Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words used primarily by people of a certain profession or specialty. Among special words stand out terms And professionalism.
Terms(from Lat. legttis - border, limit) - these are fisheries that are officially accepted names scientific concepts, devices, instruments, machines. The set of terms of a specific science or profession is called terminology(for example, physical, linguistic, medical terminology).
Characteristic features The terms are: 1) unambiguity, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has a precise, logical definition, so it doesn't need context like most ordinary words. For example:
Sharp [ie], -a, m.(specialist.). A musical note that requires the sound to be raised by a semitone.
Lysis,-A, m.(specialist.). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual weakening of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.
Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings, used not in one, but in several professional fields. For example:
Diaphragm,-s, and.(special) 1. Muscular septum separating chest cavity from the abdominal. 2. Plate in optical instruments With a hole that allows rays to pass through.
Deviation [de], -i, and.(specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of those nearby large masses gland. 2. Deviation from the desired direction (for example, the flight of a projectile, a bullet, the progress of a ship, etc.) under the influence of some reason.
Terms can be highly specialized and commonly used.
Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, words abasia(loss of ability to walk), abulia(pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia(slow heart rate) are used only in medicine, ablaut(morphologically determined vowel alternation), prosthesis(appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word), thesaurus(language dictionary with complete semantic information) are used in linguistics, aval(guarantee for a bill of exchange made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee note), advice note(a notice sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus- (excess of revenue over expenditure) are used in the field of economics;.;, Such vocabulary is given in dictionaries with notes indicating that the word belongs to a certain special field: Av.(aviation), anat.(anatomy), biol.(biol;); military(warfare), lingu(linguistics), mat.(mathematics), psychol.(psychology), physical(physics), etc.
Commonly used terms have a wider scope and are understandable to many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine(honey.); square, rectangle, trapezoid(math.), balance, deficit, credit(econ.).
Professional words are words used in colloquial speech people united by any profession or specialty that are not officially recognized names special concepts. For example: window(in the speech of teachers) - “free lesson in the middle school day»; zero(in the speech of teachers) - “preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of school,” etc. When professionalisms are used in texts, words are often placed in quotation marks.
Special words, used in work of art, give the work color, brightness!, connect artistic text with life. For example:
Four domain the furnaces dominated the plant with their monstrous chimneys. Next to them towered eight cowpers, intended for circulation heated air - eight huge iron towers, topped with round domes. Around domain furnaces scattered other buildings: repair workshops, foundry yard, locomotive, rail rolling, open hearth And puddling ovens and so on (A. Kuprin).
Let us remind you that a general question is considered a question to the entire sentence; and the answer to a general question can only be “yes” or “no”:
Does John like coffee? - Yes, he does.
Does John like coffee? - Yes.
Special question, on the contrary, is set to a specific member of the sentence and its goal is to obtain additional or new information. Unlike general questions that begin with an auxiliary verb, specific questions should begin with question word. In this case, the question word replaces the member of the sentence to which the question is asked.
Question words
Here is a list of used ones question words:
Who? - Who?
Whose? - Whose?
Whom? - Whom? To whom?
What? - What? Which?
Which? - Which?
How? - How? How?
Where? - Where?
When?- When?
Why? - Why?
How to manу/much? - How many?
How long? - How long? and etc.
Word order in special questions, answers to them
Like general issues, in special matters auxiliary are placed before the subject, but in this case they are preceded by a question word.
I usually listen to the radio on Monday mornings. – What do you usually do on Monday mornings?
I usually listen to the radio on Monday mornings. - What do you do on Monday mornings?
The answer for a special question there will be either a full sentence using repetition of all its necessary members, or a short answer, which consists of only one member of the sentence containing the answer to the question asked.
He told our secret to his friends last night. Last night he is telling our secret to his friends.
When did he tell our secret to his friends? – He told it to them last night. When did he tell his friends our secret? He told it last night.
Special question to the subject
Particular attention should be paid to constructing questions that begin with question words “ who" And " what». Similar questions can refer to both subjects and objects. However, the structure of the question will be different.
If a question beginning with “who” or “what” concerns an object (whom? To whom? With whom? Etc.), then the question is formulated according to the rules described above.
However, if the question is asked to the subject (who? What?), it uses word order for declarative sentence- replacing the subject with an appropriate question word.
They talk with Michael at every lecture. – They talk to Michael at every lecture.
Who do they talk with at every lecture? – Who do they talk to at every lecture? (question for the addition (“with whom”), the word order of a regular special question is used).
Who talks with Michael at every lecture? – Who talks to Michael at every lecture? (question to the subject, no auxiliary verb is used).
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Special vocabulary- these are words and combinations of words used primarily by people of a certain profession or specialty. Among the special words, terms and professionalisms stand out.
Terms (from Lat. lerttis - border, limit) are fishing grounds that are officially accepted names of scientific concepts, instruments, instruments, machines. The set of terms of a particular science or profession is called terminology (for example, physical, linguistic, medical terminology).
The characteristic features of the term are: 1) unambiguity, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has an exact logical definition, therefore does not need context like most ordinary words. For example:
Sharp [ie], -a, m. (special). A musical note that requires the sound to be raised by a semitone.
Lysis, -a, m. (special). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual weakening of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.
Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings, used not in one, but in several professional areas. For example:
Aperture, -s, g. (special) 1. The muscular septum separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. 2. A plate in optical instruments with a hole that allows rays to pass through.
Deviation [de], -i, f. (specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of large masses of iron nearby. 2. Deviation from the desired direction (for example, the flight of a projectile, a bullet, the progress of a ship, etc.) under the influence of some reason.
Terms can be highly specialized and commonly used.
Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, the words abasia (loss of the ability to walk), abulia (pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia (slow heartbeat) are used only in medicine, ablaut (morphologically determined alternation of vowels), prosthesis (the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word), thesaurus (a dictionary of a language with complete semantic information) is used in linguistics, aval (guarantee for a bill of exchange made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee record), advice note (notice sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus - ( excess of revenue over expenditure) are used in the field of economics;.;, Such vocabulary is given in dictionaries with marks indicating that the word belongs to a certain special field: av. (aviation), anat. (anatomy), biol. (biol;); military (military affairs), linguistics, (linguistics), mathematics. (mathematics), psychology (psychology), physics. (physics), etc.
Commonly used terms have a wider scope and are understandable to many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine (med.); square, rectangle, trapezoid (mathematics), balance, deficit, credit (economics).
Professional words are words used in the colloquial speech of people united by some profession or specialty, which are not officially recognized names of special concepts. For example: window (in the speech of teachers) - “free lesson in the middle of the school day”; zero (in the speech of teachers) - “preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of school,” etc. When professionalisms are used in texts, words are often placed in quotation marks.
Special words used in a work of art give the work color, brightness!, and connect the literary text with life. For example:
Four blast furnaces dominated the plant with their monstrous chimneys. Next to them stood eight cowpers, designed to circulate heated air - eight huge iron towers topped with round domes. Other buildings were scattered around the blast furnaces: repair shops, a foundry, a locomotive, a rail-rolling plant, open-hearth and puddling furnaces, and so on (A. Kuprin).
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Books
- Russian history and culture in literary words. Dictionary. Textbook, I. M. Kurnosova, V. I. Makarov. In the dictionary, material that reflects different elements lexical system Russian language XIX-XX centuries. in its development: ethnographisms, dialectisms, special vocabulary,...