Functional variety of literary language. Functional varieties of language

modern Russian literary language.

The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional, i.e. it is used in various spheres of social activity (science, the sphere of everyday communication, socio-political and administrative-legal spheres). In this regard, all means of literary language (vocabulary, grammatical structures, etc.) are functionally differentiated: some are used in some areas, others in others. Also in the literary language there are two varieties - colloquial (colloquial speech) and bookish (book language).

Colloquial speech used, as a rule, in situations of casual communication. Its main features are the oral form of expression; implementation mainly in the form of dialogue; unpreparedness, unplannedness, spontaneity; direct contact between participants in communication. A norm in colloquial speech is the result of speech tradition, determined by the appropriateness of using a particular expression in a particular situation.

Book language as the second functional variety of literary language, it is realized primarily in the form of a monologue and has a written form of expression. Its main property is to preserve the text and thereby serve as a means of communication between generations.

Historically, until recently, book speech was predominantly written, and spoken language was oral. But in the second half of the twentieth century. we can talk about the “dual power” of written and oral speech, because There are oral forms of book speech: oral public speech, the language of radio, television, the language of documentary films. The written form of colloquial speech is, for example, the so-called epistolary style, which developed in private correspondence, i.e. in letters to relatives, friends, acquaintances. This is the same informal communication as in everyday dialogue, only in written form.

Book language serves different spheres of social life, each of which has its own specifics, which is reflected in the language, or more precisely, in its stylistic stratification. In this regard, the following are distinguished in the language: functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic. Each of these styles has a certain originality in the use of linguistic means and is implemented in specific types of texts - genres. For example, in the scientific style, genres such as monograph, article, dissertation, abstract, abstract, etc. are distinguished; in official business - the genres of business letters, statements, instructions, etc.; in journalistic - the genres of essay, report, feuilleton, etc.

Scientific style characterized by a strict logic of presentation, a large number of special terms, and certain features of syntax. The vocabulary is predominantly bookish, specialized, and also stylistically neutral.

Formal business style It is distinguished by precision of formulation, dryness of presentation, a large number of stable phrases, clichés, and the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way in order to avoid misinterpretations and ambiguities.

Journalistic style used in the media and combines two functions - information and propaganda, i.e. function of influencing the reader or listener. This style is characterized by the coexistence of expression and standard.

Occupies a special place in the national language literary and artistic style, because this style may include linguistic means of all other functional styles and varieties of the national language.

So, FUNCTIONAL STYLE is a type of book language that is characteristic of a certain sphere of human activity and has a certain originality in the use of linguistic means.

4. Features of oral and written speech

Communication between people can take place in different forms - through sounds or through written signs. Depending on the form of information exchange, two forms of speech are distinguished - written and oral.

Oral speech- this is sounding speech that functions in the sphere of direct communication, and in a broader sense - this is any sounding speech, because written text can be spoken, i.e. read aloud.

Oral speech is created at the moment of speaking, and because of this, the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, therefore oral speech may be characterized by redundancy (repetitions of what has been said, various kinds of explanations, clarifications, etc.); economy of speech means (the speaker does not name something, omits a word that is clear from the context or situation), self-interruptions (the speaker does not finish the sentence he started and starts another, clarifying what was said or making amendments). All this is especially typical for unprepared oral speech(informal conversation, conversation), characterized by spontaneity.

Prepared oral speech(report, lecture, etc.) is distinguished by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, to resemble direct communication with the audience.

A speech designed to deliver a text (pre-thought out, partially or fully prepared) in front of any audience is oral public speech.

It is important to emphasize that the text of a public speech is not read, but rather pronounced and finally created in the process of its delivery.

Oral public speech is divided into political eloquence (speech by an agitator, speech at a rally, in parliament, etc.), academic eloquence (lecture, scientific report at a conference, etc.), legal (mainly judicial speech) and spiritual eloquence.

The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, but it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial and everyday style of speech. The following functional types of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, oral business speech, artistic speech, colloquial speech.

Forms of oral speech are monologue, dialogue, polylogue. Monologue speech is a purposeful message with the aim of influencing other people. There are three types of monologue speeches:

Informational (report, speech, message);

Persuasive (parting words, congratulations);

Encouraging (speech at a rally).

Dialogue is a process of mutual communication with a change of roles and exchange of remarks. There are informational and interpretative dialogues. Informational occurs when the interlocutors have a knowledge gap at the beginning of communication. In an interpretative dialogue, knowledge is approximately equal, but receives a different interpretation, i.e. different interpretation. When the interlocutors exchange already known information, such as: “The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea,” dialogue does not arise and communication may not take place.

The following is important for dialogue: compliance with cause-and-effect relationships, because their absence leads to meaninglessness (“There is an elderberry in the garden, and a man in Kyiv”); search for a common topic, mood for conversation, approximately the same level of speech culture.

Unlike oral speech, writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to record sound language, i.e. written language- This is speech recorded in writing. It is written speech that makes it possible to store and assimilate the knowledge accumulated by mankind and expands the sphere of human communication. Writing serves as a means of communication when direct communication is impossible.

The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time. Without ancient papyri or clay tablets, much knowledge about the world, about the great civilizations of the past, would be hidden from us.

Written speech unfolds not in temporary, but in static space, so the writer, unlike the speaker, has more opportunities to choose and organize linguistic means.

Written speech uses bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. It is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. In addition, quick, unjustified transitions from one thought to another and the absence of logical connections are not allowed in writing. The written form is the main form of existence of speech in scientific, journalistic, official business and artistic styles.

5. Language norms and speech culture

Literary correct speech must be constructed in accordance with language norms.

NORM is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication. In other words, a language norm is the rules for the use of speech means, a uniform, exemplary and generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development.

As already noted, normalization- one of the main properties of a literary language. A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it corresponds to the structure of the language, is regularly reproduced in the speech of native speakers, and has received public approval and recognition.

Norms exist at all levels of language (phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic) and in all functional styles. The literary norm is mandatory for oral and written speech and depends on the conditions in which communication is carried out.

The establishment of norms and their assimilation by native speakers helps preserve the integrity and general intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from the unjustified penetration of dialectal, colloquial and slang elements.

If norms help preserve the language, then the destruction of norms leads to the destruction of concepts associated with the national mentality, and it is they who preserve the nation in time and space. This means that it is language that is assigned the role of guardian of the spiritual wealth of the nation. Language embodies national character, national idea, and national ideals.

