How to define a stand-alone application. Standalone Application: Example

1. Application as a type of definition

Application is a definition that is expressed by a noun. The application characterizes the object in a new way, gives it a different name or indicates the degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, etc. The application is always used in the same case as the noun to which it refers. Master(i.p.), tough guy (i.p.), I was not happy with either the guests or the profit (N. Leskov).

This story belongs to the famous writer -science fiction writer (d.p.).

If the application and the word it defines are expressed common nouns, then a hyphen is placed between them. For example:

Butterflies-cabbages fluttered over the flower beds.

If the application or defined word is expressed by a proper name, a hyphen is placed when the proper name comes before the common noun:

Moscow began with a small settlement in the place where small river Yauza flows into Moscow River(A.N. Tolstoy).

Collocation small river Yauza written without a hyphen, since here the proper name comes after the common noun, and the phrase Moscow River is written with a hyphen because in it the proper name comes before the common noun.

2. Segregation of applications

2) They, wet in the rain , decided to go to the hotel And Wet in the rain , they decided to go to the hotel.

1) If the application refers to a common noun, then it is isolated in any case

My father, captain border troops , served on Far East And Captain of the Border Troops , my father served in the Far East.

2) If the application refers to a proper noun, it is isolated only when it comes after it:

Ivanov, Captain of the Border Troops , served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops Ivanov served in the Far East.

3) If the application refers to a personal pronoun, then it is isolated in any case, regardless of its place in the sentence. For example:

He, Captain of the Border Troops , served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops , he served in the Far East.

This rule has a few notes:

1. Sometimes an application that is given great importance in a statement and which comes at the end of a sentence can be separated with a dash rather than a comma, for example: August was coming to an end - last month of summer .

2. Sometimes an application may begin with the conjunction HOW. In such cases, you should try to replace this union with the combination IN QUALITY. If such a replacement is possible, then there is no need to put commas. For example: Gas as a fuel is now widely used. The rules for placing commas before the conjunction HOW will be discussed in more detail in a separate part of our course.

№44. Isolation of circumstances and additions

Separation- This semantic and intonation highlighting of sentence members in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in a sentence.

In oral speech they are distinguished by intonation, and in writing they are separated or highlighted by punctuation marks.

Various members of a sentence are isolated for different reasons. In one case, the minor members of the sentence are isolated because in terms of their meaning in a sentence they are close to the predicate. In other cases they are isolated because they are used in a sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify any member of the sentence or to communicate something additional about it.

All isolated members are divided into two groups: isolated members with the value of an additional predicate And isolated members with qualifying value .

1. Application as a type of definition

Application – it is a definition that is expressed by a noun. The application characterizes the object in a new way, gives it a different name or indicates the degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, etc. The application is always used in the same case as the noun to which it refers.

Master(i.p.), tough guy (i.p.), I was not happy with either the guests or the profit(N. Leskov).

This story belongs to the famous writer - science fiction writer (d.p.).

Please note: if the application and the word it defines are expressed as common nouns, then a hyphen is placed between them. For example:

Butterflies- cabbages fluttered over the flower beds.

If the application or defined word is expressed by a proper name, a hyphen is placed only when the proper name comes before the common noun. Compare the two applications in the following sentence:

Moscow began with a small settlement in the place where small river Yauza flows into Moscow River (A.N. Tolstoy).

2. Segregation of applications

The previous topic was about placing punctuation marks in sentences with definitions. You learned that a definition related to a noun is isolated only if it comes after it, and a definition related to a personal pronoun is always isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence. Compare pairs of sentences:

2) They, wet in the rain, decided to go to the hotel And Wet in the rain, they decided to go to the hotel.

As you can see, the rule for separating definitions consists of two main parts. Now let's turn to the application separation rule, which is a little more complicated: it will have three points that you need to remember. Please note that in all items we're talking about O common applications (that is, applications consisting of several words).

