Separate and non-separate definitions

A. Separate agreed upon definitions.

• Common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and coming after the qualified noun: The sun, not yet in full force, warms gently and gently; Light clouds, still pink from the sunset, stood thoughtfully in the sky. .

• Two or more single definitions appearing after the noun being defined are isolated if this noun preceded another definition: The other shore, high, mountainous, was deserted . In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not separated depending on the degree of their connection with the defined noun. Wed: A) The night has come, moonlit, clear; People, small, black, fussily run past the monuments ; b) He began to talk about his childhood days in strong, heavy words.; He lived a long and difficult life; Away from the rich neighborhoods, we saw tired people with an expression of hopelessness in their eyes, with gloomy and sad faces (in the examples of the second group, nouns without definitions do not independently express the desired meaning).

• A single definition stands out, standing after defined noun, if this definition has an additional circumstantial meaning: The boy, offended, blushed (that is, “because I’m offended”) ; People, amazed, became like stones (“because they were amazed”).

• Common or single definitions that stand directly before defined by a noun if they have additional adverbial meaning(causal, conditional, concessive, temporary): Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.; Always calm and reasonable, Victor was in no hurry to answer; Surprised, the girl could not say anything .

• A single isolated definition carries a significant semantic load, in terms of meaning can be equated to subordinate clause , may have a clarifying meaning: And within a few minutes it was already raining, pouring .

• A definition, common or single, is isolated if it separated from the qualified noun other members of the proposal(regardless of whether the definition comes before or after the word being defined): Daria is in a hurry to get things done... and, full of thoughts about her husband, calls him and speaks to him; Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled; Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room; Filled with the sun, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river .

• The definition is isolated, personal pronoun, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition: Short, stocky, he had with terrible force in hand...; I, tired and worn out by the difficult journey, were given tea and put to bed; Surprised and offended, I fell silent . Definitions for personal pronouns in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're stupid! Oh, I'm clueless!

B. Separated inconsistent definitions.

• Inconsistent definitions expressed indirect cases nouns (usually with prepositions), are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express: This man, a soldier with a bag on his shoulder, stopped and came close to Dolokhov’s horse...; She was a slender, slightly lean girl with smart brown eyes on a pale, long face .

• Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with your own name and with a personal pronoun: Ivanov, with a hat on his head, stood nearby; I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it .

• Inconsistent definitions are separated if form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or following separate agreed definitions: My companion, thin, tall, with a hooked nose and drooping mustache, angry and hungry, walked silently next to him. .

• Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed comparative degree adjective, if the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition: Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall .

• An inconsistent definition is distinguished by a dash, expressed indefinite form verb, if you can put the words “namely” in front of it without damaging the meaning: Each of them set themselves a noble goal - to serve society .

B. Non-separate agreed upon definitions.

• Participles and adjectives with dependent words, standing after indefinite pronoun , are not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun: Something flashed, flapping its light wings; Someone who looked like a military man came in .

• Definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them: All students who appeared for the exam were well prepared; You need to learn these words written on the board .

• Common definitions are not distinguished coming before the noun being defined(if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning): Daria Alexandrovna stood among the things scattered around the room .

• Common definitions that appear after the defined noun are not isolated if the latter itself is in this proposal doesn't express the required concept and needs a definition: Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat offended look (the combination “took on the form” does not make sense, looked dignified and offended - predicate); We were greeted by a young and pleasant-looking man .

• Common definitions are also not distinguished if in meaning they are connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, being part of the predicate: People walked completely wet, angry . This usually happens with verbs of motion and state acting as a significant connective.

• Definitions are not separated expressed complex shape comparative or superlative adjective, since it does not form a turnover and acts as a single member of the sentence: More accurate information is needed; The most accurate information received .sources:

Exercise on the topic “Isolating definitions”

Exercise: indicate the numbers of sentences where definitions need to be separated.