Phonetics. For oral speech it is of great importance orthoepy– a set of norms of literary pronunciation. Compliance with them facilitates and speeds up mutual understanding in the communication process. The minimum requirement for the sound “clothing” of our thoughts is not to interfere with the speaker’s ability to convey, and the listener’s ability to understand, the essence of the message. Orthoepic norms are designed to ensure the same pronunciation of each word by all speakers.

In addition to orthoepy, there is also a technique of oral speech, including diction, voice and breathing. Good speaking technique also helps to avoid unnecessary interference in the transmission of information.

The rules of orthoepy in Russian can be divided into three groups: vowel pronunciation(for example, right h e in, white e syy, wrong throat, whitish), pronunciation of consonants(in words aka d emia, mu h to her consonants before e pronounced softly) pronunciation of borrowed words(in nouns of foreign origin you can correctly place the emphasis if you know the origin of the word: French. nouveau riche, jalousie).

The pronunciation norms for vowels include stress norms. They are being studied accentology. Errors in stress can be caused, for example, by the following reasons:

1) ignorance of the rules of stress in the source language: word meager came to us from the French language and is pronounced meager;

2) the absence of a letter in the printed text e, which is always shock; The elimination of dots led to the fact that in many words the emphasis moved to a random place: beets, bile, gall, newborn(Right beets, bile, gall, newborn);

3) ignorance of spelling rules: words armor And Bron I are nouns of the 1st class, and the stress in them performs a semantic distinguishing function ( armor– priority right to receive something; Bron I - protective covering);

4) ignorance of the belonging of a word to one or another part of speech, for example, an adjective developed and communion developed or developed:developed child, developed industry, But human-developed activity, audience-developed controversy And unraveled rope, unraveled curl.

There are common mistakes to avoid:

At the end of words G should sound like To, exception - word God [x];

- combination –chn- in female patronymics it is pronounced like - sh-: Nikiti[sh]a.*

Vocabulary. Lexical norms are norms of word usage. Each word has a specific meaning, recorded in explanatory dictionaries. And the word must be used in accordance with its meaning. Its compatibility with other words depends on the meaning of a word: there are words whose compatibility is limited to one or two typical uses, for example crackling freezing, pouring rain, pitch black dark.

Lexical norms also cover the scope of use and stylistic coloring of words. Some of the words of a language constitute its commonly used vocabulary, while other words have a limited scope of use. From the point of view of stylistic coloring, words are divided primarily into high - neutral - low. Within this classification there is a more detailed division, reflected by stylistic marks in explanatory dictionaries: trade– solemn, decomposition– colloquial, simple– colloquial, etc.

The first rule for transmitting information at the lexical level is the exact choice of word in accordance with its modern meaning in the language. Usually this rule is violated when there is a word in the language with a similar meaning (synonym) or similar in appearance (paronym), for example: natural – natural; organic – organic.

In addition to the “similarity” of words, the cause of lexical errors is often a weak understanding of the situation being described, poor knowledge of what is being said, and a lack of understanding of the logical connections between the subjects of speech.

In addition, when choosing words, we do not just designate objects and phenomena, we convey additional information - emotional-evaluative, stylistic, etiquette. The choice of word may reflect our attitude towards the named object, our desire to create a particular image, our attitude towards the interlocutor or the communication situation. Compare: witness And spy; curiosity And curiosity; warning And servile; praise And flatter and so on. The correct choice of a word includes taking into account its stylistic coloring; it must correspond to the communication situation and the general style of the text.

Morphology. Words in the Russian language interact to form sentences and change. The forms of words convey grammatical meanings - regular, most general meanings in a given language, for example, the meaning of a number. With most nouns, we use the singular to name one object, and the plural to name two or more objects: book - books, Friend– Friends. In the Old Russian language there was also a dual number to designate a pair of objects. This form does not exist in modern Russian, but remnants of its influence remain. Stress on nouns in combinations two hours(cf.: not even an hour has passed), two steps(cf.: achieve an even stride) and some others is related in origin to the emphasis in the form named after. n. dual number. The modern form of the plural in words also goes back to the form of the dual number of the names of paired objects shores, sides, eyes, horns and so on.

Often, when forming the forms of words in the Russian language, we are faced with the problem of choice: which of two alternative forms correct which of the two forms appropriate in this type of text? So, for example, different forms of the plural of a noun teacher differ in meaning: teachers - teachers, secondary school staff, teachers - spiritual guides. And imperfective verbs conditioned O pour And conditioned A pour differ in that the shape with O is bookish in nature, and the form is A – colloquial.

Our choice of one or another grammatical form should be determined by the following:

Which of the two forms is perceived as outdated, and which as modern;

Which of the forms is felt as neutral, and which bears the imprint of a certain speech sphere - colloquial, official business, scientific;

Which of the forms stylistically “raises” the text, makes it more strict, solemn, official, and which, on the contrary, “simplify” the stylistic coloring of the text, giving it a less official character.

Morphological forms serve not only to express grammatical meanings. Their second function is to connect words in sentences. The formation of sentences from morphologically formed words is carried out at the syntactic level.

Syntax. Syntactic norm refers to the construction of sentences and text. Sentences and texts must be structured without violating the rules of Russian grammar, primarily the laws of connection and arrangement of words and parts of a complex sentence, which should ensure optimal transfer of information and effective communication, help avoid cumbersomeness, ambiguity, and illogicality of statements. Yes, in the ad Nanny needed for a five year old girl who can play the piano the proposal is incorrect. Obviously needed a nanny who can play the piano. But the subordinate clause with the word which comes after the word girl and, according to the rules of Russian syntax, refers to this word. Parts are also connected incorrectly in a complex sentence On the bus, citizen Skurov reached into a passenger's pocket, where he was caught. The criminal was caught not in his pocket, but on the bus.

A well-constructed sentence would be one in which:

a) all prepositional-case forms are chosen correctly: they express the meaning needed by the speaker, correspond to the rules of case management in the Russian language ( achieve what? rely on what? manage what? prove what? worry about what? confess what? and so on.) and correspond to the general stylistic coloring of the text;

b) all laws of word agreement by number, gender and case are fulfilled ( Alps LLC attracted O borrowed funds. He acted according to orders at );

c) all the components that complicate the sentence (participial and adverbial phrases, introductory and clarifying words, subordinate clauses) are in the right place and are correctly connected with exactly the word (that segment) of the sentence that they define, complicate, and clarify.

Lexical and grammatical (morphological and syntactic) norms will be discussed in more detail below.