1) If the application refers to a common noun, then it is isolated in any case, regardless of its place in the sentence. For example:

My father, Captain of the Border Troops, served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops, my father served in the Far East.

2) If the application refers to a proper noun, it is isolated only when it comes after it. For example:

Ivanov, Captain of the Border Troops, served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops Ivanov served in the Far East.

3) If the application refers to a personal pronoun, then it is isolated in any case, regardless of its place in the sentence. For example:

He, Captain of the Border Troops, served in the Far East And Captain of the Border Troops, he served in the Far East.

This rule has a few notes:

1. Sometimes the application to which is given great importance in a statement and which comes at the end of a sentence can be separated with a dash rather than a comma, for example: August was coming to an end - last month summer .

Exercise

Finally, he could not stand it and reported his suspicions to the clerk of the noble guardianship, Polovinkin (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

You, who just a few minutes ago was shaking for your lousy life, showed us all an example desperate courage and unprecedented stupidity. Among us there is no equal to You. Our big collective wisdom we could not understand why You_ the hero_ needed to see Rogue Ant when, when it appears, it is enough to tremble and subside (E. Klyuev).

By the way, the owner’s family consisted of a wife, mother-in-law and two children_teenagers- boy and girl (F. Iskander).

In a white cloak with a bloody lining, a shuffling cavalry gait, early in the morning of the fourteenth day of the spring month of Nisan, the procurator of Judea, Pontius Pilate (M. Bulgakov), came out into the covered colonnade between the two wings of the palace of Herod the Great.

The senator, his new owner, did not oppress them at all, he even loved young Tolochanov, but his quarrel with his wife continued; she could not forgive him for his deception and ran away from him with someone else (A. Herzen).

IN living room_reception_ completely dark (M. Bulgakov).

Nastya helped her here too: she took measurements from Lisa’s feet, ran to Trofim the shepherd and ordered him a pair of bast shoes according to that measurement (A. Pushkin).

Among other things, they said that the headman’s wife Mavra was a healthy and not stupid woman in her entire life and had never been anywhere further than her native village... (A. Chekhov).

Well, it’s not far to look, two months ago a certain Belikov, a teacher, died in our city Greek language _ my comrade (A. Chekhov).

But on Elena’s face at three o’clock in the afternoon the arrows showed the lowest and most depressed hour of life—half past six (M. Bulgakov).

My mother-in-law Avdotya Vasilyevna Aksenova, born under serfdom, a simple illiterate “woman from Ryazan”, was distinguished by a deep philosophical turn of mind... (E. Ginzburg).

...We learned that our crazy grandfather Pyotr Kirillich was killed in this house illegitimate son his Gervaska_ friend of our father and cousin Natalia...(I. Bunin).

All around there was a kind of sluggish bedlam going on - a pause like that after a stormy Sabbath (V. Shukshin).

The famous Schiller is a tinsmith on Meshchanskaya Street. Standing next to Schiller was Hoffman - not the writer Hoffman, but a rather good shoemaker from Officers Street - a great friend of Schiller (N. Gogol).

Some kind of bastard, Siberian-looking tramp cat emerged from behind a drainpipe and, despite the blizzard, smelled the Krakow one (M. Bulgakov).

... In the city of Moscow, he_this man_ suddenly received the right to exist, acquired meaning and even significance (M. Bulgakov).

We've arrived better days in the year _ the first days of June (I. Turgenev).

Only she, this heroic glove, is too much for people to bear. (P. Bazhov).

Katya_ Danilova, the bride_ remained unmarried (P. Bazhov).

The fragments of Danilushkova's dope_chalice remained, but Katya took care of them (P. Bazhov).

She cried and looked - right at her foot the malachite stone appeared, but it was all sitting in the ground (P. Bazhov).

Gatchina and Pavlovsk - the residences of the grand ducal couple - have remained to this day, despite new plans and reconstructions, monuments of the era of Paul (G. Chulkov).

But only parent_deceased_ he was not a fool to let such a place, from which all rafting on the river begins, out of his hands (P. Bazhov).

