Frederic Stendhal - literary pseudonym Henri Marie Bayle, a famous French writer who is one of the founders of the genre of psychological novel, one of the most outstanding writers France 19th century During his lifetime, he gained fame less as a writer of fiction and more as a writer of books telling about Italian sights. Born on January 23, 1783 in Grenoble. His father, a wealthy lawyer who lost his wife early (Henri Marie was 7 years old), did not pay enough attention to raising his son.

As a pupil of Abbot Ralyan, Stendhal became imbued with antipathy towards religion and the church. Passion for the works of Holbach, Diderot and other enlightenment philosophers, as well as the First French revolution had a huge impact on the formation of Stendhal's views. All later life he remained faithful to revolutionary ideals and defended them as resolutely as none of his fellow writers who lived in the 19th century did.

For three years, Henri studied at the Central School of Grenoble, and in 1799 he left for Paris, intending to become a student at the Ecole Polytechnique. However, Napoleon's coup made such a strong impression on him that he enlisted in the active army. Young Henri found himself in the Italian North, and this country remained forever in his heart. In 1802, filled with disappointment in Napoleon's policies, he resigned, settled for three years in Paris, read a lot, becoming a regular at literary salons and theaters, while dreaming of a career as a playwright. In 1805 he again found himself in the army, but this time as a quartermaster. Accompanying troops on military campaigns until 1814, he, in particular, took part in the battles of Napoleonic army in Russia in 1812.

Having a negative attitude towards the return of the monarchy in the person of the Bourbons, Stendhal resigned after the defeat of Napoleon and moved to Italian Milan for seven years, where his first books appeared: “The Life of Haydn, Mozart and Metastasio” (published in 1817), as well as research “Rome, Naples and Florence” and the two-volume “History of Painting in Italy”.

The persecution of the Carbonari that began in the country in 1820 forced Stendhal to return to France, but rumors about his “suspicious” connections served him badly, forcing him to behave extremely carefully. Stendhal collaborates with English magazines without signing the publication with his name. Appears in Paris whole line works, in particular, the treatise “Racine and Shakespeare” published in 1823, which became the manifesto of the French romantics. These years in his biography were quite difficult. The writer was filled with pessimism, his financial situation depended on occasional earnings, and he wrote a will more than once during this time.

When the July Monarchy was established in France, in 1830 Stendhal had the opportunity to enter the civil service. King Louis appointed him consul to Trieste, but unreliability allowed him to take this position only in Civita Vecchia. For him, who had an atheistic worldview, sympathized with revolutionary ideas, and composed works imbued with the spirit of protest, it was equally difficult for him to live in both France and Italy.

From 1836 to 1839, Stendhal was in Paris on a long vacation, during which his last famous novel, “The Abode of Parma,” was written. During next vacation, this time short, he literally came to Paris for a few days, and there he had a stroke. This happened in the fall of 1841, and on March 22, 1842 he died. Last years lives were overshadowed by difficult physical condition, weakness, inability to work fully: this is how syphilis manifested itself, which Stendhal contracted in his youth. Unable to write himself and dictating texts, Henri Marie Bayle continued to compose until his death.

Biography from Wikipedia

Marie-Henri Bayle(French Marie-Henri Beyle; January 23, 1783, Grenoble - March 23, 1842, Paris) - French writer, one of the founders of the psychological novel. He appeared in print under various pseudonyms, published his most important works under the name Stendhal (Stendhal). During his lifetime he was known not so much as a fiction writer, but as the author of books about the sights of Italy.

early years

Henri Bayle (pseudonym Stendhal) was born on January 23, 1783 in Grenoble in the family of lawyer Chérubin Bayle. Henrietta Bayle, the writer's mother, died when the boy was seven years old. Therefore, his aunt Seraphi and his father were involved in his upbringing. Little Henri did not have a good relationship with them. Only his grandfather Henri Gagnon treated the boy warmly and attentively. Later in his autobiography “The Life of Henri Brulard” Stendhal recalled: “I was entirely brought up by my dear grandfather, Henri Gagnon. This rare person once made a pilgrimage to Ferney to see Voltaire, and was wonderfully received by him...” Henri Gagnon was an admirer of the Enlightenment and introduced Stendhal to the works of Voltaire, Diderot and Helvetius. From then on, Stendhal developed an aversion to clericalism. Due to Henri's childhood encounter with the Jesuit Ryan, who forced him to read the Bible, he had a lifelong horror and mistrust of clergy.

