The gender of a noun refers to its lexico-grammatical categories. Morphological character kind is manifested in the ability of this part of speech to be combined with dependent words. Nouns belonging to different genders differ from each other case endings in declension, word-formation structure and some lexical features. There are three forms of gender in the Russian language - masculine, feminine and neuter.
You will need
- - analyzed word;
- - linguistic dictionary or study guide.
Instructions
When determining female For inanimate nouns, keep in mind that they have endings in the nominative singular form -а, -я (wall, will) and zero if the noun ends in soft sign(rye). For animate nouns the defining feature is that they are female creatures (girl, cat). In order not to confuse the endings of feminine and feminine nouns male, substitute the pronouns “she, mine” to check. For example, a song (she, mine).
Determine the masculine gender of nouns by ending initial form: zero for words ending in a consonant (house, table), -a, -ya - for animate nouns naming male creatures (uncle, Seryozha). In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in a soft sign, also substitute the pronoun “he, my” (stump, day) to check.
Determine neuter nouns by the endings of the initial form -о, -е and by substituting the pronouns “it, mine” (field, window). Please note that the group indeclinable nouns, ending in the combination -mya, also refers to the neuter gender (tribe, seed, etc.). Among neuter nouns there are almost no animate ones, their number is very small (child, creature, animal).
Among nouns, there are several special groups, the determination of gender in which is difficult. These include nouns general kind, indeclinable and compound words.
Correlate the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to animate objects of the female or male gender. For example, a slob girl (feminine), an arrogant boy (masculine). General nouns include those that denote the qualities of people (glutton, ignorant, crybaby) or the names of persons by profession, position, occupation (architect Ivanov - architect Ivanova).
Keep in mind that the gender indeclinable nouns associated with their animateness/inanimateness, species/generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (Monsieur, Miss). Nouns that give names to animals and birds are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). Inanimate ones usually belong to the neuter gender (coat, muffler). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage (feminine), Hindi - language (masculine), etc.
1. Main public organization primitive communal system, united by blood kinship. The elder of the clan.
2. A number of generations descending from one ancestor, as well as a generation in general. Ancient river Lead your r. from someone(come from someone). Originally a peasant. From the clan in the river(from generation to generation). Without clan without tribe(about a human unknown origin; outdated and colloquial). Neither clan nor tribe(about a lonely person who has no relatives; obsolete and colloquial). It's in our family(transmitted hereditarily).
| adj. generic, oh, oh. Tribal community. R. build(primitive communal). R. life. Family privileges. Generic and species concepts.
1. A variety of something., possessing some. quality, property. R. troops (military formations, having weapons and military equipment peculiar only to them).
2. Something (someone) like someone, something like someone. This hotel r. boarding house.
Of a kind 1) from a certain point of view. He is talented in his own way; 2) original. Two brothers, each in his own way.
All (different) kinds all sorts of different ones. All kinds of visitors.
Kind peculiar, as it were. A kind of original.
III. GENUS, -a, pl. -s, -ov, husband. In grammar: 1) grammatical category a class of names (with 6 meanings), characterized by certain case endings, peculiarities of agreement and capable (in terms of words naming animate objects) to denote masculine or female. Nouns are masculine, feminine and neuter; 2) the category of verbs in singular forms of the past tense and subjunctive mood, expressing the attribution of an action to a name (in 6 meanings) of one of three genders, or to a male or female person. Verb in the past tense form of the masculine (feminine, neuter) gender.
Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949-1992 .
Synonyms:
See what “gender” is in other dictionaries:
A(y); m. 1. sentence: about the generation, in the generation and in the generation, according to the generation; pl.: childbirth, ov. The main community of people of primitive society, representing the union large families who are in a related relationship. The elder of the clan. 2. sentence: about the genus, in the genus and in the genus, on ... encyclopedic Dictionary
genus- genus, a term used to designate various unilinear kinship associations (see Unilinearity), the members of which trace their origins to a single ancestor and which are typical of pre-industrial societies. Characteristic for Russian and... Encyclopedia "Peoples and Religions of the World"
GENUS, kind, sentence. about the race and to the race, in the race, plural. childbirth, childbirth, husband (see also childbirth). 1. The main public organization in primitive society, which is a union of large families that are related and leading general farming… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Noun, m., used. very often Morphology: (no) what? kind of, what? family, (see) what? genus, what? home, about what? about the clan and in the clan; pl. What? childbirth, (no) what? childbirth, why? giving birth, (see) what? childbirth, what? childbirth, about what? about genera variety, similarity 1.… … Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
GENUS- single focal dose of honey. ROD Russian national movement, former Movement “For the Revival of the Cossacks” of the Russian Federation ROD aircraft engine stop lever ...