I suspect that her husband, the peaceful Abkhaz prince, had to endure more crude forms of manifestation of her despotic temperament (F. Iskander).

There are no troikas, no riding “Kirghiz”, no hounds and greyhounds, no servants and no owner of all this _ landowner_hunter_, like my late brother-in-law Arseny Semenych (I. Bunin).

“Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin,” he answered with complete and immediate readiness (F. Dostoevsky).

Moreover, her face was similar to her mother, and her mother, some kind of princess with Eastern blood, suffered from something like black melancholy (I. Bunin).

Such sleeves disappeared, time flashed like a spark, the father_professor_ died, everyone grew up, but the clock remained the same and chimed like a tower (M. Bulgakov).

Schoolchildren often find it difficult to understand what a stand-alone application is. Some sentences may include definitions expressed not only by an adjective, but also by a noun. What do such constructions represent in Russian?

Application is a definition expressed by a noun. Almost always agrees with the word being defined in gender, number and case.

Let's look at an example:

Marina took the cat Sima for a walk.

Vladislav decided to feed the hamster Vasya.

In the above example we clearly see this connection. However, the application may not always be used in the same case or gender as the word being defined. This means that it is inconsistent.

Today we will go to Lake Baikal.

In the morning there was fog on Lake Oskol.

Sometimes it is quite difficult to determine which one it is, and difficulties often arise with finding the most isolated application.

Recognition algorithm

Once you remember this algorithm, you can easily find applications:

It is necessary to determine whether the proposal contains special words. For example, by name (nickname), that is, especially, namely, and others. If such words exist, then they must be separated.
If there are no such words in the sentence, you must try to understand what the sentence itself refers to. If it is a personal pronoun, it will always be isolated.
The sentence relating to a common noun should also be isolated.
It is much more difficult to determine whether it is worth separating those sentences that refer to a proper noun. In this case, it is necessary to determine where this word is located.
Words after a proper noun must be separated. If they are standing in front proper noun, we should see whether they have causal significance. If yes, a comma is added.

In order not to make a mistake, you need to carefully consider the structure of the sentence, strictly adhering to the algorithm. “Jumping” from one point to another is not allowed.

Conditions of separation

We list the cases when it is necessary to separate applications:

common and expressed by a noun, which is a common noun;
expressed by a common noun and also refers to a common noun;
refers directly to the personal pronoun;
has words indicating the presence of causality;
common or refers to a proper name;
has circumstantial meaning.

Punctuation marks

There are single and common applications. Single ones, unlike common ones, do not have any explanatory words with them, therefore, they can be located both before and after the word being defined. To avoid difficulties, you should remember that such an application will always specify the subject. In this case, it will be a proper name.

Let's look at examples where the agreed application is found after a common noun:

The Borovaya River has almost dried up.

A new cinema “Sovremennik” has opened in a small town.

The Sea of Azov is a popular resort.

In all the cases listed above, the defining word must be written separately from the common noun. These words should be separated by a hyphen if the word being defined is located after the proper name.

In addition, a hyphen can also separate the word being defined if it gives any qualitative characteristic or denotes occupation, nationality, etc.

To make it more clear, let's look at a few simple examples:

Albanian seller;
female conductor;
pencil skirt;
portrait artist.

It is important! It is very easy to identify this type, so there are no problems with placing a hyphen. It is much more difficult to understand when to use another punctuation mark - a comma.

When to Use a Comma to Separate

The application is single and has a clarifying character if it is located in a sentence after the word being defined, which is a common noun and has its own definition.

Examples: My friend, a model, is constantly on the road. My mother, a doctor, often stays on night shifts.

Applications that appear after the word being defined and at the same time perform the function of a separate definition are isolated.

My neighbor’s son, a boy of about eight, went for a walk with me.

A separate type of detailed meaning of the reason (concession) is introduced into the sentence using the conjunction “how”.