Word formation. Norms of word formation also play an important role in language. Word formation performs three functions:

Ensures the “production” of new words by connecting root and affix morphemes with each other or in an affix-free way according to certain models: nuclear engineer, tractor driver, machine gunner, cashier, fighter - suffix method; arrhythmia, far right; write down, rewrite - prefix method; free, unscheduled, prehistoric; sleep, take a lull - suffix-prefix method; explosion, trailer, absenteeism, run-up – affix-free method; reinforced concrete, dark blue, metal-cutting – way of compounding words; university, Komsomol - abbreviation, etc.;

Provides an opportunity to express emotional and evaluative values ​​( wolf – wolf; house – house – little house);

A number of word-formation models make it possible to express one meaning in words of different parts of speech and use these words in different syntactic constructions, sometimes with different stylistic colors (cf.: I'm worried - I'm worried - I'm worried - I'm worried), i.e. word formation serves as the basis for syntactic synonymy in the Russian language, providing a variety of ways to express one meaning.

Rules are important for writing spelling And punctuation. The Russian language belongs to languages ​​with alphabetic writing, in which they can manifest themselves five basic principles of spelling:

- phonetic principle (prevalent in Spanish and Italian spelling): the word is written as it is pronounced;

- historical principle (plays a big role in French and English) preserves the old, traditional spelling, reflects the old pronunciation; in Russian, historical combinations are, for example, zhi, shi, reflecting the fact that the consonants “zh” and “sh” were once soft;

- morphological(etymological, analogical) principle (widely used in Russian and German) is that morphemes common to related words retain a single style in writing, despite differences in pronunciation: we write d O machine-made because we pronounce and write d O Mick, D O m; in a word clay yang th we write the suffix - yang-, by analogy with canvas yang th etc.

The importance of the morphological principle lies in the fact that it makes spelling meaningful and forces one to think about the meaning and internal structure of the word. But the morphological principle also has a weak side - some arbitrariness in determining the identity of morphemes, establishing etymological and word-formation connections between words: we build St. And detel to the verb V And children and write via And, whereas historically this word is associated with the verb know We are writing ss V ra ss show, deriving this verb from say, although historically both verbs independently go back to obsolescence kazati

- hieroglyphic the principle (the expression of ideas without connection with the sound side of the language) is rarely used in languages ​​with alphabetic writing; An example is the writing of a soft sign after hissing words at the end of the 3rd declension rye, night, wilderness, where it does not denote softness, but serves as an indicator that these words belong to the feminine gender;

Based on these general principles, private spelling rules are developed.

Modern Russian spelling built mainly on a morphological principle, although it also presents phonetic and traditional principles.

Morphological principle spelling is a consequence of native speakers’ understanding of the structural division of a word into its constituent significant parts (morphemes) and results in a uniform transmission of these parts in writing. A method of writing with a uniform graphic representation of significant parts of words facilitates a quick understanding of the meaning. For example, the suffix -schik conveys the meaning of “a person who does something”: upholsterer, mason, glazier, etc., and the prefix pre- has the meaning “very” as one of its meanings: kind, despicable, exaggerate.

In Russian writing, some of the spellings are based on phonetic principle: be h joyful - be With late, And With follow - And h run, ra With say - ra h beat, etc. Morphologically, these prefixes should always be written with h , but they are written with the letter h , then with the letter With depending on the pronunciation: according to the law of alternations, voiced consonants are deafened before subsequent voiceless ones.

Example traditional principle Russian spelling can be served by writing a soft sign after f, w, h in adverbs and particles: wide open, backhand, gallop, just, as well as in the 2nd person singular of verbs: you do, you see, etc. The spellings of unverified vowels and unpronounceable consonants in the roots of words are also traditional: With A heaven, to O rowa, in To hall, V tornik, etc.

In addition to phonetic, morphological and traditional principles, the Russian language can also use differentiating spellings: cool e G(verb) – cool O G(noun) , podzh e G(verb) – burn O G(noun).

In general, Russian orthography is considered one of the most intelligently organized spelling systems in the world.

Russian punctuation rules(i.e. the use of non-literal signs of Russian writing) are associated with differences between oral and written language in the means of expressing meaning. Historically, the rules of punctuation developed as a result of attempts to convey on paper meanings expressed through intonation, pauses, and logical stress in spoken speech. These meanings are associated with the division of the speech flow (cf.: He was apparently embarrassed And He seemed embarrassed), as well as with the relationships between isolated areas (cf.: It got boring. Everyone left the dacha And It became boring: everyone left the dacha).

Punctuation rules are a complex and organized system, the elements of which are subject to the basic principles of punctuation - structural and semantic (notional).

Structural principle punctuation is determined by the structure of syntactic units of language.

Semantic principle requires taking into account the meaning of syntactic units and the relationships between them.

These principles complement each other and act mutually. In some cases, the effect of the structural criterion is clearer (for example, the conditions for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate), in others - the semantic one (for example, in complex non-union sentences).

Punctuation and intonation are correlative means of expressing the semantics of syntactic units. Punctuation shapes written speech, intonation shapes spoken speech. On the sea beaches you can see a poster: Do not swim behind the buoys - it is dangerous! Without the dash, the content of the sentence would be absurd. The need for a dividing mark is dictated by semantics, which determines the need for a pause in oral speech.

Punctuation marks can express the following basic ideas:

Unity of words (spaces between words and hyphens);

Syntactic units of different orders (smaller ones - comma and dash; larger ones - period and paragraph; both of them - parentheses, semicolon, colon, question mark and exclamation mark);

The general nature of syntactic units (narrative - period; interrogative - question mark; emotional - exclamation mark);

Relations between syntactic units (colon, dash, parentheses, comma, semicolon);

Skipping words (dash, ellipsis).

Depending on their function, punctuation marks are divided into three groups:

- separating(period, ellipsis, question and exclamation marks) - are placed at the end of a sentence and serve as a means of separating one sentence from another as part of the text;

- dividing(comma, semicolon, dash, colon) – are placed in a simple sentence to separate homogeneous members of a sentence and to separate simple sentences within a complex one;

- excretory(two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks, i.e. paired signs) - are placed in a sentence to highlight phrases that require isolation.

Punctuation marks are necessary where lexical meanings, grammatical forms and word order cannot accurately express the meaning. They organize syntactic construction in the same way as intonation does in oral speech.

