntactic function in a sentence.

The Russian language is rich in synonyms; rare synonymic series have two or three members, more often there are many more.

B. Types of synonyms.

1. Full(absolute) synonyms, or doublets, most often there are parallel scientific terms: orthography - spelling, nominative - nominative, fricative - fricative, as well as single-root words formed using synonymous affixes: wretchedness - wretchedness, guard - guard. Full synonyms not much in the language.

2. Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning are called semantic (semantic, ideographic): wet - damp, damp reflect varying degrees manifestations of the trait - “having significant moisture, soaked in moisture”; die - perish, disappear- “to cease to exist, to be destroyed (as a result of disasters, the influence of any forces, conditions).”

3. Synonyms that have differences in expressive-emotional coloring and are therefore used in different styles speeches are called stylistic: wife(common use) - spouse(official) young(colloquial) - newlyweds(book), eyes(neutral) — eyes(high), face(neutral) — muzzle(reduced) - face(high)

4. Synonyms that differ both in shades of meaning and stylistically are called semantic-stylistic. For example, wander- a book word meaning “to walk or drive without a specific direction, without a goal, or in search of someone or something”; circle (circle) - colloquial, meaning “changing the direction of movement, often ending up in the same place”; stray- everyday colloquial meaning “to walk or drive in search of the right direction, the right road"; with the same meaning: get confused- colloquial, fornicate- colloquial.

Semantic-stylistic synonyms predominate in the language.

5. Words that are similar in meaning only in the same context are called contextual(situational, occasional, authorial) synonyms: For hundreds of miles, for hundreds of miles, for hundreds of kilometers, salt lay, feather grass rustled, a grove of cedars turned black(A. Akhmatova). Contextual synonyms are not reflected in synonym dictionaries.

In context, words that are not essentially synonyms are synonymized. So, the girl can be called baby, beauty, laugher, capricious, coquette; dog - Bug etc.

D. Basicsynonym functions.

1. Clarification is based on an incomplete coincidence of the meanings of synonymous words: synonyms allow you to “add” missing meanings and reveal new aspects in the denoted: He ran, or rather rushed.

2. Substitution is based on the fact that in a number of contexts the differences between synonyms are erased, and this makes it possible to avoid repetitions of the same words: He made a mistake, but his mistake was not noticed.

3. Euphemization is called a deliberately inaccurate designation of reality: the boss is delayed (= is late), he's not far off (= stupid).

4. Opposition synonyms highlights the differences between synonyms: She didn't walk, but walked.

Additionally:

In the modern Russian language there are several types of synonyms, distinguished depending on the nature of the differences between words with their overall semantic similarity.

Words that have the same meaning are called full synonyms, absolute synonyms, or lexical doublets:linguistics=linguistics , throw = throw, look = look, stop = stop, strike = strike, original = original, everywhere = everywhere, spelling = spelling, cavalry = cavalry. These are words that have neither semantic nor stylistic differences. From this point of view, all other types of synonyms are incomplete and relative. There are few complete synonyms in Russian, since the language tries to avoid duplication.

Incomplete synonyms ( quasi-synonyms) .

Semantic (ideographic, conceptual), denoting the same phenomenon of reality, they distinguish in it different sides And differ so apart from each other shades of its meaning I.

If the meaning of one of the quasi-synonyms is completely “embedded” in the meaning of the second and at the same time in the meaning of the second there are still some semantic components, then there is a relationship of “inclusion” between them. Words carry = drag, attack = aggression are related in this way: drag- This carry, but with difficulty (you can carry and drag a bag, but you cannot drag a cup of coffee, for example); any aggression is attack, but not every attack can be considered aggression (in combination robbery attack on a passerby word attack cannot be replaced by aggression).

The meanings of two quasi-synonyms can have common part, and the meaning of each of them differs in some way, in this case their meanings “intersect”. So, greedy Means ‘obsessed with a passion to seize someone else’s’, stingy‑ ‘possessed by a passion not to give what is his’. Let's consider next group synonymous nouns: calm, quiet, calm. They all mean ‘absence of wind’, but differ from each other in their shades lexical meanings: word calm has the meaning ' complete absence winds, calm weather’; word silence– ‘calmness, absence of noise’; word calm– ‘weakening, temporary cessation of wind, noise’.