While studying at the Grenoble central school, Henri followed the development of the revolution, although he hardly understood its importance. He studied at school for only three years, mastering, by his own admission, only Latin. In addition, he was interested in mathematics, logic, studied philosophy, and studied art history.

In 1799, Henri went to Paris with the intention of enrolling in Polytechnic school. But instead, inspired by Napoleon's coup, he enlists in the active army. He was enlisted as a sub-lieutenant in a dragoon regiment. Influential relatives from the Daru family secured an assignment for Bayle to the north of Italy, and the young man fell in love with this country forever. The historian of Freemasonry A. Mellor believes that “Stendhal’s Freemasonry did not become widely known, although he belonged to the order for some time.”

In 1802, gradually becoming disillusioned with Napoleon, he resigned and lived throughout the following three years in Paris, engaged in self-education, studying philosophy, literature and English language. As follows from the diaries of that time, the future Stendhal dreamed of a career as a playwright, a “new Moliere.” Having fallen in love with actress Melanie Loison, the young man followed her to Marseille. In 1805 he returned to serve in the army again, but this time as a quartermaster. As an officer quartermaster service During the Napoleonic army, Henri visited Italy, Germany, and Austria. During his hikes, he found time to think and wrote notes about painting and music. He filled thick notebooks with his notes. Some of these notebooks were lost while crossing the Berezina.

In 1812, Henri took part in Napoleon's Russian campaign. I visited Orsha, Smolensk, Vyazma, and witnessed the Battle of Borodino. I saw how Moscow burned, although in fact combat experience he didn't have it.

Literary activity

After the fall of Napoleon, the future writer, who had a negative perception of the Restoration and the Bourbons, resigned and went to Italy, to Milan, for seven years. It was here that he prepared for publication and wrote his first books: “The Lives of Haydn, Mozart and Metastasio” (1815), “The History of Painting in Italy” (1817), “Rome, Naples and Florence in 1817.” Large chunks of the text of these books are borrowed from the works of other authors.

Claiming the laurels of the new Winckelmann, Henri Beyle adopted the name hometown this author. In Italy, Henri becomes close to the Republicans - the Carbonari. Here he experienced a hopeless love for Matilda Viscontini, the wife of the Polish general J. Dembowski, who died early, but forever left a mark on his heart.

In 1820, persecution of the Carbonari began in Italy, including Stendhal's friends, forcing him to return to his homeland two years later. He later conveyed his disgust for the reactionary Austrian regime, which established its dominance in northern Italy, on the pages of the novel “The Parma Monastery.” Paris met the writer unfriendly, since rumors about his dubious Italian acquaintances reached here, he had to be very careful. It is printed in English magazines without signing your articles. Only a hundred years later was the author of these articles identified. In 1822, he published the book “On Love” in various historical eras. In 1823, the manifesto of French romanticism, the treatise “Racine and Shakespeare,” was published in Paris.

In the 20s, Stendhal acquired literary salons reputation as a tireless and witty debater. In those same years, he created several works that testify to his movement towards realism. Publishes his first novel “Armans” (1827), the story “Vanina Vanini” (1829). In the same 1829, he was offered to create a guide to Rome, he responded, and so the book “Walks in Rome” appeared, which is a story of French travelers about a trip to Italy. In 1830, the novel “Red and Black” was published, based on an incident that the author read about in the crime section of a newspaper. These years were quite difficult in the life of a writer who did not have a regular income. He drew pistols in the margins of his manuscripts and wrote numerous wills.

Late period

After the establishment of the July Monarchy in France on July 28, 1830, Stendhal entered the public service. He was appointed French consul in Trieste and then to Civitavecchia, where he would serve as consul until his death. In this port town, the Parisian was bored and lonely; the bureaucratic routine left little time for literary pursuits. To unwind, he often traveled to Rome. In 1832 he began writing “Memoirs of an Egotist,” and 2 years later he began writing the novel “Lucien Levene,” which he later abandoned. From 1835 to 1836, he was passionate about writing the autobiographical novel “The Life of Henri Brulard.”