It should be noted that language norms can change under the influence of various factors, primarily under the influence of changes occurring in society. For example, after the spelling reform, the standard for writing letters ceased to exist Kommersant(er) at the end of words ending in a consonant; It has now become acceptable to use the word in colloquial speech coffee in the neuter gender. Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which already actually exist in the language and are used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language.

Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. Despite this, a particular linguistic phenomenon is considered true as long as the dictionary or grammar fixes it as normative.

The norm may be imperative, i.e. not allowing choice (only catalog, wrong catalog), And dispositive, allowing a choice from several options ( otherwise And otherwise). Violation of an imperative norm is regarded as poor command of the Russian language.

Variant norms are quite widely represented in the Russian language at all levels. Options may be equal(i.e. interchangeable in all cases) and unequal:

- semantic(the words differ in meaning: Atlas(map)And atlas(textile));

- stylistic(the words refer to different styles of speech: full of holes(neutral) and thin(colloquial));

- normative-chronological: now(obsolete) and today, now(modern).

Using one of the options without taking into account its meaning and stylistic coloring leads to a speech error. The ability to select linguistic means taking into account the communication situation, the ability to avoid ambiguity, repetition, and ponderous constructions indicates a person’s high speech culture.

As already noted, certain norms exist in each functional style of speech. Here the stylistic norm is not absolute, but is relative. What is appropriate in one style may be absolutely inappropriate in another (for example, if in a situation of everyday communication a person uses a bookish language) and, therefore, incorrect from the point of view of the culture of speech, which requires compliance principle of communicative expediency: linguistic forms must correspond to the conditions and purposes of communication. This idea can be briefly expressed as follows: what is right is what is appropriate.

Questions and assignments for the first topic

1. List the main functions of the language.

2. Is the ability to speak an innate or acquired ability of a person?

3. Can animals speak? How does human language differ from the “language” of animals?

4. Which concept is broader – literary language or national language? Justify your answer.

Language performs different communicative tasks and serves different areas of communication. The language of “Science” is one thing, and everyday colloquial speech is quite another. Each sphere of communication, in accordance with the communicative tasks that are posed” in it, makes its own demands on the language. Therefore, it is impossible to talk in communicative terms about the culture of language proficiency in general. We should be talking about the culture of proficiency in different functional varieties of language. What is good in one functional variety of language is completely unacceptable in another. M.V. Panob writes: “complaints have appeared in the press more than once that lexicographers abuse words: they label them “colloquial,” “colloquial,” etc. These complaints are unfair. Such marks do not discriminate against words. Let’s look in the dictionary to see which words are marked “colloquial”: toss and turn (to do), grumble, back home, rush, shove, half asleep, really, in vain, at times (sometimes), to your heart’s content, cry, remember, shake, dry, drag, soda , death (a lot), big-eyed, look, um, foulbrood, talker, darling, mountain (a lot), crash, penny, grow heavy, no gu-gu, in droves, come on (he let's shout), long time ago - Beautiful words. Litter decomposed does not defame them. Litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in a strictly official relationship a darling, do not offer to push him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy... In official papers, do not use the words look, to your heart's content, to your heart's content , a penny... Sound advice, isn't it? .

If from these positions we approach some of the listed qualities of good speech, then it turns out, strange as it may seem at first glance, that in some of its varieties the qualities opposite to those named in the list should be considered good or at least not bad. So, if scientific speech really requires accuracy, including accuracy in the designation of specific realities, then in colloquial speech such, for example, inaccurate designations as “what to write with” (pencil, pen) are quite normative. B. N. Yeltsin in his book “Confession on a Given Topic” cites the following note he received: “Tell me, our party leaders know that the country does not have basic things: what to eat, what to wear, what to wash with? Do they live by different laws?

What functional varieties of language exist and what requirements from the point of view of speech culture should be made to them?

The doctrine of functional varieties of language has its own history. For a long time, different areas of communication were understood as styles of language and styles of speech. Language styles were considered, for example, the language of science, the language of fiction, and colloquial speech. Speech styles were recognized as particular implementations of styles, such as an educational lecture and a scientific report, which were based on a scientific style. Recently, linguists have come to the conclusion that the linguistic differences between some areas of communication are so significant that it is hardly advisable to use one general concept of “style” in relation to them; therefore, the concept of “functional variety of language” is introduced. The typology of functional varieties of language, recently proposed by the academician, has received wide recognition D. B. Shmelev. This typology is:

D. N. Shmelev calls styles only functional styles, which (all together) in their linguistic organization have significant differences both from the language of fiction and from colloquial speech.

As already mentioned, the main distinguishing feature of the language of fiction is its special purpose compared to all other varieties. The entire organization of linguistic means in fiction is subordinated not simply to the transfer of content, but to the transfer of artistic means. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic (or poetic). For this purpose, in the language of fiction, not only functional varieties of the literary language can be used, but also non-literary forms of the national language: dialects, vernacular, jargon, etc. An interesting example of the use of elements of the official business style for artistic purposes by V. Shukin in the story “Weird” D. N. Shmelev cites in one of his works:

“At the airport, Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife:

“I landed. A lilac branch fell on your chest, dear Pear, don’t forget me. Vasyatka."

The telegraph operator, a stern, dry woman, having read the telegram, suggested:

Make it different. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

Why? - asked the Weird. - I always write to her like this in letters. This is my wife!.. You probably thought...

You can write whatever you want in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is clear text.

The weirdo rewrote:

“We landed. Everything is fine. Vasyatka."

The telegraph operator herself corrected two words: “We landed” and “Vasyatka.” It became: “We’ve arrived. Basil".

A number of other examples of this kind can be cited: the skillful use of vernacular language in the stories of M. Zoshchenko is well known; V. Astafiev willingly uses dialect words; there are many words of camp jargon in works on the corresponding topic by A. Solzhenitsyn, etc.

The special position of the language of fiction in the system of functional varieties of language also lies in the fact that it has a huge influence on the literary language as a whole! It is no coincidence that the name of the standardized national language includes the definition “literary”. It is writers who form the norms of literary language in their works. A. Solzhenitsyn proposed the “Russian Dictionary of Language Expansion”. “The best way to enrich a language,” the author writes in the preface to this dictionary, “is to restore previously accumulated and then lost wealth.” The dictionary contains the following words, for example: avosnichat - to indulge in randomness, carefree; big bucket - spacious, large; badyazhnichat - joke, fool around; floundered - got tired; bedeit - cause trouble; sightless - unsightly, unprepossessing; besporye - timelessness, bad time, etc. It is difficult to say now what the fate of these and other words will be in the literary language, but the very fact of the creation of such a dictionary deserves attention. When you think about the language of fiction, then, apparently, it is more appropriate to talk not about the culture of speech, but about the talent, the skill of the writer in using all the riches and. capabilities of the national language. Further development of the topic of the language of fiction would take us far away from the problems of speech culture, so let us turn to other functional varieties of language.