1. The old man’s wrinkled face froze in an expression of melancholy.
2. The golden ball of the sun rose across the high and transparent sky.
3. Tired of the spring bliss, I fell into involuntary oblivion.
4. The horses walked slowly across the steppe, densely overgrown with grass.
5. Near the outskirts, a window open to the sky is burning.
6. A panorama that was amazing in its appearance unfolded before us.
7. Pugachev, true to his promise, approached Orenburg.
8. Excited and tired, I threw myself into a chair.
9. He carefully read the letter written in small handwriting.
10. I was taken off the horse, wet to the last thread, almost without memory.
11. On the table lay the pebbles and shells collected by the boy.
12. A lamp covered with a yellow shade illuminated the room.
13. Silent, he did not forbid me to talk about everything.
14. Sciences alien to music were alien to me.
15. The moisture-smelling March snow crunches underfoot.
16. Small houses appeared on the outskirts among the old trees beginning to curl.
17. Snowfall that did not stop for several days limited visibility.
18. For blue seas forgotten, he faded away alone.
19. For the third week it rained persistently and mercilessly.
20. An electric flashlight suspended on a pine branch illuminated the children’s faces.
21. The sand that became damp at dawn was strewn with pine needles.
22. Angry in appearance, he was kind at heart.
23. Drops of dew that have not yet had time to dry sparkle on the foliage.
24. The silence was interrupted by the sounds of a song flying from afar.
25. Black eyes, serious and piercing, looked at me.
26. Suddenly a shadow flashed on a bright stripe crossing the floor.
27. Tired of walking through the swamp, I wandered into the barn and fell asleep deeply.
28. Suddenly the entire steppe shook and, engulfed in blue light, expanded.
29. Enriched with new concepts and feelings, he began to re-read his books again.
30. Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were in his opinion rich.

Word check:

Finding the answer

Total found: 11

	Question No. 283879

Hello, dear portal employees! Please help me figure out how to coordinate the definition with the word being defined and the predicate with the subject in this case: former teacher doubted (talking about a woman). Or did the former teacher have doubts? Or should the agreement be in the masculine gender: did the former teacher have doubts? In advance Thanks a lot!

Not isolated definition The meaning is put in the form male: former teacher. Predicate when not present in a sentence own name is put in the masculine form, but if the form of the predicate is the only indicator that we're talking about about a woman, and it is important for the writer to emphasize this, is chosen feminine: the former teacher doubted it. For detailed recommendations, see " Writer's Book ».

	Question No. 282175

Is a comma necessary and why in the sentence: “Surrounded by musicians, the conductor was at the same time alone: ​​...”? Thank you.

Russian help desk response

Comma separates isolated definition tion surrounded by musicians, which comes before the defined name conductor at the absolute beginning of the sentence and has an additional concessive meaning: despite the fact that the conductor was surrounded by musicians, he was alone. The concessional meaning is supported by the presence in the main part of the sentence of the combination in the same time, which reinforces the meaning of the discrepancy between being among people and inner loneliness.

	Question No. 279782

If the participial phrase ( isolated definition tion) is part of the participial phrase (defines one of the words), is the entire construction a circumstance?
Example:
The birthday boy screamed furiously, frantically waving a torn shoe over his head, which had been pulled in a hurry from the foot of his frightened neighbor.

With gratitude - I. Drobnitsa

Russian help desk response

Formally, yes. Why do you need an answer?

