Concept of system. Systematic approach of 11th grade student Alexey Tychko
What is a system? A system is a collection of material or information objects that has a certain integrity
Properties of systems Integrity - a system is an abstract entity that has integrity and is defined within its boundaries. Synergy, emergence, holism, systemic effect - the appearance of properties in a system that are not inherent in the elements of the system; the fundamental irreducibility of the properties of a system to the sum of the properties of its constituent components (non-additivity). The capabilities of the system exceed the sum of the capabilities of its constituent parts; the overall performance or functionality of a system is better than the simple sum of its elements. Hierarchy - each element of the system can be considered as a system; the system itself can also be considered as an element of some supersystem (supersystem).
System approach System approach is a direction in the methodology of scientific knowledge, which is based on consideration of an object as a system: an integral complex of interrelated elements; a set of interacting objects; collections of entities and relationships.
Basic principles of the systems approach Integrity - allowing us to simultaneously consider the system as a single whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels. Hierarchical structure - that is, the presence of many (at least two) elements located on the basis of the subordination of lower-level elements to higher-level elements. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any specific organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: the managing and the managed. One is subordinate to the other. Structuring - allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements as by the properties of the structure itself. Multiplicity - allowing the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole. Systematicity is the property of an object to have all the characteristics of a system.
System analysis System analysis is the study of real objects and phenomena from the point of view of a systems approach, consisting of the stages of analysis and synthesis. Analysis of a system is the separation of its parts in order to clarify the composition of the system. Synthesis is the mental or real connection of parts into a single whole.
Models of systems The “black box” model represents the system at the level of descriptions of the connections of its inputs and outputs. Composition model - a list of parts that make up the system. Structural model - reflects the composition and internal connections of the system. Graph is a graphical representation of a structural model.
The textbook reveals the issues of studying an organization as a complex social formation - a socio-economic system with an orderly internal structure, a variety of connections between elements, including human relations, requiring some specific methods and approaches. The organization is viewed and studied using systemic, structural, functional, process, behavioral, information and situational approaches.
The textbook was developed taking into account the requirements of state educational standards and is intended for students of higher educational institutions of economic and non-economic specialties; it can be used as methodological material in the preparation, retraining and advanced training of personnel in the field of management, as well as in scientific and practical activities.
General concepts of systems theory.
The study of any complex object involves representing it as a system. This is especially true in conditions of a changing and uncertain environment, the dynamics of external and internal processes of the organization.
By system we mean a set of elements ordered in a certain way, interconnected and forming an integral unity.
As a rule, all artificial systems are purposeful, i.e. are created and exist to achieve a specific goal(s). The basic features of the system can be identified:
there is a certain order of arrangement and interaction of materials, energy and information (design, system structure);
there is a goal to achieve which the system is created;
outputs of materials, energy and information are placed in accordance with a predetermined order;
there is a set of preferences (priorities, criteria, assessments) that ensures an optimal (rational, preferable) combination and interaction of system elements.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATION THEORY. ORGANIZATION - SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM
1.1. General concepts of systems theory
1.2. Organization as a system
1.3. The theory of organization in the system of sciences
1.4. Evolution of views on organization
2. STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATION
2.1. Complexity of the organization
2.2 Formalization
2.3. Ratio "centralization / decentralization"
2.4. Main types of organizational structures
3. FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
3.1. Decision making in organizations
3.2. Coordination
3.3. Organizational communications
3.4. Organizational effectiveness
4. PROCESSES IN THE ORGANIZATION
4.1. The main and supporting activities of the company
4.2. Rules for identifying processes in an organization
4.3. Business process management system
4.4. Modern techniques for describing business processes
4.5. Reengineering
5. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO AN ORGANIZATION
5.1. Leader - manager - leader
5.2. Organizational culture
5.3. Intergroup relations in the organization
5.4. Trust in organizations
6. SITUATIONAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATION
6.1. Diagnostics and situation analysis
6.2. Models of the situational approach to organization
6.3. Forms of organizations in Russia
6.4. Integration of organizations
6.5. Organizational change and development
7. INFORMATION APPROACH TO THE ORGANIZATION
7.1. The impact of information systems on an organization
7.2. Information in the organization
7.3. Creation and implementation of information systems
7.4. The role of information systems in the activities of organizations
7.5. E-business and e-commerce
CONCLUSION
WORKSHOP ON ORGANIZATION THEORY
P1. General recommendations for studying the course
P2. Guidelines
P3. Practical topics
P4. Materials for implementation in the learning process
LIST OF SOURCES USED.
