Compound Verbal Predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:
A) auxiliary part
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.K composite
Verbal predicates include predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the adjacent infinitive. The real meaning and the grammatical meaning are presented separately in such a predicate. The infinitive, which contains the real meaning, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, expression of will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes verbs such as begin, start, become, accept (in the meaning of “begin”), continue, finish, stop, quit (“in the meaning of “finish”); to the second group - verbs want, wish, be able, be able, intend, contrive, unlearn, be able to, prepare, dream, hope, fear, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out prisoners one by one (Cossack); He rushed to disarm (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) Wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).
Compound verbs also include predicates with a phraseological combination in place of a modal verb; in the second part of such a predicate an infinitive is used. For example: burning with desire to see, having the intention to relax, expressing consent to come, etc.
Instead of a modal verb in a compound verbal predicate, a predicative adjective can be used, to which an infinitive is adjacent. These are adjectives like: glad, willing, intends, must, ready, capable, willing. For example: He is ready to wait; The student is able to learn everything.
A compound verb predicate can be complicated by a third component. Such predicates are not fundamentally distinguished from compound verbs and differ only in a certain increase in meaning. Most often, these are predicates that combine a verb in the personal form and two dependent infinitives. Verbs in the finite form (the same as in predicate compounds) indicate the beginning, continuation or end of an action or have modal meanings. A predicative adjective can also be a component of such a predicate.
As a rule, a three-member verbal predicate combines a modal verb and a verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action (one of them in the infinitive form), for example: wanted (want) to start studying; decided to start treatment, hoped to quit smoking; could (can) start singing; I wanted to start running, but I couldn’t. In place of the verb in the personal form there can be a predicative adjective: ready to start studying; I'm glad to quit smoking, but I can't; I agree to stay and work. The attribution of combinations of verbs such as decided to start learning, promised to stop looking for to compound predicates is questioned by some linguists; it is proposed to divide such a combination into two predicates: the main and the secondary infinitive type. However, such three-term verbal combinations must be approached differentially, that is, the degree of lexical significance of the verbs in these combinations must be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of an action in combination with the meanings of will, possibility, impossibility of action, desirability or inclination, then such predicates should not be divided, since ultimately they mean one action or state: I want to start studying, I couldn’t start running; if both infinitive verbs in a three-member combination denote independent, separately existing actions, then the first two verbs should be considered the predicate, and the third should be considered a secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement).
a) auxiliary part – bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.
Nominal the predicate consists of a verbal connective in the personal form and a nominal part. The link can be of three types: 1) distracted - this is the verb to be in various forms of tense and mood; the connective is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content, for example: The voice of a stranger was heard less and less often (Paust.) 2) half-distracted , or semi-nominal, is a verb with a weakened lexical meaning; such a verb conveys grammatical meanings (tense, mood), connecting the predicate with the subject, in addition, this verb introduces partial lexical meaning into the predicate - naming, transition from one state to another, etc., for example: I have become the most humble now person (T.);; 3) significant , or real, is a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., for example: No one is born a hero, soldiers mature in battle.
Such full-valued verbs are included in the predicate along with nominal forms and only for this reason are conventionally considered connectives. Essentially, these verbs, while fully retaining their lexical meaning, are not grammaticalized and express an independent attribute of the subject. It is not for nothing that A. A. Shakhmatov considered predicates with such verbs to be double.
Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.
As a result of the presence of a linking verb and a nominal part, the predicates are called composite : the grammatical meanings of such a predicate are contained in the connective (to be; to be called, to become, to become; to begin, to end, to seem, to have; to come, to return, to stand, to live), and the material meanings - in the nominal part.
If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, the abstract connective is may be absent; the predicate in this case is called either a simple nominal or a compound with a zero connective, for example: The cabman is a small daring. The role of a predicative connective can be performed by demonstrative particles this, that means, that means. The predicate can also be attached to the subject with the help of comparative words as, as if, as if, exactly, as if.
A compound nominal predicate can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective, a connective and a nominal part: You it should be our first playwright(Fed.)
All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.
1. Noun as a nominal part it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was high dark-skinned ( Tannery). The creative predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms are now distinct semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a constant, stable attribute; it is usually used in a predicate without a connective, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When related to the plane of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were friends(L.). A temporary, non-permanent attribute is conveyed more often using the instrumental case form:... Already in the Ogonyok Grove becomes Fire(Kr.). The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brutus was of a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and with a genitive name an adjective is necessarily used, which contains the indication for a qualitative sign: Hands were plump, small, but impeccable form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relation or belonging (in this case, the adjective is not necessary): Whose stroller? my master(L.). The genitive case of a name with a preposition can also be used as a nominal part of the predicate, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).