	Question No. 278921

Hello!
I have been using your Internet resource for a long time. It has almost everything, except for some subtle points that are quite difficult to find even through your “Help”. I kindly ask you to help me understand the attributive phrases, or rather one of their varieties - participial phrases. I have been trying for quite a long time to find out whether participial phrases always stand out in postposition. I hope that you will still help me solve this dilemma, since your resource, as you yourself write, is one of the few (even if not entirely official) that today has a close relationship with the Russian language, and to be more precise, to its “legislators”.
First, a short introduction based on my personal searches:
What do the rules of 1956 say about this (http://gramota.ru/spravka/rules/?rub=zap&text=19_31), which are posted on your resource:
§ 151. Commas highlight:
1. Participles and adjectives that have explanatory words with them and stand after the noun they define, except for those that are closely related in meaning to the verb, for example:
Several adjacent mountain peaks, covered with snow, flamed in the rays rising sun(Saltykov-Shchedrin). The forests stood motionless, full of darkness (Gogol).
But:
The children returned from the skating rink flushed from the cold and having fun.
5. Participles and adjectives, both with and without explanatory words, related to personal pronouns, for example:
How, poor thing, can I not grieve! (Krylov). In May, after the exams, she, healthy and cheerful, went home and on her way
stopped in Moscow to see Sasha (Chekhov). Sweat poured from me, but excited by Maslov’s shout, I waved my pitchfork as hard as I could (M. Gorky).
-----
And here’s what I found from Academician Lopatin:
§ 46. Determinative phrases, i.e., definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words, are isolated (highlighted or separated) by commas in the following cases.
1. The attributive phrase after the defined noun is highlighted or separated by commas:
A dirty city downpour, mixed with dust, broke out (B. Past.); Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, got bored all the way to the Yenisei (Rap.); The master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded (Hall.); In the coarse grass, similar to goat's hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods (Color.); Dust, pink from the shine of lightning, rushed across the ground (Paust.); Loose clouds, saturated with dark water, rushed low over the sea (Paust.).
§ 47. Determinative phrases related to the personal pronoun, both in the nominative and indirect cases, are separated by commas, regardless of location:
Completely killed, he is forced to interrupt his visits and return home (Nagib.); He, three times young, expected everything from life, but he did not expect this letter (Shuksh.); We, accustomed to the boundless noise of the sea, were even overwhelmed by this silence (Paust.); We went home, upset by what had happened; In his hut, sitting at the table, he thought, filled with sadness (Sick.); He [the mind] would show me me, wavering on sea ​​wave, me, flying with the wind to an invisible land (Zabol.); Accustomed to poverty, even the smallest well-being enraged her (Leon.).
3. Uncommon definitions, related to personal pronouns, are separated. They can come before them, after them, or be separated from them by other members of the sentence.
Wed: I lit a fire and went to look for women. They, silent, separately, stood on the bank of the stream under a clump of bird cherry (Sparrow) - Quiet, they, separately, stood on the bank of the stream...; Sopronov did not look at anyone. He was now sitting at the table, pale, playing and tapping his pencil on the tabletop (Bel.); I, small, maybe three years old and pantsless, was being chased by a huge shaggy dog ​​(P. Neil.).
*Note. Not isolated definition The reference to personal pronouns is rare:
You cannot understand the current me, experiencing the old age of my old age, you cannot understand the state of my body and the flow of thought, which have become too simple for you (Hall.); The red director and the pale ones looked straight at Ivan Petrovich (Ch.); Those who did not wait cannot understand how, in the midst of the fire, with your expectation you saved me (Sim.); And truly you are the capital for the crazy and the bright of us (Ahm.); Absurd and stupid, I only dreamed today in a dream that she never loved me (Bl.); The little woman looked at the stranger (Eut.).
Such definitions are the semantic center of the statement; they usually refer to pronouns in oblique cases and precede them. In the position after the pronoun, they pull the stress from the pronoun to themselves:
Don't understand me today.
-----
And Rosenthal has written a lot of interesting things about this (http://www.many-books.org/auth/9403/book/100123/rozental_ditmar_elyashevich/punktuatsiya/read/8 - 8th and 9th pages):
§ 18. Separate definitions
Agreed Definitions
1. Common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on it (the so-called attributive phrases) standing after the defined noun or substantivized word, are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence separated by commas on both sides):
Along the dusty road leading to the gardens were creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. T.); We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous centuries-old forest, equal in size to a good principality (Kupr.); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (M.G.).
2. Common definitions are not distinguished:
2) standing after the defined noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined:
Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat offended appearance (T.) - the combination of words “assumed an appearance” does not make sense; Chernyshevsky created the work in highest degree original and extremely wonderful (D.P.); You chose a rather strict judge (L.); Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons (L.); If you are a self-respecting person... then by all means ask for curses (Ven.); Attempts to write simply led to sad and funny results (M. G.) - without the following two definitions, the noun does not express the desired concept; It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft (Ch.); We were greeted by a slender and pleasant-looking man; An intelligent and very expressive face looks at you from the portrait (cf.: ...the face of a woman, amazingly beautiful); All of them turned out to be well-prepared students; Division - action inverse of multiplication; We often do not notice things that are much more significant; Has entered old man with a bald skull, like an apostle;
4) expressed by a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since these forms do not form a revolution and act as an indivisible member of the sentence:
More popular books appeared; Worked in less suitable conditions; A simpler option has been proposed; The most important information has been received; The experiments were carried out at lower temperatures.
Wed. (as part of the turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters (L.T.).
But:
It was possible to create a new alloy, stronger than steel - the influence of the previous definition of “new” is felt (cf.: It was possible to create an alloy stronger than steel), in addition, with the form of the comparative degree there is a combination “than steel?”, resulting in the formation defining phrase.
-----
In the “Russian Grammar” of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1980, it is generally categorically stated:
§ 2108. The isolation of a participial phrase depends on its place (postposition or preposition) in relation to the subordinating noun and on the degree of informative load of the participle. The postpositive participle is always isolated...
*****
Unfortunately I don't have philological education, therefore I had to thoroughly “dig” on the Internet, but, to be honest, I never came to a certain “denominator”. Some say that the participial phrase is always isolated, citing the example of the “Russian Grammar” of the USSR. Others, in turn, refer to Rosenthal and say that he tried to identify those cases when the participial phrase in postposition does not need to be distinguished. There are many other reference books, but they, in principle, contain a little bit from all the above sources. And all this is starting to make my head spin. Take this example from Rosenthal:
If you are a self-respecting person... then you will certainly ask for curses (Ven.).
On the face, in my opinion (although I could be wrong), the participial phrase (a person who respects himself), and putting a comma after “person” is not something one would raise. And then the meaning turns out to be quite strange (if you are a person...), as if they are addressing not a person, but an animal or someone else or something... Or maybe it’s all a matter of inversion - I don’t know ... I may be wrong, but there are many cases when a comma after the word being defined looks superfluous. I’m not going to give examples now, I’m just asking for help in understanding this issue. In my practice, I also encountered many controversial cases. Here are some of them:
1. With a heart(,) overflowing with love, she rushed to him...
2. List of rehabilitation centers for people(,) who have become believers in prison.
In the first option, if you put a comma, the result is the same as with “person”, although the situation may be, for example, in an operating room or with an object that has the shape of a heart - with a heart, she rushed towards him... But again -yet in in this case This does not mean the literal meaning, but rather “a heart overflowing with love.” In my opinion, the defined word with a participial (or maybe not quite participial - I don’t presume to say this) turn forms a semantic unity.
In the second option there is a contrast - for people who believe in places of imprisonment, and not in freedom. We are talking about specialized rehabilitation centers that are focused specifically on working with newly released prisoners who, while in prison, came to God, that is, believed. It is no coincidence that I cited an example from Lopatin’s reference book (in § 47). There in the Note it is indicated very interesting case non-isolation of the definition in relation to the personal pronoun, which is based precisely on the opposition (the current me, and not the one I was...). But this, unfortunately, only applies to single definitions. Lopatin has written nothing about non-isolation or necessarily isolation of participial phrases...
In general, in the process of my searches I did not come to anything. It seems like you need to rely on the reference book edited by Lopatin, but it is very “thin” - there is very little information regarding, so to speak, narrow points that are quite rare in the Russian language. Rosenthal has much more information on this subject, but he has much that is already considered outdated. As a result, there is some kind of “vacuum” in this matter. I ask you, please help me understand both the two cases I have cited and this issue as a whole, or tell me where I can turn for help (maybe there is some material on this topic or something else). I will be very grateful to you.