Genus- Gender is a grammatical category characteristic of different parts speech and consists in the distribution of words or forms into two or three classes, traditionally correlated with gender characteristics or lack thereof; These classes are usually called male, female, middle... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Edward (edouard Rod, 1857 1910) Swiss novelist who wrote in French. language He studied in Bern, then in Berlin. From 1887 to 1893 he was a professor of general literature in Geneva, then moved to Paris. His first novels were written in the spirit of naturalism... ... Literary encyclopedia
Genus- Genus ♦ Genre A broad collection that can only be defined in relation to other collections. A genus is wider than a species (a genus includes many species), but narrower than an order (in the biological sense of the word, the genus Homo, the only living representative... ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville
Genus.- Genus. Rodion name Rod. “Rodina” magazine publication Dictionary: S. Fadeev. Dictionary of abbreviations of the modern Russian language. St. Petersburg: Politekhnika, 1997. 527 p. R. genus. was born … Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations
Family, surname, origin. To trace one's family from whom, to trace one's family back to a distant ancestor. Wed. . See quality, tribe, origin, rank, family, method, style of being from. kind, in what form kind, one of a kind,... ... Synonym dictionary
Books
- Family of nobles Demidov, K.D. Golovshchikov. Family of noble Demidovs / compiled by K. Golovshchikov: In the printing house of the Provincial Board, 1881: compiled by K. Golovshchikov Reproduced in the original author’s spelling of the 1881 edition...
General nouns in Russian form a special group. Its definition is based on the grammatical uniqueness of words, which is based on a change in gender depending on the gender of the specified person.
Gender of nouns
In total, there are 4 genders for nouns in the Russian language: common gender, neuter, masculine and feminine. The last three are easy to determine by the ending or semantic context. But what to do if the word can mean both male and female? This problem occurs with the words “bully”, “cunning”, “rogue”, “wretch”, “touchy”, “sleepy”, “mediocre”, “inhuman”, “hurry”, “piggy”, “bully”, etc. which may change.
It is traditionally believed that there are only three genders in the Russian language, they include masculine, feminine and neuter. To determine the gender of some common words it was customary to refer to the context. The names of professions, for example, are divided into parallel names: saleswoman-saleswoman, teacher-teacher, schoolboy-schoolgirl, pilot-pilot, cook-cook, writer-writer, athlete-athlete, leader-leader. At the same time, in official documents The masculine gender of these words is more often used for women. And there are also examples of general nouns designated exclusively by the masculine gender: gynecologist, lawyer, linguist, philologist, correspondent, ambassador, academician, judge, toastmaster, surgeon, doctor, therapist, paramedic, master, courier, curator, appraiser, insurer, diplomat, politician, employee, specialist, worker. Now there is a trend similar words refer to the general gender, since they can be applied to both men and women.
Ambiguity of opinions
Disputes about recognizing the existence of a common genus have been going on since the 17th century. Then similar words were mentioned in the grammars of Zizaniy and Smotrytsky. Lomonosov singled out such nouns, pointing out their formal characteristics. Later, researchers began to doubt their existence, defining such nouns as words with alternating gender, depending on what was implied.
So to this day, opinions are divided; some scientists consider common nouns in the Russian language to be separate homonym words different kinds, and the other recognizes them in a separate group.
Surnames
Some words can be classified as words of general gender inflexible surnames foreign origin and Russian surnames with -о and -ы/х. Sagan, Depardieu, Reno, Rabelais, Dumas, Verdi, Maurois, Hugo, Defieux, Michon, Tussaud, Picasso and others. These are all examples of common nouns among foreign names. Among the Slavic surnames of the common family, the following are often found: Tkachenko, Yurchenko, Nesterenko, Prokhorenko, Chernykh, Makarenko, Ravenskikh, Kucherenko, Dolgikh, Savchenko, Sedykh, Kutsykh and others.
Nationalities
The names of some nationalities are defined as words of a general gender. These include: Khanty, Mansi, Quechua, Komi, Gujarati, Hezhe, Mari, Sami. The fact is that “Mari” and “Mari” already exist, but the word “Mari” will be common to the entire nation or nationality.
According to the same principle, the names of breeds (Sivka, Okapi, Bulanka), as well as representatives of groups (vis-a-vis), are also included in the general genus.