2. The adjective as the nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. Full form adjectives have both nominative and instrumental cases. For example: Mysterious and that's why beautiful dark thickets of forests (Paust.)\
3. The nominal part can be expressed communion : short and complete, passive and active. For example: Her eyebrows were shifted (T.); The tea stood untouched(Adv.). The full participle can also be in the instrumental case: Glasses of tea stand untouched ( S. - Sh.).
4. Various are used as the nominal part of the predicate. pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Forms of both nominative and instrumental cases are possible. For example: Is it you, You is this Rudin? (T.); - She my!- he said menacingly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseological type, for example: You can live with me while the house Behind me(Fed.).
5. The nominal part can be expressed numeral name or quantitative-nominal combination . For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two is four.
Compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of two parts:
A) Main part - nominal part, which expresses lexical meaning;
b) Auxiliary part- a linking verb in a conjugated form, which expresses the grammatical feature of the predicate: tense and mood.
She was a singer. She became a singer.
Ways of expressing the main part of a compound nominal predicate.
Main part of a compound nominal predicate can be expressed by the following forms and parts of speech:
There are sounds of explosions here seemed louder. You the kindest in the world.
3. A pronoun or phrase with a main word expressed by a pronoun:
It was something interesting. All happiness - yours.
Her sister Married for my friend. They were on guard.
Note.
1) Participles and short forms of adjectives in a sentence are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
2) Even in cases where the predicate consists of one word - an adverb or a significant part of speech, then we still have before us a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective;
3) The nominative and instrumental cases are the most common forms of the main part of the compound nominal predicate.
In a compound nominal predicate, just as in a compound verb, two constructive components are always distinguished: 1) bunch, the main purpose of which is to express purely grammatical, predicative categories of modality and tense; 2) personal (binding) Part, which contains the material content of the predicate. For example: These plants were faithful friends kids(K. Paustovsky); Dawn was blue, cold ... (B. Pilnyak); Shura Shlesinger was tall thin woman with the right features a little masculine faces (B. Pasternak). It is important to understand that the auxiliary component of a compound nominal predicate may not have a verbal expression at all, i.e. the copula is represented by the zero form, but the predicate always remains two-component, i.e. compound: I - disobedient And free (A. Blok).
The connective function primarily uses the word be. Abstract (or ideal) copula be not only expresses the grammatical meaning of modality and tense, but also connects the predicate with the subject.
Abstract connectives also include to represent, to appear, to appear, to appear, to be considered, to remain, to look, to appear, to become, to return, to become and etc.
Sometimes they are classified as a group of improper connectives1. They are characterized by a weakened and modified lexical meaning and introduce different semantic shades into the real meaning of the predicate. Wed: He was kind; He became kind; He seemed kind; He back kind.
If the abstract connective be is a purely function word, then connectives of the second type are divided into semi-significant And significant.
Semi-nominal connectives introduce a number of their own meanings into the compound nominal predicate: 1) the appearance of the attribute: make– become, become – become;2) preservation of the characteristic: stay – stay;
3) external detection of a sign: turn out– get out, get out - get out, turn out - turn out to be; 4) attribution of a sign to its bearer from the outside, naming: reputed - to be known, to appear, to be considered, to be called, to be called, to be called;5) evaluation of a characteristic as supposed, apparent, imaginary: seem - appear, appear, be reputed: For example: The man suddenly turned purple, and through the tan his face became brick
(A. Serafimovich); Spectacle it was getting scary
(A. Kuprin); Blacksmith reputed to be a man Very reasonable
(N. Leskov); Measurement of ravines turned out to be difficult
(K. Paustovsky).
Significant connectives are verbs with a specific lexical meaning (usually movement And stay in some state of activity). They enter into a syntactic relationship either with an adjective in the form of the nominative or instrumental case, or with a noun in the instrumental case. These are the words go, return, sit, be born, live, work, toil, work hard etc.2 He walked happy (K. Fedin); Sadykov arrived cloudy, business,tired And effective ... (B. Pilnyak); Spring turned out to be different for ordinary Russian winters(K. Paustovsky); Levka sat down first on the only stool at the wooden table(A. Tolstoy); What, Akulina, you live like a beggar ? (M. Gorky); People in Yeni-Kale lived a stingy And poor ... (K. Paustovsky). The creative predicative in an intensifying meaning can be combined with the nominative case of the same name: ... At home you live like a pig, you don't accept anyone... (A. Pushkin). The same way of expressing the real part of a compound nominal predicate is also possible with an abstract connective: And she a cloud of clouds (N. Leskov); She's in front of you freak is a freak (A. Pushkin).