Russian help desk response

Correctly: With a heart overflowing with love, she rushed to him; for people who have become believers in prison.

	Question No. 270097

Hello! Is a comma necessary before the word "necessary" in the following sentence:

List of instructions required for development

On the one hand, following the rule, this isolated definition There is a difference in postposition and a comma is needed here. But on the other hand, following your feelings, a comma here may be superfluous :)

Russian help desk response

And yet you need to put a comma. She definitely won’t be out of place here.

	Question No. 262310

Good afternoon Please tell me if the sentence below contains isolated definition ing? Thank you.

I looked at the old palace and the moonlit pond.

Russian help desk response

No, it does not.

	Question No. 254009

Hello. Please tell me what agreed common means isolated definition ing? If possible, give some examples.

Russian help desk response

Agreed a definition is a definition associated with the defined noun by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the same gender, number and case as the main word). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. Inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjacency, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs and other parts of speech: city ​​streets, checkered paper, a promise to come. Common definition is a definition that has with it dependent words, For example: a man running after a bus, a promise to come today.Separate definition is a definition highlighted by punctuation marks.

An example of a consistent common isolated definition is the participial phrase, separated by commas: I don't feel sorry for the years wasted (Yesenin). Will I fall? pierced by an arrow (Pushkin). Along the dusty road leading to the gardens, creaking carts stretched, filled with black grapes (L. Tolstoy)

	Question No. 245425

Good morning! Question about meeting inside simple sentence closing comma separate design and a dash.
I read the answers to questions 244232, 187751, regarding separate definitions, as well as 243376, 209884, 242536. My question apparently falls under a similar rule:
“The “Mini” device contains two AAA batteries, -- perfect option for players and microphones." (is a comma and a dash necessary?)
Is it possible to generalize that if a dash is between the subject and the predicate in the form nominative case, then inside a simple sentence the dash never absorbs the closing comma? This is true only for isolated definitions (participial phrases) or also for applications, gerunds, introductory structures? (in a similar situation)
Didn’t find it either in Rosenthal or on the website (e.g. On combinations of punctuation marks § 198) general rules“meetings of a comma and a dash”, which would be applicable to the cases described above (I mean my example and the questions I found on the GROMOTA website). I will be grateful if you can tell me general approach or where to look for it.

Russian help desk response

The punctuation in the example above is correct. For the combination of a comma and a dash, see § 64 of the section Punctuation combinations(Rozental D.E. “Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation” M., 2003), which states, in particular, that in most cases each of these two punctuation marks is placed on its own basis (a comma can close isolated definition application, subordinate clause etc.)

	Question No. 243713

Hello! Please tell me if the general word followed by homogeneous members, It has isolated definition or is a qualifying word for a subordinate clause, is a comma placed before the colon? Example: "Information required in the report (,) : supplier, supplier address." And another question - what punctuation marks are used if the sentence continues after homogeneous members following the generalizing word? Example: “Take everything with you: umbrella, bag (-) and don’t forget to turn off the lights!”

Russian help desk response

There is no comma before the colon; The colon "eats" the comma. Right: Information required in the report: supplier, supplier address.

If the homogeneous members of the sentence that appear after the generalizing word do not complete the sentence, then a colon is placed before them, and a dash after them. Right: Take everything with you: umbrella, bag - and don’t forget to turn off the lights!

	Question No. 229060

Hello! Here in the sentence “The number that is the inverse of the horizontal period is called the horizontal frequency.” Are the punctuation marks correct? What function does the word “reverse” serve from a syntactic point of view? Thank you in advance!

Russian help desk response

The punctuation is correct. This isolated definition tion.