As an educated person, our teacher was sincerely shocked by the lack of education of the children.

Important! The application that refers to the personal pronoun must be set apart, regardless of location in the sentence.

Stubborn, he did not want to listen to the advice of his friends.

If separate offer is located after the proper name and at the same time has an explanatory meaning. In this case, you can insert “namely” in front of it.

Any artist, that is, a master of his craft, is capable of creating a masterpiece.

Applications with the words “by name”, “birth”, “by nickname” should be separated only if they are pronounced with a clarifying intonation.

Her husband, a Georgian by birth, was always very kind to guests.

When to use a dash

You can use this punctuation mark only in three cases:

the appendix is at the end of the sentence and provides a clarifying definition;
when you can insert “namely” in front and the meaning will not change;
location of the structure in the middle of the sentence. It is important that the application is explanatory in nature.

Useful video

Let's sum it up

To understand which punctuation marks to use, you need to learn the rule of what a separate application is and use it in practice.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Full academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Punctuation marks for separate applications

§ 61. Common applications that appear after the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, as well as those separated from them by other members of the sentence or relating to the missing member of the sentence, separated by commas: Volodya, a seventeen-year-old boy, ugly, sickly and timid, sitting in the gazebo(Ch.); I remembered the little girl Spirka's niece (Shuksh.); IN " Last deadline“This is how old woman Anna left us, in “Farewell to Matera” - Matera, island on the Angara River (Hall.); There she is predator underwater world , splashing on spring ice (Ast.); They, mother and both daughters, were at home(Ch.); They really different, these lines, they oppose each other(Hall.); He I thought all this night Vershinin Sr. (Hall.); He was bitter and spiritual, this winged, steppe, eastern wind (Shol.); ...But the “base” was exactly the same as in Veisk, the decrepit heritage of old Russian cities (Ast.); She did not know how to be affectionate towards her father or her mother. Child herself, I didn’t want to play and jump in a crowd of children...(P.).

Along with commas, common applications can be highlighted dash:

a) if the application has the meaning of clarification or explanation: Ryazantsev and Zoya - his wife- were from the same class(Hall.); And now two paternal uncles and Ivan Markovich - mother's uncle- solve the problem(Ch.);

b) if the application is widespread enough: Fiction writer Beskudnikov - quiet, decent dressed man with attentive and at the same time elusive eyes- took out his watch(Bulg.);

c) if the application is at the end of the sentence: Finally the mechanic showed up - a young guy who has not yet taken off his college badge (Spread); It smells like rain - gentle and at the same time pungent smell of moisture, damp garden paths (Paust.); How firm and affectionate she was - this one is short, quite fat woman (Hall.). Such applications are highly independent and often contain a detailed description of an object or person: And yet they were - boy, white and timid, in an old worn-out school uniform, with his ears tied up with a black scarf, and girl, in a checkered, oversized, waterproof jacket(M.G.);

G) if the application repeats the same word as the one being defined: But he[fear] has already appeared V new form- in the shape of dreary, expectant, persistent fear(M.G.).

§ 62. Common applications preceding the word being defined are highlighted commas(the conditions of separation coincide with the conditions of separation with agreed definitions, see § 46-48):

1. if, in addition to a definitive meaning, they also have an adverbial connotation: Kind and man of heart , new teacher quickly won the respect and love of his students. If a common application does not have a circumstantial meaning, then it is not highlighted: Fourth brigade duty foreman Zyryansky took over duty on the convoy(Poppy.);

2. if they refer to personal pronouns: A tradesman by birth, who learned to read and write in a monastery cell, he, of course, did not read the “secular” books that were in our library...(Art.); Georgian, Prince Shakro Ptadze, one son of his father, a wealthy Kutaisi landowner, he served as a clerk at one of the Transcaucasian stations railway and lived with a friend(M.G.).

§ 63. Uncommon applications are isolated or not isolated depending on their location in relation to the word being defined, and on the presence or absence of other definitions with the word being defined.