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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTSOLIFK)"
Institute of Sports and Physical Education
Department of Theoretical and Methodological Foundations of Physical Culture and Sports
Report
On the topic: “Systems approach”
Work completed by: 1st year master's student
Filimonova Ekaterina Viktorovna
Checked by: Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor
Polyansky Valery Petrovich
Moscow 2015
The concept of “systems approach” has been widely used since the end. 1960s - early 1970s in English and Russian philosophical and systems literature. The systems approach is a direction of research methodology, which is based on considering an object as an integral set of elements in a set of relationships and connections between them, that is, considering the object as a system.
Historically, the ideas of a systematic study of the objects of the world and the processes of cognition arose in ancient philosophy (Plato, Aristotle), were widely developed in the philosophy of modern times (Kant, Schelling), and were studied by Marx in relation to the economic structure of capitalist society.
The special development of the systems approach began in the mid-twentieth century with the transition to the study and use in practice of complex multicomponent systems.
A systematic approach is a way of organizing actions that covers any type of activity, identifying patterns and relationships in order to use them more effectively. At the same time, the systems approach is not so much a method of solving problems as a method of setting problems. As they say, “A question asked correctly is half the answer.” This is a qualitatively higher way of cognition than just an objective one.
Basic concepts of the systems approach: “system”, “element”, “composition”, “structure”, “functions”, “functioning” and “goal”.
A system is an object whose functioning, necessary and sufficient to achieve its goal, is ensured (under certain environmental conditions) by a set of its constituent elements that are in appropriate relationships with each other.
The focus of the systems approach is not on studying the elements as such, but primarily on the structure of the object and the place of the elements in it. In general basic moments systems approach are as follows:
1. Study of the phenomenon of integrity and establishment of the composition of the whole and its elements.
2. Study of the patterns of connecting elements into a system, i.e. structure of the object, which forms the core of the systems approach.
3. In close connection with the study of structure, it is necessary to study the functions of the system and its components, i.e. structural and functional analysis of the system.
4. Study of the genesis of the system, its boundaries and connections with other systems.
Basic principles systematic approach:
Integrity, which allows us to simultaneously consider the system as a single whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.
Hierarchical structure, i.e. the presence of many (at least two) elements located on the basis of the subordination of lower-level elements to higher-level elements. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any specific organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: the managing and the managed. One is subordinate to the other.
Structuring, which allows you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements as by the properties of the structure itself.
Multiplicity, allowing the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.
Among the most important tasks systems approach include:
1) development of means of representing researched and constructed objects as systems;
2) construction of generalized models of the system, models of different classes and specific properties of systems;
3) study of the structure of systems theories and various system concepts and developments.
In systems research, the analyzed object is considered as a certain set of elements, the interconnection of which determines the integral properties of this set.
An important feature of the systems approach is that not only the object, but also the research process itself acts as a complex system, the task of which, in particular, is to combine various models of the object into a single whole.
A systematic approach in the study of physical culture allows us to comprehensively cover the totality of phenomena and patterns inherent in it, makes it possible to comprehend them in interrelation, eliminate their artificial division into parts, identify the integrity inherent in the objects of reality, allows us to include specialists of various specialties and profiles in this process
A prerequisite for the penetration of the systems approach into science in the 20th century. First of all, there was a transition to a new type of scientific problems: in a number of areas of science, problems of the organization and functioning of complex objects began to occupy a central place; cognition operates with systems, the boundaries and composition of which are far from obvious and require special research in each individual case. In the 2nd half. 20th century tasks of a similar type arise in social practice: in social management, instead of the previously prevailing local, sectoral tasks and principles, large complex problems begin to play a leading role, requiring close interconnection of economic, social, environmental and other aspects of social life (for example, global problems, complex problems of socio-economic development of countries and regions, problems of creating modern industries, complexes, urban development, environmental protection measures, etc.).
The change in the type of scientific and practical problems is accompanied by the emergence of general scientific and special scientific concepts, which are characterized by the use in one form or another of the basic ideas of the systems approach. Along with the dissemination of the principles of the systems approach to new areas of scientific knowledge and practice from Ser. 20th century The systematic development of these principles in methodological terms begins. Initially, methodological studies were grouped around the tasks of constructing a general theory of systems. The systems approach does not exist in the form of a strict theoretical or methodological concept: it performs its heuristic functions, remaining a set of cognitive principles, the main meaning of which is the appropriate orientation of specific studies. This orientation is accomplished in two ways.
Firstly, the substantive principles of the systems approach make it possible to record the insufficiency of old, traditional subjects of study for setting and solving new problems.
Secondly, the concepts and principles of the systems approach significantly help to construct new subjects of study, setting the structural and typological characteristics of these subjects, etc. contributing to the formation of constructive research programs. The role of the systems approach in the development of scientific, technical and practical-oriented knowledge is as follows.
Firstly, the concepts and principles of the systems approach reveal a broader cognitive reality compared to that which was recorded in previous knowledge (for example, the concept of the biosphere in the concept of V.I. Vernadsky, the concept of biogeocenosis in modern ecology, the optimal approach in economic management and planning, etc.).