Informal proper names
In addition to surnames, there is an interesting separate category proper names related to the topic of the article. These are abbreviations for official names, which often cause confusion during gender determination.
The name "Sasha" can belong to both Alexandra and Alexander, and the name "Valya" is used to call both the girl Valentina and the boy Valentin. Other such names include “Zhenya” from Evgeniy and Evgeniya, “Slava” from Yaroslav and Yaroslava, Vladislav and Vladislava, “Vasya” from Vasily and Vasilisa.
Evaluative, characterizing words
However, for the first time about the existence common nouns the question arose due to evaluative words affecting the character or traits of a person. In direct speech, when using them, it can be more difficult to track the gender of the recipient of the remark, for example: “You are a bully!” Here the word "bully" can be addressed to both the female and male genders. These also include words of the general kind “bully”, “rogue”, “clever”, “well done”, “tramp”, “egoza”, “cripple”, “stinker”, “big”, “little fellow”, “ disheveled."
In fact, there are a lot of similar evaluative words. They can be both positive and negative meaning. However, such words should not be confused with an assessment as a result of metaphorical transfer, due to which they retain the original gender: crow, fox, rag, ulcer, beluga, goat, cow, deer, woodpecker, seal.
To words of general gender with negative and positive value include: idiot, bigot, reptile, thug, baby, child, baby, quiet, invisible, poor thing, couch potato, dirty guy, big guy, sweet tooth, neat, greedy, curmudgeon, chatterer, beast, star, idle talker, mumbler, arrogant, scoundrel, klutz, weasel, ask, hard worker, hard worker, ignorant, onlooker, drunkard, sweetheart, cudgel, imagined, hillbilly, slob, sleepyhead, sneak, whim, liar, scavenger, fidget, toastmaster, swashbuckler, rake.
An example of use is clearly shown in fiction: “A little son came to his father” (Mayakovsky), “There lived an artist Tube, a musician Guslya and other kids: Toropyzhka, Grumpy, Silent, Donut, Rasteryayka, two brothers - Avoska and Neboska. And the most famous among them was a kid named Dunno " (Nosov). Perhaps, it is the works of Nikolai Nosov that will become a real collection of words with a common gender.
The fewest words in this group are occupied by neutrally expressed ones, such as: right-handed, left-handed, colleague, namesake, orphan. The gender of such words is also common.
How to determine gender in common gender?
The general gender of nouns in the Russian language is determined by the impossibility of confidently indicating gender in the absence of pronouns and generic endings adjectives. Words that can be classified as either masculine or feminine will be included in this group.
In order to determine the gender of a noun, accompanying words are most often used demonstrative pronouns“this, this, that, that”, endings of adjectives -aya, -y/iy. But if the name of a profession, position or rank is determined with a consonant ending “sergeant, doctor, doctor, director” and others, then the adjective can only be masculine, but the predicate is expressed feminine. “The doctor prescribed the drug” and “An attractive doctor came out of hospital", "The sergeant gave the order" and "The strict sergeant allowed me to rest", "This Marina Nikolaevna is an exemplary teacher!" and "An exemplary teacher conducted public lesson", "The cheerful puppeteer gave a performance" and "The old master sat down on the porch." The predicate does not have to show gender, then the task of determining gender becomes more complicated: "The teacher conducts a lesson", "The specialist makes a decision."
Variety of examples
Thanks to the examples, it becomes clear that a wide variety of words can be found among common nouns, such as “daredevil”, “bully”, “bred”, “forester”, “old-timer”, “tail”, “six”, “ignorant”, “boring”, “white-handed”, “slut”, “weeper”, “dirty”, “little one”. And other words. But they are all united by ambiguity in the definition of gender. Orphan, stylist, marketer, comrade, coordinator, curator, Russian specialist, linguist, shirt, foreman, kid, judge, kolobrodina, feisty, razin, protégé, roar, singer, muffin, bombard, dunce, stupid, suck-up, upstart, youngster, fearful, poor thing, lame, charming, first-grader, high school student, eleven-year-old - all these nouns can be used in relation to both genders.
The wide cultural distribution of common nouns in the Russian language is also interesting. For example, they were widely used in proverbs and sayings:
- A healthy man in food, but a cripple in work.
- For every simpleton there is a deceiver.
- A reveler in his youth is modest in his old age.
- A drunkard is like a chicken, where he steps, he will peck.
And in literature:
- “So a strange deal took place, after which the tramp and the millionaire parted, quite satisfied with each other” (Green).