1. Uncommon applications related to proper names are not isolated if they appear before the noun being defined: She came running from the young ladies' rooms at the noise housemaid Dunyasha(Cupr.).

Note. Near worthwhile names proper and common nouns can perform different functions depending on the value being expressed. For example, in the sentence Entered him sister Masha application is sister ; being logically isolated, the word sister can become definable, and then given name Masha acquires the function of a clarifying application and is separated: His sister came in Masha .

2. Separated (by signs dash or commas) applications expressed by proper names and related to common nouns. Such applications are of a clarifying nature and are located after the defined words: To his wife - Alevtina- I didn’t really want to go to the village in the summer(Shuksh.); Both older girls Katya and Sonya, began to keep a watchful eye on the boys(Ch.). The same applies to clarifying applications related to personal pronouns: He, Sasha, received almost no education(Ch.).

3. Uncommon applications expressed by common nouns and standing after the defined word that already has definitions are isolated: This man, with a bag on his shoulder, soldier, has stopped(L.T.). Less often, such applications are isolated when there is an uncommon qualified noun (in order to prevent them from merging with the qualified noun): And the enemies fools, they think that we are afraid of death(Fad.). Wed. A enemies are idiots think…

4. When referring to personal pronouns, the place of application does not play a role; it is always isolated: Engineer, he knew his business perfectly; He, engineer, knew his business perfectly.

Note. About uncommon applications written with a hyphen ( hero city, medical student etc.), see “Spelling”, § 120, paragraph 1 b.

§ 64. Applications that have words attached to them are separated by commas ( by name, by surname, by nickname, by origin, family etc.), as well as unions How(if complicated by causal meaning) and or(at explanatory meaning): Uncle Nikolai Uspensky had a son, a high school student, named Gleb (Chuk.); I have known the chairman of the artel for a long time. It was his peer nicknamed Rudnya, a peasant from a neighboring village(Fed.); Soon a young engineer fell in love with Zoska, by the surname Rubshchikov, by the name Roman (Ast.); Her husband, Mr. Stas, Pole by origin, worked as a salesman in a store(Ast.); To him, as a timid and unsociable person, the first thing that caught his eye was something he had never had, namely, the extraordinary courage of his new acquaintances(Ch.); As an official, police officer, Soshnin is used to meeting different people (Ast.); Lydia, or, what was her name at home, Lida, spoke more with Belokurov than with me(Ch.).

Note 1: Attachments appended with words by name, by surname, by nickname, may not be isolated if they have a basic, distinctive meaning, that is, they are not a clarification or explanation of the preceding defined word: He got himself a teddy bear named Yasha (Paust.); We are interested in the professor by last name Petrov .

Note 2: Application with conjunction How must be distinguished from the phrase with the meaning “as a quality”. Wed: He, as an engineer must be the construction manager (being an engineer, must lead; application). - He came to the construction site as an engineer(as an engineer; see § 90).

§ 65. Applications are separated single dash(the second dash is absorbed by another character or omitted):

1. if the application belongs to one of homogeneous members offers: A mechanic, a tractor driver spoke at the meeting - my brother, agronomist and rural teacher;

2. in the presence of a number of homogeneous applications standing in front of the word being defined: A contemporary of Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov and Gorky, N. Roerich and Rachmaninov, a passionate and even biased witness of turbulent revolutionary events in Russia - Bunin often argued with history, with the century, with his contemporaries(L. Kr.);

3. if the application refers to a number of homogeneous defined words: On Pushkin holiday poets, prose writers and playwrights came to Mikhailovskoye - Muscovites ;

4. if, according to the context, there is a comma after the application: Walking along your carriage - our temporary home, we saw a familiar face in the window(the dash is absorbed by a comma separating the adverbial phrase);

5. if the application has more specific meaning in comparison with the meaning of the word being defined: Source of strength from mother - native land seems to be an important and healing source for everyone(second dash omitted).

In the last two cases (paragraphs 4, 5) it is also possible to separate them with commas.