Stylistic synonyms, denoting the same phenomenon of reality, differ from each other stylistic affiliation. They also have differences in semantic expressiveness and emotional coloring. Example stylistic synonyms words can serve sleep - rest - take a nap. Verb sleep is stylistically neutral and does not contain emotional overtones. Verb rest is outdated, stylistically bookish; word sleep is colloquial with emotional assessment disapproval.

Stylistic or multi-style synonyms also include the following words: face - face - muzzle(neutral – bookish – colloquial), die - pass away - die(neutral – bookish – colloquial), satisfactory - three, get tired - get tired(neutral - colloquial), argument - argument, look - look(neutral – bookish).

Within the framework of stylistic synonyms, the following are also distinguished:

a) Synonyms that differ from each other in the degree of modernity. In such a synonymous series, one word refers to modern vocabulary, the other - to obsolete: plane - airplane, minister - people's commissar, this - this, cinema - cinema;

b) Synonyms that differ in the scope of use. This includes, for example, series consisting of a popular word and a term or professionalism : kitchen - galley, cook - cook(marine) jaundice – hepatitis(honey.), page - strip(polygraph.); literary slang rows : parents - ancestors, dining room - feeding trough, knife - pen, search - search;

Semantic-stylistic synonyms differ both in shades of lexical meanings and stylistic coloring. An example of such synonyms are verbs go And trudge, which have a close but not identical meaning: go- “move by stepping on your feet”, and trudge- “move slowly, sluggishly.” Therefore the verb trudge has an additional semantic connotation - “to move with difficulty, barely stepping on one’s feet.” In addition, synonymous verbs go And trudge differ also in stylistic affiliation: verb go is neutral and the verb trudge used in colloquial speech with an emotional assessment of disapproval. So the words go And trudge are semantic-stylistic synonyms. Comp. Also: stock - reserve: stock – common word, means “everything that is prepared for future use”; reserve– bookish, special, meaning “what is left for a special, exceptional occasion.” Semantic-stylistic differences are also characteristic of synonyms to be angry - to be angry(colloquial), hasty - hasty(colloquial), eat - eat(simple);

All the synonyms given earlier are common in the language, i.e. they are characteristic lexical system of the Russian language are understandable to all or the vast majority of its speakers. It should be distinguished from common languages contextual, or individual-author synonyms. These include words that enter into synonymous relationships temporarily, only in a given context. For example, between words showered And pasted over There are no synonymous relations in the lexical system of the Russian language. However, in the story “Chelkash” by A.M. Gorky uses the word pasted over as a synonym for showered: He fell asleep with a vague smile on his face, covered with flour dust. Let's compare more examples of the use of contextual synonyms : Ostap was about to take the pound for the starched collar and show him the way(collar– contextual synonym for the word collar); The entire plain is covered with loose and soft lime (lime – snow).

Ambiguous words can be included in several synonymous series, participating in each of them with only one meaning. So, short in meaning ‘small in height’ is synonymous with the word low; quasi-synonymous with words squat, short, undersized(about a human); in the meaning ‘relating to the lower sound register’ is a synonymous series with bassy, bassy(for example, about voice); in the meaning ‘unsatisfactory in quality’ is synonymous with the word bad; when denoting a certain quality of a person short enters into synonymous relationships with words vile, dishonest.

Synonyms may also differ in their compatibility with other words. So, brown has free compatibility with many words: pencil, shoes, coat. Meaning brown is phraseologically related to the word eyes; chestnut can only be hair.

12. Synonym functions

In everyday speech, synonyms serve two purposes: latest features for everyone who speaks Russian. Firstly, this substitution function some words by others. It is caused by the desire to avoid unwanted repetitions of the same words in speech: The whole hall applauded. They clapped with their hands up. Secondly, refinement function. A person with a lot of weight can be called complete, And fat, And overweight. Moreover, each of the synonyms has its own peculiarity of meaning, emphasizing the volume (full), form ( thick), weight ( heavy). Such a person can sit down or about let's go I'm on a chair, maybe plop down; he's not always at the door included- he’s in a narrow one squeezes in or squeezes through; his voice can sound, thunder, rumble(if it's bass) hum, hiss etc.