- “Good girl, one orphan” (Bazhenov).
- “Your cleanliness, as doctors say, is sterile” (Dubov).
- “Hillbilly! - What? - She recoiled” (Shargunov).
There are many such examples in the literature. Determining the general gender of the words listed in the exercise is one of the tasks in the Russian language lesson that is easy to cope with.
Instructions
When determining the feminine gender of inanimate nouns, keep in mind that they have singular endings -a, -я (wall, will) and zero if the noun ends in a soft sign (rye). For animate nouns, the defining feature is that they belong to female creatures (girl, cat). To avoid confusing the endings of feminine and masculine nouns, substitute the pronouns “she, mine” to check. For example, a song (she, mine).
Determine the masculine gender of nouns by the ending of the form: zero for words ending with a consonant (house, table), -a, -ya - for animate nouns, male creatures (uncle, Seryozha). In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in a soft sign, also substitute the pronoun “he, my” (stump, day) to check.
Determine neuter nouns by the endings of the initial form -о, -е and by substituting the pronouns “it, mine” (field, window). Please note that the group of indeclinable nouns ending in the combination -mya also belongs to the neuter gender (tribe, seed, etc.). Among neuter nouns there are almost no animate ones, their number is very small (child, creature, animal).
Among nouns, there are several special groups, the gender of which is difficult. These include common nouns, indeclinables and compound words.
Correlate the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to female or male objects. For example, a girl (feminine), an arrogant boy (masculine). General nouns include those that denote the qualities of people (glutton, ignorant, crybaby) or the names of persons by profession, position, occupation (Ivanov - architect Ivanov).
Keep in mind that the gender of indeclinable nouns is related to their animate/inanimate nature, specific/generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (Monsieur, Miss). Nouns that give names to animals and birds are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). Inanimate ones usually belong to the neuter gender ( , muffler ). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage (feminine), Hindi - language (masculine), etc.
To determine the gender of indeclinable proper nouns denoting geographical names, select generic concept( , city, river, etc.). For example, the city of Rio de Janeiro (masculine), the Gobi Desert (feminine).
Determine the gender of compound abbreviated words (abbreviations) by the gender of the leading word of the “deciphered” phrase: UN – United Nations, leading word“organization” (feminine).
note
Some nouns have variant gender forms. At the same time, some of them have equal rights (aviary - aviary, banknotes - banknote), and the rest have stylistic marks: hall - hall ( obsolete form), giraffe – giraffe (obsolete form).
For nouns that are used only in the form plural, the category of the genus is not defined (whitewash, vice, everyday life).
Related article
Sources:
- Russian language genders
To determine the gender of nouns, you must first determine the word that answers the question who, what. This is a noun. In Russian it can be masculine, feminine and neuter.
Instructions
Determine the gender of a noun by its ending or final consonant. The masculine gender includes words ending with a consonant and ending with –y. For example, a house, a loaf. The feminine gender includes nouns ending in –a, -ya, -iya. For example, cousin, . The neuter gender includes nouns ending in -о, -е, -и. For example, a window, a dress.
See if it's given noun exception. These include nouns ending in -ь. Such nouns can be either feminine or masculine. Thus, the dictionary is masculine, and the word notebook is feminine.
Pay attention to the gender of animate nouns. These are nouns that mean living things. Such words are either feminine or masculine. Exceptions are children, who are neuter. For animate nouns, determine gender either by the natural gender or animal, or by the ending of the noun. Elephant is a masculine noun and monkey is a feminine noun.
Correctly determine the gender of nouns denoting professions. They are masculine and feminine. Moreover, most nouns denoting professions are masculine: doctor, engineer, .
Special attention Pay attention to the gender of borrowed nouns. Nouns in a foreign language often have -i, -u, -yu, which are atypical for the Russian language. Such nouns do not change either by number or by case. The masculine gender includes names of cities and islands. Refers to the feminine gender female names and surnames, names of rivers and names of newspapers. The neuter gender includes names inanimate objects.
note
Nouns ending in consonant and -y are always masculine.
Most feminine nouns of foreign origin end in -iya.
Nouns ending in the suffixes –onok, -enok are always masculine.
Related article
Sources:
- “Grammar of the Russian language in illustrations”, Pekhlivanova K.I., Lebedeva M.N., 1985.
- how to determine gender in Russian
Definition sort of in Russian language is one of the most common tasks for people learning this language. In Russian language there are three sort of– male, female and average. In addition, there is a general genus, the definition of which causes the greatest difficulty.