	Question No. 224038

Please tell me how to place commas in such sentences: “Sound, custom-made (,) bookcases are built into a deep niche and do not clutter up the living room space.” Those. where the main word in the participle phrase - "bookcases" - comes at the end of the phrase, and before the phrase there is a homogeneous isolated definition- "good"?

Russian help desk response

The specified comma is not required.

1. Isolated and separated in writing commas single and common agreed definitions if they refer to a personal pronoun.

For example:

Tired long speech, I closed my eyes and yawned(M. Lermontov)

And he, the rebellious one, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms!(M. Lermontov)

But you leapt, irresistible, and the flock of ships are sinking(A.S. Pushkin)

(The isolation in these cases does not depend on where the definition is placed - before or after the personal pronoun).

Note: Adjectives and participles are not separated if they are included in compound predicate(in this case they can be placed in the instrumental case).

For example:

We hit the road cheerful and rested.(i.e. they set off cheerful and rested)

He[Paul] went home sad, tired(i.e. he went sad, tired) (M. Gorky)

2. Isolated and separated in writing commas common agreed definitions if they come after the noun being defined.

For example:

The fire, carried by the wind, quickly spread(L. Tolstoy)

Streams of smoke curled in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea.(M. Gorky).

(Compare:

The fire, carried by the wind, spread quickly; Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and sea freshness.- there is no separation, since definitions come before the defined nouns).

3. Two or more single agreed definitions appearing after the word being defined are isolated, especially if there is already a definition before it.

For example:

The theater was besieged by a young sea, violent, assertive(N. Ostrovsky)

The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea(M. Gorky)

Note: Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter does not express the desired meaning without them.

For example:

What awaited Ephraim in the forest was a suffocating, thick atmosphere, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves.

Here's the word atmosphere acquires semantic completeness only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be separated or isolated from it; what is important is not that “an atmosphere awaited” Ephraim, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick”, etc.

Here the common definition is very closely related to the word being defined and therefore is not isolated.

4. Single and common agreed definitions standing before the word being defined are isolated only when they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessional or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names.

For example:

Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.

Tired from the day's march, Semenov soon fell asleep

Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were, in his understanding, rich(N. Ostrovsky)

Such definitions can usually (but not always) be replaced by a phrase with the word being.

5. Inconsistent definitions expressed in indirect cases of nouns with prepositions are isolated if they are given greater independence, i.e. when they complement, clarify the idea of ​​an already known person or object; this is usually the case when they refer to a personal pronoun or proper name.

For example:

In a white dress, with unbraided braids over her shoulders, she quietly walked up to the table(M. Gorky)

Prokofich, in a black tailcoat and white gloves, set the table for seven cutlery with particular solemnity.

Compare: A girl wearing a white down scarf and a tsigay jacket entered the carriage.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated:

a) when they follow separate definitions expressed by adjectives or participles.

For example:

In Maxim's place they took a Vyatka soldier from the shore, bony, with a small head and red eyes.(M. Gorky)

b) when they stand in front of these definitions.

For example:

The poor guest, with his shirt torn and scratched until he bled, soon found a safe corner(A.S. Pushkin)

Note: Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives with dependent words are usually isolated.

For example:

A short beard, slightly darker than the hair, slightly shaded the lips and chin(A.K. Tolstoy)

Applications and their isolation

Applications There are coordinated and non-coordinated ones.

I. 1. If a single agreed application and the noun it defines are common nouns, then between them is written hyphen.

For example:

The song bird again fluttered in its chest and flapped its eagle wing

From the regiment we thank you for your brave son(A. Tvardovsky)

Hyphen It is also written in the case when a common noun comes after a proper name and closely merges with it in meaning.

For example:

Beyond the empty outskirts, beyond the Donets River, the peace of the field will tremble and split

Vasilisa and Lukerya said that they saw Dubrovsky and Arkhip the blacksmith a few minutes before the fire(A.S. Pushkin)

But: The Don River flows into the Sea of ​​Azov

The coachman Anton and the blacksmith Arkhip disappeared to an unknown location.(A.S. Pushkin)

Note: No hyphen:

1) If the first noun is a common address (comrade, citizen and so on.).