Particles: this is, like, exactly, as if, like, like, akin etc. do not replace the verb connective be, but only combined with it in various forms, including zero, only emphasizing the functions of the ligament be. For example: You - exactly sentence to exile For malnutrition, lack of sleep, lack of food, for lack of food and pain in the back of the head(B. Pasternak); Punctuation marks – This like musical notes(K. Paustovsky); Chinar – This tree weaver weaving itself(N. Zabolotsky).
The binding part of a compound nominal predicate denotes a passive predicative feature of the subject. Most often, the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is played by the so-called predicative forms of nominal parts of speech. These include:
1. Indeclinable short adjectives and passive participles. In a sentence they function exclusively as nominal parts of a compound predicate1. For example: You deaf ! – Levi growled... (M. Bulgakov); Grandma's face solemnly And wearily (V. Astafiev); The security guard was furious (K. Paustovsky); Eucalyptus leaves are always rotated ribs to the sun...(K. Paustovsky). Their use in another function is stylistically determined: The mermaid swam along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon(M. Lermontov).
2. Declinable nouns, full adjectives and participles, numerals, pronouns in the nominative or instrumental forms. Both of these case forms have the same meaning and can, due to functional equivalence, replace each other: The person in other people is soul person(B. Pasternak); Lara was the purest creature in the world(B. Pasternak); A minute later she came back outwardly calm (B. Pasternak); The field seemed to be running endless (B. Pasternak); This house is my (M. Gorky).
The role of the nominal part with the corresponding abstract connective can be a noun in the form of the accusative case without a preposition: Soon the house represented sleepy kingdom (B. Pasternak); The voice represents fight verb with unattended tense(I. Brodsky). In the position of the nominal part, the accusative case of animate nouns with a preposition is possible behind: For the headman there will be Ivanova; For the commander junior sergeant remains.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate can be represented by a phrase in the form of the nominative or instrumental case. For example: Which crazy thing waltz! (B. Pasternak); But the old carpet became favorite thing boy(A. Kuprin).
Conditionally non-predicative (not typical) for this function are all other forms of indirect cases of the noun and other substantivized parts of speech, including the instrumental case of comparison: Cupid's bow, ring mustache and so on.: I have sponges with a bow; Then, as you can imagine, I was in difficult condition (K. Paustovsky); There was shooting on an invisible target (A. Tvardovsky); Now Tatyana Petrovna looked least like for adults (K. Paustovsky); All six letters were from Dasha (A. Tolstoy); The whole city was on foot (K. Paustovsky); I am today with money (K. Paustovsky); Briefcase - leather; Textile - in the box; She - from across the Dnieper and so on.
The real meaning as part of a nominal predicate can be conveyed by parts of speech that do not have inflectional forms. Because of this, it is, of course, not actually nominal. It would be more correct to call it non-verbal. In a compound nonverbal predicate, the anchoring component is primarily adverbs, a relatively small group of them. These are the words tipsy, hastily, at the ready, wide open, by the way, on the alert, on guard, protruding etc. For example: Since then, when I met Fedya, I was on guard (K. Paustovsky); The windows were wide open (K. Paustovsky). In the same function it is used invariable comparative form of qualitative adjectives (comparative): And my future still appears to me more hopeless (L. Tolstoy); Strawberries are here larger (A. Griboyedov); And the laughter more (A. Griboyedov).
Participles like swollen, swollen, drunk, wet, chilled etc. are used mainly in common parlance: My Vasyatka’s ear is always swollen from this yat(A. Chekhov); The watchman came having drunk.
The infinitive as a linking part of a compound nominal predicate is used only with connectives to be means to mean. Moreover, it is often parallel to the subject infinitive. For example: Smoking is good for health harm. The subject position is usually occupied by nouns in the nominative case with abstract semantics duty, matter, work, task, idea, duty, substantivized adjectives and combinations most important, most important and so on. The infinitive can have any lexical meaning. For example: Task - collect harvest; Our goal - conduct experiment; The most important - get treatment .
Entire phrases can also be in the position of the nominal part if the noun in their composition does not have sufficient semantic completeness: The church was new construction (B. Pasternak); The ebony wardrobe was huge size (B. Pasternak).