§ 66. IN special cases applications, distributed and non-distributed, can be separated dot(when dividing a sentence): ...The house modestly closed its eyes and dutifully sank into the ground between the blind ends of two panel structures. A landmark, a milestone, a childhood memory and a kind shelter for people (Ast.). (See § 9.)

§ 67. When combining applications, a combination of characters (commas and dashes) is possible: At night the dog often cried in his sleep, nicknamed Funtik, a small red dachshund (Paust.).

From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 51. Punctuation marks in dialogue 1. If dialogue lines are given each in a paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them: - So the German is calm? - Silence. - Rockets? - Yes, but not very often (Kaz.).2. If replicas are included in the selection without indicating who they belong to, then each of them

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(ZN) of the author TSB

§ 71. Alternative punctuation marks 1. For complex subordinating conjunctions a comma is placed once - either before the entire conjunction, or, depending on the meaning, intonation, certain lexical conditions, before the second part (the first is part of the main part

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

§ 72. Variable punctuation marks Various punctuation marks are often found in print punctuation similar texts. Above, for example, it was said that before connecting structure can stand different signs punctuation: comma, dash, period, ellipsis (see § 24,

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, literary editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue If lines of dialogue are given from a new paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them, for example: - Do you have any relatives? - There is no one. I'm alone in the world. - Do you know how to read and write? - Yes. – Do you know any language other than Aramaic? - I know. Greek (Bulgakov). If

From the book Rock Encyclopedia. Popular music in Leningrad-Petersburg, 1965–2005. Volume 1 author Burlaka Andrey Petrovich

§ 123. Punctuation marks in dialogue 1. If dialogue lines are given from a new paragraph, then a dash is placed in front of them, for example: - So the German is calm? - Silence. - Rockets! - Yes, but not very often (Kazakevich).2. If the replicas are included in the selection without indicating who they belong to, then

From the author's book

PUNCIPATION MARKS AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF SENTENCES. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional overtones of the statement, a period is placed at the end of the sentence

From the author's book

Punctuation marks for homogeneous applications § 42. Applications (definitions expressed by nouns) not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications standing before the word being defined and denoting close signs of an object,

From the author's book

PUNCTION MARKS FOR SEPARATE MEMBERS

From the author's book

Punctuation marks for separate agreed definitions § 46. Definitive phrases are separated (highlighted or separated) by commas, i.e. definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words, in the following cases.1. Definitive

From the author's book

Punctuation marks for isolated inconsistent definitions § 53. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by nouns in the shape of indirect cases with prepositions and related to common nouns noun, are isolated: 1) if the word being defined is already

From the author's book

Punctuation marks when isolated circumstances§ 68. Circumstances expressed participial phrases, are separated by commas, regardless of location in relation to the predicate verb: Without putting on his cap, he went out onto the porch (Shol.); Having become riotous during the night, the forest

From the author's book

Punctuation marks for insertions § 97. Insertion structures (words, combinations of words, sentences) are highlighted with brackets or dashes. They contain additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments to what has been said; explain, interpret the main part of the statement: Since 1851

From the author's book

PUNCTION MARKS FOR ADDRESSES § 101. Addresses, i.e. words and combinations of words naming the addressee of speech, are highlighted (or separated) by commas. When emotionality increases, it is placed Exclamation point after the address: Congratulations, comrades, on your safe arrival

From the author's book

Punctuation marks for quotations § 140. Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks and are formalized with punctuation marks in the same way as direct speech (see § 133-136): a) Marcus Aurelius said: “Pain is a living idea of pain: make an effort of will to change this is a show, throw it away, stop it

From the author's book

PUNCTUAL MARKS The group PUNCTION MARKS was born in June 1988 as a peculiar reaction to the change in musical direction in the popular St. Petersburg group of the second half of the 80s THE YOUNGER BROTHERS - from melodic neo-romanticism and electropop towards hard guitar