Secondly, within the framework of the systems approach, new explanation schemes are being developed in comparison with the previous stages of the development of scientific knowledge, which are based on the search for specific mechanisms of the integrity of an object and the identification of the typology of its connections.
Thirdly, from the thesis about the variety of types of connections of an object, which is important for the systems approach, it follows that any complex object allows for several divisions. In this case, the criterion for choosing the most adequate division of the object being studied can be the extent to which it is possible to construct a “unit” of analysis that allows one to record the integral properties of the object, its structure and dynamics.
system constructed general scientific object
Bibliography
1. Vertakova Yu.V., Sogacheva O.V. Research of socio-economic and political processes: Textbook. allowance. - M.: Knorus, 2009.
2. Blauberg I.V., E.G. Yudin Formation and essence of the systems approach. - M.: Nauka, 1973.
3. Lavrinenko V.N., Putilova L.M. Research of socio-economic and political processes: Textbook. allowance. - M.: University textbook, 2004.
4. Savelyev A.V. Ontological extension of the theory of functional systems // Journal of problems in the evolution of open systems. - Almaty, 2005. - No. 1(7). -- P. 86-94.
5. Systems research. Yearbook, vol. 1-26. M., 1969-1998;
6. Sociological dictionary / resp. ed. G.V. Osipov, L.N. Moskvichev. M, 2014, p. 421
7. Uemov A.I. Systems approach and general systems theory. M., 1978;
8. Yudin E. G. Methodological nature of the systems approach // System Research. - M.: Nauka, 1973.
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Systems approach- direction of the methodology of scientific knowledge, which is based on the consideration of an object as a system: an integral complex of interconnected elements (I. V. Blauberg, V. N. Sadovsky, E. G. Yudin); sets of interacting objects (L. von Bertalanffy); sets of entities and relationships (Hall A.D., Fagin R.I., late Bertalanffy)
Speaking about a systems approach, we can talk about a certain way of organizing our actions, one that covers any type of activity, identifying patterns and relationships in order to use them more effectively. At the same time, the systems approach is not so much a method of solving problems as a method of setting problems. As they say, “A question asked correctly is half the answer.” This is a qualitatively higher way of cognition than just an objective one.
Basic principles of the systems approach
Integrity, which allows us to simultaneously consider the system as a single whole and at the same time as a subsystem for higher levels.
Hierarchical structure, that is, the presence of a set (at least two) elements arranged on the basis of the subordination of lower-level elements to higher-level elements. The implementation of this principle is clearly visible in the example of any specific organization. As you know, any organization is an interaction of two subsystems: the managing and the managed. One is subordinate to the other.
Structuring, allowing you to analyze the elements of the system and their relationships within a specific organizational structure. As a rule, the process of functioning of a system is determined not so much by the properties of its individual elements as by the properties of the structure itself.
Plurality, allowing the use of many cybernetic, economic and mathematical models to describe individual elements and the system as a whole.
Systematicity, the property of an object to have all the characteristics of a system.
Features of the systems approach
Systems approach- this is an approach in which any system (object) is considered as a set of interconnected elements (components), having an output (goal), input (resources), connection with the external environment, feedback. This is the most complex approach. The systems approach is a form of application of the theory of knowledge and dialectics to the study of processes occurring in nature, society, and thinking. Its essence lies in the implementation of the requirements of the general theories systems, according to which each object in the process of its research should be considered as a large and complex system and at the same time as an element of a more general system.
A detailed definition of a systems approach also includes the mandatory study and practical use of the following its eight aspects:
- system-element or system-complex which consists in identifying the elements that make up a given system. In all social systems one can find material components (means of production and consumer goods), processes (economic, social, political, spiritual, etc.) and ideas, scientifically-conscious interests of people and their communities;
- systemic-structural which consists in clarifying the internal connections and dependencies between the elements of a given system and allowing one to get an idea of the internal organization (structure) of the system under study;
- system-functional, which involves identifying the functions for which the corresponding systems have been created and exist;
system-target, meaning the need for scientific determination of the goals and subgoals of the system, their mutual coordination with each other;
- system-resource, which consists in carefully identifying the resources required for the functioning of the system, for the system to solve a particular problem;
- system-integration, which consists in determining the totality of qualitative properties of the system, ensuring its integrity and distinctiveness;
- system-communication, meaning the need to identify external connections of a given system with others, that is, its connections with the environment;
- systemic-historical, which makes it possible to find out the conditions during the emergence of the system under study, the stages it has passed through, the current state, as well as possible prospects for development.
Almost all modern sciences are built on a systemic principle. An important aspect of the systems approach is the development of a new principle for its use - the creation of a new, unified and more optimal approach (general methodology) to cognition, for applying it to any cognizable material, with the guaranteed goal of obtaining the most complete and holistic understanding of this material.