As part of the nominal predicate, a special variety of it is identified - the so-called double predicate. It consists of two full-valued words, the verbs in them have the meaning primarily of movement in space, activity or state and, as a rule, adjectives and participles used in interchangeable forms of Im.p. and TV. cases. For example: We are back from fishing happy (satisfied ). The subject and predicate are connected by gravity, which determines the possibility of literary use of the nominal part of the predicate in two forms - instrumental and nominative case.
A compound nominal (non-verbal) predicate, like a compound verb, can have complicated forms. Complication occurs due to that part of the compound predicate that does not express its real meaning. It can be modified by one or even two phase verbs, characteristic of a compound verbal predicate: in the end the dream is to reach the front line started seem unrealistic to them(K. Simonov); Little by little conversation started to become almost serious(F. Dostoevsky). Modal verbs can complicate things: Life and must be admirable(I. Bunin); After that everyone can hope be my son-in-law(L. Tolstoy).
4. Question about a complex (mixed) predicate
According to N.S. Valgina, a verbal predicate consisting of three or more quantitative components is complex. According to its qualitative composition, it can be mixed, those. combine the features of a compound verb and a compound nominal predicate. IN mixed polynomial predicates combine components of both: wanted to become a diplomat...1. Here, from the verbal predicate, the modal verb wanted from nominal – semi-nominal copula and nominal part become a diplomat. As I.P. Raspopov writes, this qualification of this type of predicate “seems to be the most accurate, since in these cases there is a peculiar contamination of the forms of the compound verbal and compound nominal predicate”2. For example: this night it was impossible to sleep (B. Pilnyak); Nobody can not like this all the time want to be loved ... (M. Lermontov); …I ready to be an item from past(I. Brodsky).
However, according to P.A. Lekant, the form of a polynomial predicate, the real meaning of which is expressed by an infinitive or a name, is - complicated the form of a compound verbal or nominal predicate, regardless of the quantity and quality of components in the auxiliary part3. Only the auxiliary part can be polynomial and mixed, but the predicate always remains two-component. Wed: He continued/work. - He wanted to continue/work; He was ready to continue /work; He expressed a desire to continue /work. She was kind. She remained/ kind. - She wanted to stay/ kind. - She was ready to stay/ kind. - She expressed her dream of staying/ kind.
Thus, a mixed polynomial predicate is complicated compound verbal or compound nominal predicate: Respecting subordination, Boris had to / report for the colonel...(Yu. Bondarev); His steps are already stopped being/heard (L. Tolstoy).
In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, and give examples.
As you know, the predicate and subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.
Main types of predicates:
1) simple verb;
2) compound verb;
3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).
Two principles for identifying types of predicates
They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:
1) by composition;
2) by their morphological nature.
In the first case, types such as simple and compound are distinguished. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of a compound predicate can be expressed as an adjective, noun and adverb. These divisions intersect. Thus, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.
Simple verb predicate
The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of the mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes those options that do not have a formal indicator of tense, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated ones (grab, push, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let, let, as if, it was, as if, exactly, as if, just, etc.)
Compound nominal predicate
As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, such sentences contain a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: “He is young. He is worried about his work and worries.”
Such predicates always have two components. The first is a copula that expresses predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the connecting part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.
Copula in a compound nominal predicate
The doctrine of the copula in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. Firstly, the copula is the word “to be”, the only meaning of which is an indication of tense and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened meaning to one degree or another, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.
Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.
In the first sentence, the connective “to be” is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is characteristic of a verb. However, it is not a verb, since it does not have a procedural action or attribute, as well as the category of aspect that any of them possesses.
Notable and semi-nominal connectives
Other examples present connectives of a different type - denominative and semi-nominal. The latter introduce the meaning of the emergence of a feature (to become/become), its preservation (to remain/to remain), external detection (to appear/to seem), the inclusion of an external carrier (to be known/to be known, to be called, to be considered) into a compound nominal predicate.
The following examples can be given: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was known as smart.
Significant connectives are verbs with a definite, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in a particular state). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in the etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be given as examples:
1. He came hungry (hungry).
2. The boys remained tomboys.
Connection "to be"
The connective “to be,” being abstract, does not have a present tense form in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:
1. It's in vain.
2. The evening is wonderful.
3. The road is good.
The verb “to be”, which has two meanings, should be distinguished from the copula:
1. To be present (We were in the theater. There were many performances at that time).
2. Have (my sister had a doll).
Connections "essence" and "is"
The words “essence” and “is,” which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb “to be,” are considered in modern language to be service words, namely, particles.
The absence of a connective is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky; it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that a syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of a certain nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:
1. The street will (was) crowded.
2. The street would be crowded.
3. The street is crowded.
Compound verb predicate
We looked at such types of predicates as simple verb and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verbal predicate. It includes two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).