For example:

Listen, comrade descendants, to the agitator, the loudmouth leader

2) If the application preceding the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root qualitative adjective.

For example:

An old peasant with a farm laborer walked along a fishing line in the evening(Wed. old peasant)

There lived a poor shoemaker in a hut(cf. poor shoemaker)

If such an application appears after the word being defined, then a hyphen is placed.

For example:

An old peasant walked...

a poor shoemaker lived...

2. Inconsistent applications(names of newspapers, magazines and works of art, enterprises, etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks.

For example:

read the newspaper " TVNZ»

listen to the opera "Boris Godunov"

work at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant

II. 1. The following are isolated and separated in writing by commas:

a) single and common applications related to the personal pronoun.

For example:

We artillerymen were busy around the guns(L. Tolstoy)

I, an old hunter, have spent the night in the forest more than once

Geologist, he traveled all over Siberia

b) common applications related to the word being defined - a common noun.

For example:

A fighter, a blond boy, quietly touching an accordion(A. Tvardovsky)

Only the feedman, the silent northern old man, is awake

Smart animals, beavers winter wisely

c) single and common applications, standing after the defined noun - a proper name.

For example:

Next to Kudryash in the play is Kulagin, a local tradesman and “self-taught mechanic.”. But: Next to Kudryash in the play is a local tradesman and “self-taught mechanic” Kuligin; Zhukhrai, the sailor, talked to us more than once.

Following Deev, Sapozh-
nikov, railway worker

Notes:

1. Single isolated applications, similar to the applications given above, should be distinguished from non-individual applications that appear after a proper name, closely merge with it in meaning and denote its constant, as if an integral feature, name.

For example:

Averka the tailor

Arkhip the blacksmith

Dumas the Father

Dumas the son

2. A common application standing before a proper name stands out when it has an additional connotation of causality (in this case it can be replaced by a phrase with the word being).

For example :

The theater is an evil legislator, a fickle admirer of charming actresses, honorable Sir backstage, Onegin flew to the theater(A.S. Pushkin). But I I began to look closely and recognized my old acquaintance Kazbich(M. Lermontov)

Standalone application Instead of a comma, a letter may be separated by a dash:

a) if it not only defines the word, but also clarifies its content.

For example:

An interesting sports competition was scheduled for the end of August(namely?) - cross country running

The study of plant organs should begin with their elementary organ– cells

Topolev- a tall, bony old man with a gray-greenish mustache- didn't say a word the whole evening

b) if the application needs to be distinguished from homogeneous members.

For example:

At Kaleria Alexandrovna's apartment... Elizaveta Alekseevna gathered- Volodya's mother, his sister Lyudmila and aunt Marusya with two girls

3. Separate, separate commas union-attached applications that is, or(meaning that is), words even, for example, especially, by nickname, by name, including and so on.

For example:

My father showed me a wooden chest, that is, a box, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.(Aksakov)

Many people have been sulking at me since the last ball, especially the dragoon captain(M. Lermontov)

I went hunting with Starostin’s son and another peasant named Yegor.(I.S. Turgenev)

About two hundred yards away the Yaik was divided into two branches, or channels(Aksakov)

Most of these applications have a clarifying meaning. Some are excretory in nature.

Note: A proper name, standing after a common noun, can also act as a clarifying application.

For example:

Pushkin owed especially much to his grandmother, Marya Alekseevna Hannibal

Pushkin's childhood friend was his sister, Olga Sergeevna

4. Applications attached by the union How, stand out commas, if causality matters; if the union How equal in value to the expression as, then there are no commas.

For example:

As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic objects for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry(V. Belinsky)

Compare: Krylov wrote very wonderful comedies, but his fame as a fabulist could not help but overshadow his fame as a comedian(V. Belinsky)

5.2.7.4 Isolation of circumstances

I. Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds.