But before talking specifically about each of them, it is necessary to emphasize one significant circumstance. An important requirement of a culture of language proficiency is the requirement to distinguish between its functional varieties, to use any of them freely, with a clear understanding of which variety of language should be chosen in accordance with the tasks of communication. One of the fundamental differences between such a non-literary form of language as vernacular and a literary language is that speakers of the first of them do not distinguish or poorly distinguish between varieties of language. Finding himself, for example, in an official business environment, a speaker of vernacular will tend to speak differently from the way he is used to speaking at home, but he does not know exactly how to speak in this situation.

The culture of proficiency in different functional varieties of a language is, first of all, such a choice and such an organization of linguistic means that distinguish a given variety from others and determine its face.

Among the functional varieties there is a special place, as follows from the one given on p. 19 schemes, occupies Speaking ( hereinafter referred to as RR). Not so long ago, RR was considered among a number of functional styles.

The fact is that colloquial speech, in comparison with other functional varieties, has very significant features. If the language of fiction and functional styles of language are built on the basis of language rules recorded in dictionaries and grammars, then the features of colloquial speech are not recorded anywhere. Nowhere does it say, for example, that in certain conditions of communication one can encounter the use of the nominative case of a noun in statements like: Can you tell me how to get to Tretyakov?

A characteristic feature of the official business style is the stamp. It is impossible to imagine a free form in an application for a business trip or vacation; there are established models of diplomas, passports, etc. But, of course, the culture of mastering an official business style is not limited only to knowledge of stamps. Its different genres require different speech skills. Explorer of this style P. V. Veselov considers, for example, the culture of conducting business conversations on the phone. It is noted, in particular, that for the conversation to be effective, it is necessary to immediately introduce yourself (you should say: “Ivanov is on the phone”, “Petrov is listening”, and not “I’m on the phone”, “Listen”), when conducting a conversation there should be no stylistic excesses . “Official dialogue by telephone,” writes P. V. Veselov, “is not a detailed exchange of opinions, but an exchange of information of operational significance in order to achieve certain actions.” And he continues: “Just as written business speech is unified, oral speech can also be unified. For what? “To talk less and do more.”

A special genre of official business style is legal documents: the constitution, codes of laws, etc. The main thing for these documents is clear, complete wording that leaves no room for ambiguity; nothing should remain in the subtext; an implicit meaning is not typical for an official business style. Some heaviness of many legal texts is inevitable. When writing them, a kind of principle applies: it would be nice to say it simpler, but you can’t say it simpler, for example: “The protection of civil rights is carried out in the prescribed manner by a court, arbitration or arbitration tribunal by: recognizing these rights,” restoring the situation that existed before the violation of the right, and suppressing actions that violate the right; awards to perform duties in kind; termination or change of legal relationship; recovery from the person who violated the law for damages caused, and in cases provided for by law or contract - penalties (fine, penalty), as well as in other ways provided by law.”

Such legal texts are not intended to be quickly absorbed by non-specialists: they require repeated reading.

An effective set of language tools for constructing culturally sound speech scientific texts is subject to such requirements as logical presentation, precise designation of concepts and realities. A scientific text is unthinkable without terminology, since it is precisely this that ensures the accuracy of notation. The consistent development of scientific thought (logic of thought) does not allow, on the one hand, the use, as in the official business style, of an implicitly expressed meaning, and on the other hand, it requires that a new sentence constantly absorb the meaning of the previous ones. This can be done by simply repeating the preceding clause in the form of a subordinate clause. This method is extremely uneconomical. Therefore, other methods are more often used: collapsing the previous sentence into a verbal noun, replacing it with a pronoun, etc. This combination determines the special syntactic properties of the word. Such methods are not alien to other functional varieties of language; in the language of scientific texts they are especially active, for example: “In this chapter, the theory of generalized functions is applied to the construction of fundamental solutions and to the solution of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation and for the heat equation. In this case, the Cauchy problem is considered in a generalized formulation, which makes it possible to include initial conditions in instantaneously acting sources (such as a simple and double layer on the surface t = 0). In this way, the Cauchy problem is reduced to the problem of finding a (generalized) solution to a given equation (with a constant right-hand side) that vanishes at t< 0. Последняя задача решается стандартным методом - методом суммирования возмущений, порождаемых каждой точкой источника, так что решение ее представляется в виде свертки фундаменталь­ного решения с правой частью». В результате этргонаучные тексты оказываются информативно насыщенными в гораздо большей сте­пени, чем например, разговорные или публицистические. В тексты многих научных специальностей (математика, физика, химия, логика и др.) органически входят формулы. Поэтому научные тексты объективно трудны для восприятия. К ним нельзя предъявлять требование вседоступности. Следует, однако, заметить, что объек­тивные трудности восприятия научных текстов не имеют ничего общего с субъективной трудностью восприятия некоторых научных текстов. Существует ложное убеждение, что наука в принципе должна быть непонятна для непосвященных. И поэтому некоторые уче­ные, особенно начинающие, стараются во что бы то ни стало напи­сать «позаковыристей», например, так: «...На месте генетического знания выступает знание реальное, или ближайший смысл из чис­ла неоязыковленных смыслов пространственной таксономии в речи коммуникативной абстракции». Хотя вряд ли такие «неоязыковленные» суждения могут продвинуть науку вперед... На наш взгляд, основное требование к культуре владения научным стилем можно сформулировать в виде такой сентенции: выражайся настолько сложно, насколько сложен объект исследования, и не более того.

One more important circumstance should be noted. There are significant differences between written and oral forms of scientific style. For example, the deep information richness of written scientific texts is quite justified, since the written text, if it is not immediately understood, can be read again. An oral scientific text, for example a lecture, naturally does not allow such repeated perception. Therefore, an experienced lecturer presents information as if in portions, often returning to what has already been said, again activating it in the minds of those listening. As a result, the semantics and syntactic structure of an oral scientific text turns out to be very unique; O. A. Lapteva, who specially studied oral scientific texts, considers their main feature to be discreteness (discontinuity). Here is a small example she gives (in a somewhat simplified version): “We need to formulate our theoretical conclusions in this way. So that they are clear, so to speak, from the very beginning, when formulated, they include the possibility of verifying them with facts. And not only these scientists, but specialists in the field of empirics. That is, it is possible. To organize, so to speak, a division of labor between theorists and people working in the field of empirics, in the field of statistics, who, based on correctly formulated theoretical positions, when correctly formulated theoretical provisions, when correctly formulated requirements for testing this or that theoretical position, could say: “Yes, this position is confirmed by facts. This position is not supported by facts.” It is clear that it is impossible to write like this, but it is quite possible to speak; the text meets the requirements for a culture of proficiency in oral scientific style.