You will need
- Ability to identify endings various parts speeches
Instructions
Highlight the endings that agree with with the right word adjectives and verbs. Most often, this is enough to determine. Put the verb in the past tense, and take the noun with the adjective in nominative case. The best friend has come, the best friend has come, a new one has risen. These are examples of adjective and verb endings in the masculine, feminine and neuter gender.
Determine whether the word you are looking for denotes a profession or type of activity. Most of these words are formally masculine. For example, the new doctor said (o), the new doctor said (o); He is an excellent specialist, she is an excellent specialist. Please note that some profession names do not have a masculine form sort of. For example, the word "ballerina" has only a feminine form sort of.
Remember that words like “klutz, fidget, bully, ignorant, greedy, smart” and the like refer to the general gender. These words give an emotional connotation to both masculine and feminine words. sort of, and name the occupation of these persons.
remember, that sort of Abbreviations are a particularly complicated case. For abbreviations formed by adding parts of a word, determine the gender by the main word: new Sberbank, high-quality organizational work. In the case when a word is formed by adding sounds or letters (PTU, RAS), clear rules for determining sort of No.
Form the gender of indeclinable nouns borrowed from other languages, according to next rule. If a noun denotes an object, then it belongs to the neuter gender (coat, muffler). If it means , then it is masculine (chimpanzee). If it calls geographical feature, then refers to the gender of most words of this type in language(Mississippi Women's sort of because it's a river). Do not forget that in each such case there are exceptions. Consult reputable dictionaries if any are in doubt.
Video on the topic
Abbreviation(Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) is a word consisting of names initial letters or sounds of lexical elements of the original phrase. The name of the term determines the way abbreviations are formed by abbreviation (truncation of stems). When determining sort of such complex abbreviated words need to be “deciphered”, i.e. lead to the original combination.
You will need
- - Dictionary.
Instructions
Determine what type the analyzed one belongs to. Traditionally, there are 3 types: - letter type, i.e. made up of alphabetical names letters of words forming the original phrase (RF, MHT, ORT); - sound type, i.e. formed from words included in the phrase (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, UN, Moscow Art Theater). Usually, sound abbreviations are formed when there are vowel sounds inside it;- mixed type, i.e. composed partly from the names of the initial letters, partly from sounds (Germany, CSKA).
Determine the original phrase from which the abbreviation is derived. If you have difficulty deciphering, refer to dictionaries or other sources of information.
Determine the gender of the leading word. This grammatical category is assigned to the abbreviation. For example, hard currency is a freely convertible currency. Defined word "currency" of the feminine sort of. This means that SLE is the same sort of.
Remember that the gender of some initial abbreviations has changed over time and the peculiarities of their use in speech. If a compound word has acquired the ability to decline according to the declension of names, then it has acquired the form of a masculine sort of. For example, university - study at a university. Initially, the word belonged to the neuter gender, because university –
The main grammatical feature that is inherent in almost every part of speech is the category of gender. How many genders do nouns have and how to determine correctly this category this part of speech? You will find answers to these and other questions in the article.
What is the gender of nouns?
Category of gender of nouns in Russian– a grammatical sign indicating the gender (gender) of the object (living creature, phenomenon) called by the noun or its absence. Gender is permanent grammatical feature nouns and is studied in 6th grade.
Features of the category of gender of nouns
There are three types of nouns in the Russian language:
- Male (he). Masculine nouns in singular I. p. have the endings -a, -i, and zero.
Examples of masculine nouns: dad, uncle, knife, table, hawk.
- Female (she). Feminine nouns in the singular I. p. have the endings -a, -я, and zero.
Examples of feminine nouns: wife, nanny, night, glory, desert.
- Average (it). Neuter nouns in the singular I. p. have endings -о, -е.
Examples of neuter nouns: swamp, gold, sun, lake, jam.
There is also a class of words, the so-called general gender, which, depending on the context, can be used in both masculine and feminine genders
(boring, sissy, crybaby, smart, greedy).
TOP 5 articleswho are reading along with this
How to determine the gender of a noun?
For animate nouns, the gender coincides with the gender of a living creature, a person (father, interlocutor - m.r., girlfriend, gossip - f.r.).
For all nouns, gender can be determined by grammatical form an adjective that agrees with a noun:
- Masculine whose? Which? ( White snow, good advice);
- Feminine. Nouns agree with adjectives that answer questions - whose? which? (fresh newspaper, cheerful friend);
- Neuter gender. Nouns agree with adjectives that answer questions - whose? which? (green field, tall building).