1. Separate and separate commas:

a) participial phrases (i.e. participles with words dependent on them).

For example:

Holding the jug above her head, the Georgian woman walked along a narrow path to the shore. Sometimes she slipped between the stones, laughing at her awkwardness(M. Lermontov)

The boat, tilting to the right and then to the left, jumped over the waves

b) single gerunds.

For example:

Having made some noise, the river calmed down and returned to its banks.

The steppe turned brown and began to smoke, drying out

2. Single gerunds and participial phrases connected by a non-repeating connective or separation union, commas are not separated from each other.

For example:

The shelves move, swaying and sparkling(M. Lermontov)

The wind, whistling in the ears and pouring coolness, instantly filled the sail(A. Serafimovich)

Whether studying in the reading room or working at home, he skillfully used every minute

Notes:

1. Not separated and, therefore, not separated by commas:

a) gerunds that have turned into adverbs (reluctantly, silently, slowly, without looking, moaning, lying down, jokingly, sneaking etc.), and phraseological units of an adverbial nature (sleevelessly- "carelessly" headlong- "very fast", rolling up my sleeves- “friendly, persistent”, etc.).

For example:

The carrier rowed while standing(K. Paustovsky)

Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed.

We will work with our sleeves rolled up. But: The father rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands thoroughly.

b) participle or participial turnover associated with another circumstance similar to it - not a participle.

For example:

Everyone usually approached the office door whispering and on tiptoe.(L. Tolstoy)

Having stopped Vlasova, in one breath and without waiting for answers, he bombarded her with flowing and dry phrases(M. Gorky)

2. The participle and the participial phrase are moving away comma from the previous union.

For example:

Batteries copper tuning they jump and thunder, and, smoking, as before a battle, the wicks burn(M. Lermontov)

Tonya wanted to express her surprise, but, not wanting to embarrass the guy who already felt awkward, she pretended that she had not noticed the dramatic change in his appearance(N. Ostrovsky)

An exception is the use of the participial phrase after the conjunction A, when the participial phrase cannot be separated from this conjunction.

For example:

Read the conditions of the problem carefully, and after reading them, proceed to solve it.(you can’t say: “Read..., but proceed...”)

When contrasting, a comma is used.

For example:

Do not immediately start solving the problem, but after reading the conditions, think through the sequence of solving it(the participial phrase can be separated from the conjunction a: Don’t start right away... but think about it...)

II. Isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns .

1. The circumstances of the assignment, expressed by nouns with prepositions, are isolated despite, despite.

For example:

Despite the difference in character and the apparent severity of Artyom, the brothers loved each other deeply(N. Ostrovsky)

The next morning, despite the begging of the owners, Daria Alexandrovna got ready to go(L. Tolstoy)

The day was hot, bright, radiant, despite the occasional rain

Despite the weather, we decided to go back to the sea

2. Isolation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. Isolation depends on the intentions and goals of the author, as well as the prevalence or non-prevalence of the circumstances and their place in the sentence. More common circumstances are isolated more often than less common ones; circumstances at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate) are isolated more often than those at the end of the sentence.

For example:

Field crops, due to lack of water for irrigation, were poor. But: Ticket sales have been discontinued due to lack of available seats.

A circumstance isolated in this way is closer in meaning to a subordinate clause: IN coastal area, due to the long autumn and late spring, bird flights are also delayed.

Compare: I am writing to you from a village where I visited due to sad circumstances.(A.S. Pushkin)

Most often, separation occurs:

1) circumstances, reasons with prepositions thanks, according to, in view of, as a result of or with prepositional combinations for a reason, by chance, for lack of, due to and etc.;

2) adverbial conditions with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, provided and etc.;

3) the circumstances of the assignment with a pretext contrary to.

For example:

I went by postal service, and he, due to heavy luggage, could not follow me(M. Lermontov)

Yacht racing, subject to availability favorable weather will take place next Sunday

Our stay in the bay, contrary to the expectations of many, was delayed