It is easy to see that official business and scientific styles have quite a lot in common. This is, first of all, the precision of notation (terms), the rejection of meaning in implicit expression. These styles are classified as strict. They differ markedly from loose colloquial speech. A special intermediate position between strict and non-strict functional varieties of language is occupied by journalistic style. The famous linguist V. G. Kostomarov, analyzing one of the main genres of journalism, the language of newspapers, showed that it combines two opposing tendencies: a tendency towards standardization, characteristic of strict styles, and a tendency towards expressiveness, characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of fiction. G. Kostomarov writes: “Scientific and business styles strive for maximum information content... Some everyday and poetic texts approach maximum emotionality... Newspaper presentation does not tolerate either extreme: in the first case there would be no emotionally affecting effect (boring , uninteresting), in the second - the necessary factuality (based on feelings alone).” Here is an example of the combination of these trends: articles on serious topics may be preceded by an expressive “frivolous” headline. In general, the modern press is a kind of competition of headlines (who can name it brighter and more unusual): “What the voice of the people will remain silent about”; “In an ecological concentration camp”; “Second echelon of nomenclature”; “The Bermuda Triangle in Lavrushinsky Lane”; “Questions of history” are in question”; “The forest is being cut down - the cars are standing still”; and even a basic weather forecast is headlined in one of the newspapers: “Nature has no bad weather.”

So, an attempt was made to define in general terms the main linguistic features of functional varieties of language and give recommendations on the culture of proficiency in them. It should be emphasized that in this case we can talk specifically about recommendations, and not about those rather stringent requirements that the normative aspect of speech culture imposes. Creating a text of a certain functional orientation is a creative process, with the exception of some canonical genres of official business style. Creativity presupposes the manifestation of linguistic individuality. Each functional variety of language has such a rich arsenal of linguistic means and ways of organizing them that it is always possible to construct the corresponding texts in a variety of ways, but in all cases effectively. The higher the culture of proficiency in functional varieties of language, the more linguistic individuality is manifested. It is unlikely that textbooks on speech culture can teach linguistic individuality - this, as they say, is from God, but it is probably possible to teach not to create texts that are ineffective in communicative terms.

In separate chapters of the textbook, ideas about functional varieties of language and speech culture are presented in more detail.

Literary language - a form of the national language, understood as exemplary - functions differently depending on the sphere of human communication. Each area of ​​language use puts forward its own requirements for the choice of linguistic means, the creation of statements and imposes its own limitations.

Thus, linguistic means that are appropriate in some circumstances become alien in others. For example, K.I. Chukovsky cites such an episode in one of his books. In the summer, a young man walks through a dacha town and sees a little girl crying at the gate. He comes up and asks her sympathetically: “What issue are you crying about? "..Did you smile? Why? Yes, because in these circumstances the linguistic means chosen by the young man to communicate with the girl are completely inappropriate. But in a business communication setting, for example, the secretary may ask the citizens waiting to be received: “What issue did you come to N for?” These same linguistic means in other communication conditions seem acceptable and completely natural. Based on the differentiation of lexical units and depending on the function that the language performs in each specific case, functional varieties of literary language, or styles, are distinguished.

So, styles of speech (style - Greek stylo - stick, pen) are systems of linguistic elements within a literary language, delimited by the conditions and tasks of communication: the form of our statements depends on WHERE, WITH WHOM and WHY we are talking. This means that analysis of the speech situation is a necessary condition for choosing a speech style for the most effective transmission of information.

Under the influence of these conditions, we select and form linguistic means (words, phraseological units, morphological forms, syntactic structures). The richness of style makes the Russian language flexible and strong, emotionally expressive and strict.

Literary language

Functional styles (varieties)

Scientific I book articles

Official business J

Newspaper-journalistic] advantageous

Literary-artistic] written form

Colloquial - predominantly oral form.

The four functional styles of the Russian literary language (scientific, official-business, journalistic and literary-artistic) as written are contrasted with oral, colloquial and everyday. This opposition is based on the main differences in the nature of written and oral communications: due to the provided time gap in written communication, the author of the text has the opportunity to think about the structure of the text, its composition, and also select linguistic means. An oral text is pronounced spontaneously, created at the moment of speaking. Therefore, the author does not have the opportunity to think through all the nuances in advance, to choose the most effective and impressive vocabulary or syntactic structure. How successfully he copes with the task will depend only on himself: after all, at hand there is neither the collection “The Best Essays of High School Students,” nor the notes of “smart thoughts” of authoritative people, nor dictionaries, nor reference books on spelling, nor “Catched Expressions” by the Ashukins. In an oral statement, a person is visible in full view, all his advantages and disadvantages become obvious: whether he is smart or stupid, educated or not, educated or inclined to neglect etiquette. Therefore, mastery of oral speech is an indicator not only of mastery of the native word, but also of a person’s internal culture.

Scientific, official business, journalistic and literary artistic styles are called bookish: in them no deviations from the norms of the literary language, much less their violation, are unacceptable. Book words, typical for written speech, can also be used orally (scientific reports, public speaking).

The colloquial style is used not only in everyday life, but also in the professional sphere. In everyday life it has oral and written forms (notes, SMS messages), in professional life it is only oral.

Book styles are codified, because are built on the basis of grammatical rules recorded in dictionaries and reference books. The features of the conversational style are not recorded anywhere. This is uncodified speech. It has its own characteristics:

The choice of language means largely depends on the communication situation: the topic of conversation, the characteristics of the participants in communication (age, social, personal), the time and place of communication, the general purpose of communication;

The thematic development of an oral text may be characterized by logical disorganization, hence the multi-topic nature of the text even within a small passage, self-interruption and self-clarification of the speaker, corrections, breaks in speech;

Speech tactics for cooperation between speakers are developed in the process of dialogue, which requires a search for comfortable verbal interaction and a common tone;

Texts are characterized by incomplete means of expression at all linguistic levels (for example, phonetic reductions or syntactic incompleteness of sentences) due to the fact that oral communication involves not only linguistic means, but also paralinguistic means of communication (intonation, facial expressions, gestures).