Associated with the clarification function is the technique of stringing together synonyms to emphasize the identity or semantic similarity of words: Intellectually and rationally, she agreed with Sergei in everything.« We’ll close the file cabinet and bury it,” Volodya said. In this case, in one synonymous row there may be words that differ in stylistic affiliation and emotional connotation: They shouted that this was sinful, even vile, that the old man was out of his mind, that the old man had been deceived, cheated, swindled(Adv.). Comp. Also: And soon a crowd gathers near the wood warehouse... Ochumelov makes a half turn to the left and walks towards the gathering(A. Chekhov.) – here in a synonymous pair crowd - gathering the second word meaning " large cluster people" has the stylistic marks "disapproved." and “colloquial”, which “reduces” its meaning in the text and serves as an expression of a negative assessment.

The use of synonyms can create a comic effect and be a means of characterizing a character:

-- Died“Klavdia Ivanovna,” said the customer.

“Well, the kingdom of heaven,” agreed Bezenchuk. -- She passed away So, old lady...

Old ladies, they always pretend... Or give your soul to God, - it depends on what kind of old lady. Yours, for example, is small and in the body, which means she has passed away. And, for example, the one who is larger and thinner is considered to give his soul to God...

- So how is it calculated? Who counts?

- That's what we count on. From the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, tall, although thin. You are considered if, God forbid, you'll die, what in box played. And whoever is a merchant, a former merchant guild, means ordered to live long. And if someone is of lesser rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: spread or stretched out his legs. But the most powerful, when they die, are railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is believed that give oak. So they say about them: “And ours, they heard, gave oak.”

Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveevich asked:

- Well, when you die, what will the masters say about you?

- It’s impossible to give me an oak or play the game: I have a small build...(I. Ilf and E. Petrov. Twelve chairs)

Sometimes we observe the use of synonyms in the so-called antonymous situation. For example : this city is ancient, but not old. Let's compare the following statement by K.S. Stanislavsky: The actors do not have hands, but hands, not fingers, but fingers... They do not walk, but march, do not sit, but sit, do not lie, but recline...

Antonyms(gr. anti - against + onyma - name) words with opposite meanings are called.

Words that are correlated with each other enter into antonymic relationships. logical connection, generalities of semantics and grammatical meanings(refer to the same part of speech). For example, ruddy - pale, cheerful - sad, polite - rude, health - illness, joy - sadness. The given pairs contain opposite meanings in the field of quality, condition, as well as properties of objects and phenomena. Antonyms can also express contrasting concepts of time (early - late, morning - evening), space (close - distant, south - north), size, volume (small - large, shallow - deep), feelings (love - hate, happiness - grief ), age (old - young), natural phenomena (cold - hot, windy - quiet), contrasting concepts in the field of objects and phenomena associated with social activities person (work - idleness, victory - defeat, peace - war), etc.

IN antonymic relations enter far not all words Russian language. So, nouns with specific meaning(house, table, wall), there are no antonyms for numerals, most pronouns and proper names. As a rule, there are no antonyms among qualitative adjectives, denoting the names of colors and their shades (with the exception of a few: black - white, dark - light), although in general antonymic pairs among qualitative adjectives are formed especially actively, and this is precisely what serves as one of distinctive features quality adjectives.

By structure antonyms are divided into different root ones ( day Night) and single-rooted ( come - go, revolution - counter-revolution).

Antonyms, as already mentioned, usually form pairs in a language. However, this does not mean that a particular word can have one antonym. Antonymic relations make it possible to express the opposition of concepts in an “unclosed” polynomial series, cf.: specific – abstract, abstract; funny- sad, sorrowful, dull, dull.

Such a correlation of synonymous and antonymic relations reflects the systemic connections of words in the lexicon. Systematicity is also indicated by the relationship between polysemy and antonymy of lexical units. When choosing antonyms, it is taken into account possibility of word ambiguity. Thus, the word low can be an antonym not only for the word high (low house - tall house), but also to the words noble (low deed - Noble act), sublime (low goal – high goal).

14. Semantic types of antonyms.

Antonymous pairs (unlike synonyms) differ not in stylistic and emotional-evaluative features, but almost exclusively in conceptual ones. Their logical basis are incompatible concepts, that is, concepts whose scopes do not coincide. Incompatible concepts There are three types - opposite (contrary) and contradictory (contradictory), multidirectional (vector).

1) Contradictorial antonyms presented in pairs whose members are mutually exclusive. In counter-opposition inclusion of a neutral member is unacceptable. Contradictory antonyms are mainly represented by pairs of cognate words, one of which contains a negative word-forming prefix, meaning the absence or deprivation of any attribute, for example, loading - unloading, good faith - dishonesty. This type of opposition shows gradualism in the expression of a generic characteristic.

2) Vector antonyms. They represent the opposite directions: there - here, up - down, sunrise - sunset, rise - fall, enter - exit, descend - rise, light - put out, revolution - counter-revolution.

ABSOLUTE

Synonyms:

unconditional, complete, undoubted, unrelated, unlimited, undivided, deep, perfect, imperturbable, detached, dead, sepulchral, imperturbable, all-consuming, all-encompassing, continuous, impenetrable, sepulchral, golimy, one hundred percent, most perfect, unbroken, round, selfless; indestructible, indestructible; independent

What's happened ABSOLUTE, ABSOLUTE this is the meaning of the word ABSOLUTE, origin (etymology) ABSOLUTE, synonyms for ABSOLUTE, paradigm (word forms) ABSOLUTE in other dictionaries

Paradigm, word forms ABSOLUTE- Complete accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak

paradigm, forms of the word ABSOLUTE

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolute,

absolute

absolutely,

absolute

more absolutely,

more absolutely

+ ABSOLUTE- T.F. Efremova New dictionary Russian language. Explanatory and word-formative

what is ABSOLUTE

absolute

absolute Yútny

adj.

1) Existing, considered, evaluated without connection, dependence on smth.

2) Reached the highest limit; complete, perfect.

+ ABSOLUTE- Modern explanatory dictionary ed. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"

+ ABSOLUTE- S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language

what is ABSOLUTE

absolute

ABSOLUTE, -aya, -oe; -ten, -tna.

1. full f. Unconditional, not dependent on anything, taken without comparison with anything. Absolute value real number (in mathematics: this is the number itself, taken without the + or - sign). A. zero(temperature 273.15° C). A. champion(athlete winner in all-around, in certain other types of competitions).

2. Perfect, complete. A. peace. He is absolutely(adv.) right Absolute majority(overwhelming majority). Absolute monarchy (autocracy). A. hearing(hearing that accurately determines the pitch of any tone).

| noun absoluteness, -i, w. (to 2 digits).

+ ABSOLUTE- Dictionary foreign words

what is ABSOLUTE

ABSOLUTE

aya, oh, ten, tna

1. Unconditional, not dependent on anything, taken without comparison with anything A. minimum (the smallest value of something).

2. Perfect, complete. Absolute silence. Absoluteness is a property of the absolute. A

An absolute majority is a majority that is significantly larger in number than those in the minority. Absolute value ( mat.) - a number taken without taking into account the + or - signs, for example, absolute value the numbers +10 and -10 are equal to 10; same as module. Absolute humidity ( meteor.) - the amount of water vapor per unit volume of air (usually expressed in g/cm2).

Absolute altitude ( geod.) - height of the point on earth's surface above sea level; same as altitude. Absolute zero(temperature) ( physical) - the lowest possible temperature(-273.16 C). Absolute pitch ( music) - the ability to easily recognize and reproduce height separate sound(without comparing it with others already known). Absolute champion (sports) - an athlete who took first place in several types of all-around sports or scored the highest number of points (compared to other participants).

Etymology ABSOLUTE - Etymological dictionary Russian language. Vasmer Max

etymology ABSOLUTE

absolute

for the first time with the book. Kurakina, from Polish. absolutny "autocratic"; absolutism "autocracy" (starting with Peter I) was transformed from Polish. absolutelyność; see Smirnov 27.

+ ABSOLUTE- Small academic dictionary Russian language

what is ABSOLUTE

absolute

Aya, oh; -ten, -tna, -tno.

Irrelevant, taken without connection, without comparison with something; unconditional; opposite relative.

Absolute population growth.

There are no absolute standards of good and evil. It's all about what and how they are applied. Veresaev, Apollo and Dionysus.

Perfect, complete.

Absolute peace.

There was absolute silence all around. Not the slightest movement in the air, not a single cloud in the sky. Arsenyev, In the mountains of Sikhote-Alin.

SYNONYMS in the Dictionary of Literary Terms:
- (from the Greek synonymos - same name) - words that are identical or very similar in meaning, but are not the same root, for example: enemy, ...
SYNONYMS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek synonymos - words of the same name) words that are different in sound, but identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical...
SYNONYMS
(from the Greek synonymos - same name), words related to one part of speech, the meanings of which contain identical elements; the different elements of these meanings...
SYNONYMS
Synonyms are words of close, adjacent, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to the creation of new...
SYNONYMS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek synonymos - the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical...
SYNONYMS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
[from Greek eponymous] words that differ in sound form, but identical or very close in meaning, used to distinguish between those or ...
SYNONYMS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
SYNONYMS (from the Greek syn?nymos - the same name), words that differ in sound, but are identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic. And …
SYNONYMS
? words of close, adjacent, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to the creation...
SYNONYMS in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from the Greek synonymos - same name) - words of the same part of speech (and also, in more broadly understood, phraseological units, morphemes, ...
SYNONYMS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(Greek synonymos - same name). Words that are close or identical in meaning, express the same concept, but differ...
SYNONYMS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. synonymos eponymous) words that are identical or similar in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing or in shades...
SYNONYMS in dictionary foreign expressions:
[words that are identical or similar in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing either in shades of meaning or stylistic...
SYNONYMS in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(from the Greek synonymos - the same name), words that are different in sound, but identical or similar in meaning, as well as syntactic and grammatical...
ABSOLUTE RIGHTS in the Dictionary of Financial Terms:
subjective rights, the bearers of which are opposed certain number obligated persons. The duty corresponding to ABSOLUTE RIGHTS always consists of refraining from doing acts...
ABSOLUTE UNITS in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
units, units physical quantities, included in the absolute systems of units. The term "A.e." often used in electrical engineering to denote absolute...
GESSEN SERGEY IOSIFOVICH in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
(1887-1950) - Russian philosopher, teacher, jurist. He studied at Heidelberg (with W. Windelband, B. Lask, M. Kontor, G. Jellinek) and in ...
RIGHTS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
ABSOLUTE - see ABSOLUTE RIGHTS...
ENZYME DEFICIENCY in the Medical Dictionary.
Peptic Ulcer Disease in the Medical Dictionary:
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES in the Medical Dictionary.
ENZYME DEFICIENCY
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES in the Large Medical Dictionary.
Peptic Ulcer Disease in the Big Medical Dictionary:
Terms ulcer, peptic ulcer, peptic ulcer disease is used in relation to a group of gastrointestinal diseases characterized by the formation of areas of destruction of the mucous membrane...
ECONOMY MILITARY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
military, 1) specific unit National economy, subordinate in capitalist countries economic support preparation and conduct of wars, in socialist ones - strengthening...
FREQUENCY DICTIONARY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
dictionary, a type of dictionary (usually monolingual), in which lexical units are characterized in terms of the degree of their occurrence in a set of texts, representative ...
AIRCRAFT SPORTS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
sport, a type of military-technical sport, organically connected with the development of aviation, general and sports aircraft construction. Includes: 1) flights on aircraft of different...
DYNAMIC SERIES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
speakers, statistical series, characterizing the change (development) of socio-economic phenomena over time. For example, data on electricity production in the USSR for the period 1928-73...
STARS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
self-luminous celestial bodies consisting of hot gases, similar in nature to the Sun. The sun seems incomparably larger than the west only thanks to...
GRAVIMETRY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from Latin gravis - heavy and...metry), a branch of science about measuring quantities characterizing the Earth’s gravitational field and using...
GASHUN GOBI in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Gobi, a plain between the eastern spurs of the Tien Shan and the Khamiya depression in the north and the Beishan mountains in the south, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous ...
ELECTRIC CAPACITY V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
This is the ratio of the amount of electricity present on any conducting body to the potential of this body, provided that all conducting bodies, ...
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron.
TAMBOV PROVINCE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
I belongs to the eastern half of the central agricultural region European Russia. The extent of the province from North to South is from 100 to 400 ...
MORTALITY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
From a national point of view, it is very important to have as accurate information as possible about population movements in general and, in particular, about the number...
RECORDING INSTRUMENTS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
When studying various phenomena nature sometimes encounters cases that cannot be fully characterized by any individual moments; such …
PUNISHMENT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
A. General concept He.; subject N. - Punishment in itself in a general sense called external consequence associated with violation of the prohibition...
MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
KAFARS, CATHARS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Greek ??????? - purge) - this name was already appropriated by the Manichaeans, but especially by the Gnostic-Manichaean sect, which spread from the end of the X...
UNITS OF MEASURES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Since ancient times, three types of measures have been used for practical needs: spatiality, weight and time. E. measures is called such a basic measure...
ELECTROCHEMISTRY*
MORTALITY in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
RECORDING DEVICES* in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? When studying various natural phenomena, one sometimes encounters cases that cannot be fully characterized by any individual moments; ...
PUNISHMENT in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
are produced for the purpose of studying phenomena terrestrial magnetism. They are of three types: absolute, variational and using a magnetograph (see M. instruments, and ...
KAFARS, CATHARS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
(Greek: ??????? ? cleaning) ? this name was already appropriated by the Manichaeans, but especially by the Gnostic-Manichaean sect, which spread from the end of the twentieth century...
UNITS OF MEASURES in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? Since ancient times, three types of measures have been used for practical needs: spatiality, weight and time. E. measures are called such basic...
ORBIT in Collier's Dictionary:
in astronomy, - way celestial body in space. Although the trajectory of any body can be called an orbit, they usually mean relative...
KEEP in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language:
-n"yu, -n"ish, nsv. ; save, owl. 1) (what) Contain something somewhere, preserving it from spoilage, damage, damage. Store milk ...

In different speech situations to denote one concept the speaker uses different stylistic coloring words: sleep (neutral) - rest (high) - sleep (low). For synonyms, what distinguishes them is also important. Individual characteristics values make it possible to distinguish types of synonyms in the lexicon.

1. Synonyms-doublets are also called absolute synonyms. They express concepts equal in meaning and interchangeable in the text: sailor - navigator, spelling - spelling, lame - lame, overlook - overlook.

2. Ideographic synonyms are also called conceptual. These are words that are close, but not identical in meaning: to do, to fulfill, to implement; silence, stillness, stillness. Ideographic synonyms belong to the same part of speech and differ in the following characteristics:

1) intensity of manifestation of a characteristic, quality: damp, damp, wet; elderly, old, decrepit, middle-aged;

2) dynamics of action: shine, shine, sparkle; throw, throw, throw;

3) internal differences in phenomena, their purpose or cause: faded, faded (from time), faded (from washing), faded (from the sun).

3. Stylistic synonyms express the same meaning, replacing each other in different speech situations (high, neutral and low): reproduce - repeat - hammer out; hoax - deception - deception. Neutral word in the synonymous group it is used in all styles, high and low words seem to “diverge” from it in the form of rays. Words of high and low usage express emotions and evaluations. As a rule, there are no “pure” stylistic synonyms in a language. Words express shades of meaning and differ depending on the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech. For example, in the group of synonyms darling, darling, favorite, protégé, beloved, darling, pet, soul-man, passion, there are positive evaluative names with a high coloring (beloved), negative ones with a reduced coloring (darling) and bookish (favorite).

Modern Russian literary language/ Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009