Rules for determining a compound verbal predicate
A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any compound with the infinitive of the conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:
1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form, that is, some object called the subject.
The following examples can be given. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he started working, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, the infinitive is usually called subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.
2. When determining the boundaries of a compound predicate, one should take into account the nature of the semantic relationship between the infinitive and the conjugated verbal form. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has this meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I came to chat, I came running to find out, I was sent to find out. The infinitive of the goal (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is a minor member. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are the most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase verbs) should be considered compound predicates.
The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) terms, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).
We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. This is just a brief overview of this topic; more detailed information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.
The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence
The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.
The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.
The troops are moving to the front.
(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).
Yesterday he came to see us.
(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).
You should talk to your mother, Ivan!
(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).
The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.
Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:
The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.
Subject as a member of a sentence. Subject expression forms
The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?
The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in “unusual” forms. The following table will help you correctly determine the subject.
Basic ways of expressing the subject.
| Part of speech in subject position | |
| Noun in i. P. | Language reflects the soul of the people. |
| Pronoun in i. P. | He left. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (for questions: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep. |
| Infinitive | Being honest is half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is harmful to health. |
| Combination of words (one of which is in i.p.) | He and I visited there often. Two clouds float across the sky. |
| A combination of words without and. P. | About an hour passed. |
Predicate as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate
The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which is connected with the subject by a special connection and has a meaning expressed in the questions what does the subject of speech do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.
The predicate in Russian can be simple or compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the others carry the semantic load. In other words, in compound predicates, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
(Verb was Colonel
(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, to the word work the semantic load of the predicate decreases.)
Among compound predicates, a distinction is made between compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.
Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
It can be expressed by the following verb forms:
| Present and past tense forms of the verb. |
|
| Future tense form of the verb. | |
| Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. |
We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verbal predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb to wait.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
(Here I don’t want is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obligated, etc.) and an auxiliary verb-linking be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this linking is omitted).
(here the copula will be omitted).
So, let’s imagine the structure of a compound verbal predicate with the formula:
| CONDITION VERB SKAZ. = AUXILIARY VERB + UNDEFINED FORM |
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a copular verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here the copular verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)
(Here the copular verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)
Let us imagine the structure of a compound nominal predicate with the formula:
| CONDITION NAME SKAZ. = CONNECTION. VERB + NAME PART |
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, various forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the state category, verb in the indefinite form.
In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.
Basic types of two-part sentences
| Form of expression of subject and predicate | Examples |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a specific form of the verb. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - also by the indefinite form of the verb. Particles are possible between the subject and the predicate, this means. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by an adverb. | |
| The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses. | |
| The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears in the predicate. |
Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical basics in them.
Basic types of one-part sentences
| Typical form and meaning | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a pronoun-noun in the form of the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicates that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (are) in the present. | Large area in the city. Here's a bench. |
| Definitely personal proposals | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 1st or 2nd person form. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as subjects. | |
| Vaguely personal proposals | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the doer is either unknown or unimportant to the speaker, so there is no subject in them. |
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| Impersonal offers | These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves,” without the participation of an active agent. According to their form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - a word of the state category. The verbal predicate can be expressed by a verb in the 3rd person singular form (in the present and future tense) or in the neuter singular form (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb. | To avoid freezing, she captured jacket |
| In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word No. |
The owners are not at home. |
Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance
All members of the sentence, except the main ones, are called secondary.
The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but extend (explain) it. They can also explain other minor members.
Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:
According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are recognized by questions.
Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.
Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.
Canvases (whose?) his- definition.
Supplement as part of a sentence. Types of add-ons
A complement is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases (i.e., all except the nominative) and denotes the subject. The object usually extends the predicate, although it can also extend other members of the sentence.
I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition logs extends the predicate.)
Reading (what?) magazines is a fascinating activity. (Here the journals complement extends the subject.)
Objects are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of a verb and complete phrases.
During the campaign he shaved with (what?) a bayonet. (Here the complement bayonet is expressed by a noun.)
This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) beauty. (Here the complement of beauty is expressed by an adjective in the role of a noun.)
And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the complement to remain is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.)
He read (what?) a lot of books. (Here the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)
Additions can be direct or indirect.
Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.
I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now (v.p.).
These furnaces used to melt steel (v.p.).
All other additions are called indirect.
Play the piano (p.p.).
I put the bread on the table (v.p. with a preposition).
I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the infinitive form of the verb).