Literary language is far from the same thing as language

fiction, which is devoid of any stylistic closure and is broader in relation to the concept of artistic style. Its main distinguishing feature is that it also carries an aesthetic meaning. In a literary text one can find all the richness and diversity of the Russian national language: not only its functional varieties, but also non-literary elements that the author needs to create local color, speech characteristics of characters, and enhance the expressiveness of the text. The main criterion for the selection of linguistic means here is not their normalization, but relevance and expediency, which testify to the talent and skill of the writer in using the entire wealth of the national language.

The above-mentioned features of colloquial and everyday style and the language of fiction gave the basis to Academician D.N. Shmelev to propose the following typology of functional varieties of language.

Functional-style varieties and emotional-expressive means of language

Linguistic units, in addition to their main meaning, may have additional meanings that limit the possibilities of their use in certain areas and conditions of communication.

There are different functional-style varieties and emotional-expressive (evaluative) means of language.

Functional-style varieties are determined by the predominant use of a language unit in any sphere of communication.

Words assigned to book styles are not suitable for casual conversation (The first leaves have appeared on the green spaces); in a conversation, for example, with a child, you cannot use scientific terms (It is very likely that Nana will come into visual contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day) , and in an official business style - colloquial and colloquial words (On the night of September 30, racketeers ran into Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10,000 bucks).

Emotionally expressive means are associated with the expression of feelings, attitudes towards a subject, and its evaluation. These are words with a positive or negative emotional connotation (hero, parasite).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that it “supersedes” the lexical meaning of the word. Such vocabulary is not used in scientific and official business styles, but is widely used in newspaper, journalistic and colloquial styles.

There are three types of emotional vocabulary:

1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning are usually unambiguous; These include “characteristic” words (grump, windbag, sycophant, slob), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, etc. (defame, dishonor, irresponsible, antediluvian).

2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in their basic meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically (about a person - hat, rag, mattress, elephant, oak, crow, eagle; verbs in a figurative meaning - saw, gnaw, hiss, blink, dig).

3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feelings: words with a positive assessment (high, affectionate, partly humorous) - excellent, wonderful, excellent, wonderful, luxurious, great

molded and words with a negative connotation (ironic, disapproving, abusive) - nasty, disgusting, disgusting, ugly, disgusting, insolent."

The existence of styles in language and speech is ensured, first of all, by the presence of stylistic synonyms, which makes it possible to convey approximately the same content of an utterance in different ways.

In addition, in the Russian language there is a large group of neutral words, devoid of evaluative elements and creating a certain background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out.

Each speaker who speaks a literary language varies his speech depending on where, with whom and what he is talking about, and the wealth of stylistic resources of the Russian literary language allows the speaker (writer) to convey thoughts most accurately and expressively.

Functional styles of modern literary language

Functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication.

According to functional and stylistic affiliation, all means of the modern Russian language can be divided into two large groups:

· Commonly used, appropriate in any style of speech.

Such stylistically neutral, commonly used linguistic means are, for example, the words earth, sow, very, etc.; the vast majority of declension forms of nouns, adjectives, and verb conjugations. In the field of syntax, stylistically neutral include, in particular, many two-part sentences with a simple agreed verbal predicate and direct order of the main members.

· Attached to a certain style and perceived outside of it as inappropriate (other style).

Functional styles are heterogeneous; each of them is represented by a number of genre varieties. The variety of genre varieties is created by the variety of speech content and its different communicative orientation, i.e. goals of communication. It is the goals of communication that dictate the choice of stylistic devices and compositional structure of speech for each specific case. In the leading genres of each functional style of speech, the standard of linguistic means finds its most vivid expression. Peripheral genres are more neutral in terms of the use of linguistic means. However, each functional style of speech has its own typical features, its own range of vocabulary and syntactic structures, which are implemented to one degree or another in each genre of a given style.

Depending on their purpose, function (communication with someone, message to someone, influence on someone) and the selection of linguistic means, the functional styles of the modern Russian language are divided into colloquial, official business, scientific, newspaper journalistic and art. Each of them functions orally and in writing.

Colloquial style

The conversational style serves primarily for the direct exchange of thoughts, i.e. to communicate with the people around us. This style is realized in the form of casual, unprepared monologue or dialogical speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. Spoken speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life - everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Conversational speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation with family or a conversation between people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation between friends at work related to the speaker’s profession, conversations in public institutions, etc.

The form of implementation of spoken language is predominantly oral. The main features of the everyday conversational style are the relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotional and expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech all the riches of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is its reliance on the extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the immediate context of speech in which communication takes place.

Everyday - conversational style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here you can find the most diverse thematic and stylistic groups of vocabulary: general book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons.

In a colloquial style, everyday words are widely used in a literal or figurative meaning, for example: “okoshko” (window), “wit” (witty person), “weighty” (strong), “instantly” (quickly). Many of the words used in a conversational style not only name the corresponding objects, signs, actions, states, but also have an emotionally expressive connotation, i.e. contain, to one degree or another, a positive or negative assessment of the designated phenomena, for example: “sweetheart”, “hard worker”; “squeal”, “hesitate”, “blank”, “careless”. Typical phraseological phrases are also common in a conversational style, for example: “sharpen your lasses” (chat), “as fast as you can” (quickly), “mama’s boy” (pampered child), etc.

Words with diminutive and magnifying suffixes are also used in everyday speech, for example: “little hand”, “hands”; “granddaughter”, “grandson”.

Words like “stolovka” (dining room), “chitalka” (reading room), “zachetka” (grade book), etc. are often formed.

All this is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two tones - serious and playful.

In the field of morphology, such forms of nouns as “sectors”, “workshops”, etc., have become widespread in colloquial style. (name p.pl. h.m.r.); “5 kilograms”, “300 grams” (r.p.m.h.); forms of verbs such as “grab”, “knock”, “jump”, etc.

In the area of ​​syntax, the colloquial style is characterized by a large number of syntactic structures, including interjections, various particles, exclamatory pronouns and adverbs; Incomplete sentences are often used. Colloquial speech is also characterized by some specific constructions that are completely non-standard for book speech, for example: “He doesn’t have anything to draw with” (instead of “he doesn’t have a pencil, drawing pen,” etc.); “When will he return, tell me” (instead of “When will he return, tell me”).