Having secured a long vacation for himself, Stendhal spent three fruitful years in Paris from 1836 to 1839. During this time, “Notes of a Tourist” (published in 1838) and last novel"Parma Monastery". (Stendhal, if he did not come up with the word “tourism,” was the first to introduce it into wide circulation). The attention of the general reading public to the figure of Stendhal was attracted in 1840 by one of the most popular French novelists, Balzac, in his “Etude on Bayle”. Shortly before his death, the diplomatic department provided the writer with new vacation who allowed him to last time return to Paris.

In recent years, the writer was in a very serious condition: the disease progressed. In his diary, he wrote that he was taking mercury and potassium iodide for treatment, and that at times he was so weak that he could hardly hold a pen, and therefore was forced to dictate texts. Mercury preparations are known to many side effects. The assumption that Stendhal died of syphilis does not have sufficient evidence. In the 19th century, there was no relevant diagnosis of this disease (for example, gonorrhea was considered initial stage diseases, there were no microbiological, histological, cytological and other studies) - on the one hand. On the other hand, a number of figures European culture Heine, Beethoven, Turgenev and many others were considered to have died from syphilis. In the second half of the 20th century, this point of view was revised. For example, Heinrich Heine is now considered to have suffered from one of the rare neurological ailments (more precisely, a rare form of one of the ailments).

On March 23, 1842, Stendhal, having lost consciousness, fell right on the street and died a few hours later. Death most likely occurred from a second stroke. Two years earlier, he suffered his first stroke, which was accompanied by severe neurological symptoms, including aphasia.

Stendhal was buried in the Montmartre cemetery.

In his will, the writer asked to write on the gravestone (done in Italian):

Arrigo Bayle

Milanese

Wrote. I loved. Lived

Works

Fiction constitutes a small fraction of what Bayle wrote and published. To earn your bread, at the dawn of your life literary activity in great haste he “created biographies, treatises, memoirs, travel essays, articles, even original “guides” and wrote much more books of this kind than novels or short story collections” (D. V. Zatonsky).

His travel essays “Rome, Naples et Florence” (“Rome, Naples and Florence”; 1818; 3rd ed. 1826) and “Promenades dans Rome” (“Walks in Rome”, 2nd vol. 1829) were used throughout the 19th century success among those traveling in Italy (although the main assessments from the standpoint of today's science seem hopelessly outdated). Stendhal also owns “The History of Painting in Italy” (vols. 1-2; 1817), “Notes of a Tourist” (French “Mémoires d"un touriste”, vols. 1-2, 1838), the famous treatise “On Love” ( published in 1822).

Novels and stories

• The first novel - "Armance" (French "Armance", vols. 1-3, 1827) - about a girl from Russia who receives the inheritance of a repressed Decembrist, was not successful.
• “Vanina Vanini” (French “Vanina Vanini”, 1829) - a story about fatal love Aristocrats and Carbonaria, filmed in 1961 by Roberto Rossellini
• “Red and Black” (French “Le Rouge et le Noir”; 2 volumes, 1830; 6 hours, 1831; Russian translation by A. N. Pleshcheev in “Notes of the Fatherland”, 1874) - the most important work of Stendhal, the first in European literature novel career; received highly appreciated major writers, including Pushkin and Balzac, but at first it was not successful with the general public.
• IN adventure novel"Parma Monastery" ( "La Chartreuse de Parme"; 2 vols. 1839-1846) Stendhal gives a fascinating description of court intrigues at a small Italian court; The Ruritanian tradition of European literature dates back to this work.

Unfinished works of art

• The novel “Red and White”, or “Lucien Leuwen” (French “Lucien Leuwen”, 1834-1836, published 1929).
• The autobiographical stories “The Life of Henri Brulard” (French “Vie de Henry Brulard”, 1835, published 1890) and “Memoirs of an Egotist” (French “Souvenirs d"égotisme”, 1832, published 1892), an unfinished novel, were also published posthumously “Lamiel” (French “Lamiel”, 1839-1842, published 1889, completely 1928) and “Excessive favor is destructive” (1839, published 1912-1913).

Italian stories

While sorting through the archives of the Papal State during the Renaissance, Stendhal discovered a lot romantic stories, which in the 1830s. prepared for publication under the title “Italian Chronicles” (French “Chroniques italiennes”). A separate publication of these stories followed in 1855.

Editions

• The complete works of Bayle in 18 volumes (Paris, 1855-1856), as well as two volumes of his correspondence (1857), were published by Prosper Mérimée.
• Collection Op. edited by A. A. Smirnova and B. G. Reizov, vol. 1-15, Leningrad - Moscow, 1933-1950.
• Collection Op. in 15 vols. General ed.. and entry Art. B. G. Reizova, t. 1-15, Moscow, 1959.
• Stendhal (Bayle A.M.). Moscow in the first two days of the French entry into it in 1812. (From Stendhal's diary) / Message. V. Gorlenko, note. P. I. Barteneva // Russian Archive, 1891. - Book. 2. - Issue. 8. - pp. 490-495.

Characteristics of creativity

Stendhal expressed his aesthetic credo in the articles “Racine and Shakespeare” (1822, 1825) and “Walter Scott and the Princess of Cleves” (1830). In the first of them, he interprets romanticism not as a specific historical phenomenon inherent early XIX century, but as a revolt of innovators of any era against the conventions of the previous period. The standard of romanticism for Stendhal is Shakespeare, who “teaches movement, variability, the unpredictable complexity of worldview.” In the second article, he abandons Walter Scott’s tendency to describe “the clothes of the heroes, the landscape among which they are located, their facial features.” According to the writer, it is much more productive in the tradition of Madame de Lafayette to “describe passions and different feelings, exciting their souls."

Like other romantics, Stendhal longed strong feelings, but could not close his eyes to the triumph of philistinism that followed the overthrow of Napoleon. The age of Napoleonic marshals - figures in their own way as bright and integral as the condottieres of the Renaissance - was replaced by "loss of personality, drying out of character, disintegration of the individual." Just as other French writers of the 19th century sought an antidote to vulgar everyday life in a romantic escape to the East, to Africa, less often to Corsica or Spain, Stendhal created for himself an idealized image of Italy as a world that, in his mind, preserved straight historical continuity with the Renaissance era dear to his heart.

Meaning and influence

At the time when Stendhal formulated his aesthetic views, European prose was entirely under the spell of Walter Scott. Progressive writers preferred a slow-paced narrative with extensive exposition and lengthy descriptions designed to immerse the reader in the environment where the action takes place. Stendhal's moving, dynamic prose was ahead of its time. He himself predicted that it would not be appreciated until 1880. Andre Gide and Maxim Gorky characterized Stendhal's novels as “letters to the future.”

Indeed, the revival of interest in Stendhal occurred in the second half of XIX century. Fans of Stendhal derived from his works a whole theory of happiness - the so-called. bailism, which “prescribed not to miss a single opportunity to enjoy the beauty of the world, as well as to live in anticipation of the unexpected, to be in constant readiness for divine contingency.” The hedonistic pathos of Stendhal's work was inherited by one of the major French writers, Andre Gide, and a thorough analysis of psychological motivations and the consistent de-heroization of military experience allow us to consider Stendhal as the immediate predecessor of Leo Tolstoy.

Stendhal's psychological views have not lost their significance to this day. Thus, his theory of “crystallization of love” was presented in 1983 in the form of excerpts from his text (book) “On Love” in the “Anthology on the Psychology of Emotions,” published under the editorship of Yu. B. Gippenreiter.

Stendhal's sayings

“The only excuse for God is that he does not exist.”

Studying the difficult, in many ways controversial biography Stendhal, it becomes clear that he was a courageous, persistent and passionate man.

Henri Marie Bayle was born in Grenoble, a beautiful city in the south-east of France. This event in the family of the lawyer Cheruben Bayle and his wife Adelaide-Henrietta Bayle occurred on January 23, 1783.

Unfortunately, when the boy was 7 years old, his mother died suddenly. Education fell on the shoulders of the father and aunt of the future writer. However, according to Stendhal himself, the main person in his life was his grandfather, Henri Gagnon. Only to him did he owe his upbringing, education, extensive knowledge and, most importantly, the ability to think.

Having received enough home education, Stendhal went to study at the local Central School. He did not stay there long - only three years, and after that he was released to the capital of France to enter the Polytechnic School. But he was not destined to become a student. The implementation of his plans was prevented by the coup of the 18th Brumaire.

Inspired by the courage and heroism of the young Napoleon Bonaparte, who led that conspiracy, he entered the military service. Stendhal served in the dragoon regiment for two years and resigned with the intention of returning to Paris and engaging exclusively in education and literary activities.

Paris

The French capital greeted him favorably and gave him three years to receive a real education. He studied English, philosophy, history of literature, wrote and read a lot. During the same period, he became a convinced enemy of the church and everything connected with mysticism and the otherworldly.

In 1805, Stendhal was forced to return to military service. From 1806-1809 he participated in all European battles Napoleonic army. In 1812, voluntarily, on his own initiative, he went to war with Russia. He survived battle of Borodino, witnessed with his own eyes the death of Moscow and, together with the remnants of the once great Napoleonic army, fled across the Berezina.

The French writer always rightly admired the spirit and valor of the Russian people. In 1814 he moved to Italy.

Creation

The writer lived in Milan for seven years. IN short biography Frederic Stendhal noted that it was during this period that he wrote his first serious works: “The Lives of Haydn, Mozart and Metastasio”, “The History of Painting in Italy”, “Rome, Naples and Florence” and many others. There, in Italy, for the first time his books began to be published under the pseudonym “Stendhal”.

In 1821, due to the policies of violence and intimidation reigning in Italy, he was forced to flee to his homeland. In Paris, experiencing a difficult financial situation, he worked as a literary and art critic. This did not make his plight any easier, but it helped him stay afloat.

In 1930 he was appointed to public office- French consul in Trieste. In the same year, his most famous novel, “Red and Black,” was published.

March 23, 1842 classic French literature died. It happened on the street while walking.

Other biography options

• Literally five months before his death, he wrote in his diary that, most likely, death would overtake him while walking. And so it happened.
• The day after the death of the French writer, newspapers wrote that the funeral of the German poet Friedrich Stendhal, unknown in wide circles, took place.
• In Italy, Stendhal had close contact with the great English poet

Saint Petersburg. Printing house of the Imperial Russian Academy. 1821 Volume I 531 pp., Volume II 488 pp., Volume III 500 pp.

Safety

The books are in good condition (see photo). None title pages 1st and 2nd volumes. Present in the 3rd. Volume 2 retains the publisher's paperback cover. Inscribed and neatly cut library stamps. The spine of Volume 2 is neatly glued, so much so that it is almost invisible. Microtear in the spine of volume 3. All pages are intact, binding is in excellent condition.

About the author and the book

Ostolopov is known as a verse theorist, translator and literary commentator. One of the main works of his life is considered to be “The Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Poetry” (ed. 1821), work on which took more than fourteen years. The dictionary is based on the works of European classicists, and reveals the history and interpretation of many literary terms.

The book contains lyrics by A.S. in one form or another. Pushkina, V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkova. Thus, this is a lifetime publication of the works of these authors. In particular, excerpts from the poem by A.S. are published on the pages of the dictionary. Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila” (p. 299-301, part 2; p. 21, 31-39, part 3).

It is of undoubted collector's value.

The cost of delivery by Russian Post throughout the country for this lot is 800 rubles.

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Description

Ostolopov, N.F. Dictionary of ancient and new poetry. / Compiled by Nikolai Ostolopov, full and honorary member of various Scientific Societies: [at 3 hours]. St. Petersburg: in Type. Imperial Russian Academy, 1821. - Part 1. , IV, III, 531, p.; Part 2. , III, , 488 pp.; Part 3. , III, , 500, XXX pp.; 20.5 x 13 cm. Each piece is individually bound in brown full leather from the era. The spines, spine labels and endpapers have been updated. Scuffs on the covers, a trace of a removed sticker from the front cover (Part 1), foxing on the pages. Ostolopov Nikolai Fedorovich (1782-1833), poet, translator, publisher of the magazine “Lover of Literature”. On behalf of the Society of Literature Lovers, he compiled the “Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Poetry.” For 14 years the author worked on its compilation. Excerpts from the poem by A.S. are published on the pages of the dictionary. Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila” (p. 299-301, part 2; p. 21, 31-39, part 3). "A dictionary of poetic terms with numerous examples from ancient and new literature. 424 articles have been published in the dictionary. Sources used: Boileau, Marmontel, Trediakovsky, Vostokov, Gnedich, etc.” - See-Juice. No. 932, SK. Civil press XVIII-1st quarter. XIX century in the collections of the Urals. No. 3492.

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