Conversational speech is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is assessed in a hyperbolic way: “Wow! Wow!"; “There is a sea of ​​flowers in the garden!”; "I am thirsty! I’ll die!” and under.

The word order in spoken language is different from that used in written language. Here the main information is concentrated at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of listeners on the main information, intonation emphasis is used. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

Functional varieties- book and colloquial speech.

There is a two-level classification system for functional varieties (FV):

1. Colloquial speech, language of fiction (LFL), functional styles (language for special purposes);
2. Division of functional styles into: official business, scientific, journalistic.

Each FRY solves its own communication problems and has its own linguistic means for solving these problems. Colloquial speech is a separate, uncodified type of FRN.

The most important distinctive feature of YHL: its special purpose is to convey content using artistic means. In YHL, different functional styles and non-literary areas of the language can be used.

Official business and scientific styles are strict FRY, and colloquial speech, YHL and journalism are not strict.

II. Colloquial speech– the name of everyday speech not recorded in writing by native speakers of a literary language.

Main features of colloquial speech:

1. Unpreparedness, spontaneity;
2. It appears only in conditions of informal communication (most often - everyday communication between family members and friends);
3. It assumes the direct and obligatory participation of speakers in communication;
4. The principles of constructing PP have not been codified.

The main form of RR implementation: dialogue. The pragmatic factor plays a special role in RR. Pragmatics- these are the conditions of communication that include certain characteristics of the addresser (speaker, writer), addressee (listener, reader) and the situation that influence the linguistic structure of the text.

Since conversational communication is carried out, as a rule, between familiar people, most often they have a certain common stock of knowledge, which is called background knowledge. Background knowledge allow you to construct statements that are completely incomprehensible outside of this knowledge.

Main features of RR (manifest themselves at all language levels):

1. Fast pace of speech, stronger reduction of vowel sounds, up to their loss: university as [university] or [unirstet]; monster;
2. Simplification of consonants: pronouncing the words “let”, “stupidity” without [t`], only, so much without [l`];
3. A special form of treatment with a truncated nominative: Mash, Sing, Lead-a-Leed;
4. There are practically no participles and gerunds; instead, constructions with double heterogeneous predicate verbs are used: Yesterday I was lying down and couldn’t lift my head;
5. The vocabulary has its own specific naming system: minibus, laboratory, note, maternity leave;
6. In syntax:

· Use of I.p. in places unusual for it in a codified language: The forest is nice; What breed is your dog?

· The use of an infinitive to indicate the intended purpose of an object: You need to buy sneakers to run;

· Widespread use of non-union proposals: We quickly reached the metro;

· Widespread use of actualizing words: They, no?, didn’t come?

Colloquial speech is one of the full-fledged varieties of the Russian language. The norm of RR is that which is constantly used in the speech of native speakers of a literary language and is not perceived as an error during spontaneous perception of speech.

III. Language of fiction (artistic style) – one of the functional varieties of the Russian literary language, which involves the use of such linguistic means, the choice of which is determined by the ideological and figurative content and the implementation of the aesthetic function.

YHL is closely interconnected with the literary language, but also includes non-literary forms: dialects, jargon, vernacular. YHL includes language tools of functional styles. However, the artistic style uses only individual elements of various functional styles and they appear in YHL in a modified, aesthetic function.

The main stylistic feature of YHL: artistic and figurative concretization, which is expressed by the systemic organization of artistic speech, capable of translating a word-concept into a word-image through a system of linguistic means united by the image of the author.

Author's image – an ideological and communication center, the core of a work of art, around which all the elements of its poetics and speech means are united and thanks to which they acquire a certain aesthetic purpose and communicative expediency. The image of the author sets the composition of the genre, a certain selection of linguistic means.

The linguistic means used in literary texts serve mainly to express a system of images. In addition, expressive means are widely used in YHL, which distinguishes YHL from functional styles; all language levels and various stylistic layers of vocabulary are used.

IV. Functional style – a set of multi-level linguistic means that perform the same function in a given communication situation. Functional styles are a language for special purposes.

1. Formal business style - one of the functional styles of a codified literary language. Used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, lawmaking and legislation.

Character traits:

• Impersonality and dryness of presentation ( brought up for discussion, cases of non-compliance with the agreement are noted);
• A high degree of standardization of expressions, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations;
• Striving for precision of formulation, eliminating ambiguity in understanding what was said;
• Using stable, clichéd phrases: at the present time, due to absence, take measures, due to lack, after the expiration of the deadline, etc.;
• Using combinations with verbal nouns: establishing control, eliminating deficiencies, implementing the program.

Genres of official business style: law, decree, resolution, communiqué, diplomatic note, agreement, report, instruction, announcement, explanatory note, receipt, complaint, statement; forensic investigative documentation: protocol, indictment, examination report, verdict, etc.

2. Scientific style - one of the functional styles of a codified literary language. Serves the scientific sphere of human activity.

Character traits:

• Distraction;
• Strict logic of presentation;
• A significant number of special terms and terminological combinations;
• The predominance of complex sentences with branched syntactic connections;
• Using predominantly bookish and stylistically neutral vocabulary;
• A clear tendency towards unambiguousness of the words and terms used;
• The use of such cliched phrases as: data analysis shows, consider the problem based on the given facts, what follows from what has been said, etc.

Genres of scientific style: article, monograph, dissertation, review, review, abstract, scientific commentary on the text, report on a special topic, lecture, etc.

Particularly notable are:

• Educational genres: textbook, manual, guidelines, etc. These texts are characterized by the presence of rules, recommendations, explanations, etc.
• Genres of popular science literature, the texts of which are characterized by a rapprochement with certain genres of journalistic style.

3. Journalistic style - one of the functional styles that serves a wide area of ​​social relations - political, economic, ideological, etc.

PS occupies leading place in the stylistic structure Russian literary language, many means of YHL are being tested in PS, but PS can also have a negative impact on the language (infiltration of jargon, abuse of borrowings).

Used in: political literature; Media (radio, television, newspapers, magazines).

Journalism seeks to influence contemporary public opinion, morals and political institutions.

Main features of the journalistic style:

1. Tendency;
2. Polemical;
3. Emotionality, imagery;
4. Close to the intonation, structure and functions of oratorical speech;
5. Social evaluation is the naming of facts along with their evaluative interpretation. The author directly expresses his opinion - the openness and subjectivity of journalism.

Thematic range: politics, ideology, philosophy, economics, culture, sports, everyday life, current events.

The main task of the PS: