Specialists in the field of general and specific theories of translation. Consecutive interpreting

Interpreter, dragoman. ... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. translator, interpreter, interpreter, dragoman, prescriber, whisperer, synchronist, translator, translator,... ... Synonym dictionary

TRANSLATOR, translator, husband. 1. A person engaged in translations from one language to another. Translator from French. 2. One who translates or has translated something (see translate in 8, 9 and especially 10 meanings; simple). Money translator. Intelligent... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

An intermediate link in communication, the need for which arises in cases where the codes used by the source and the recipient do not match. As a language intermediary, a translator can carry out not only translation, but also various other things... ... Financial Dictionary

TRANSLATOR, huh, husband. Specialist in translations from one language to another. P. from Czech. | wives translator, s. | adj. translation, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Translator- the author of the translated work, who owns the right to the translation performed by him. According to the law of the Russian Federation On motor vehicles. law and related rights, P. must use the author. the right to the work created by him, provided that he respects the rights of the original author... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

Translator- (English translator, interpreter) 1) in civil and criminal proceedings, a person who speaks the languages necessary to translate statements, testimony, petitions, explanations, familiarize himself with the case materials, speak in court in his native language... Encyclopedia of Law

TRANSLATOR- an individual who speaks languages whose knowledge is necessary for translation in civil, administrative, criminal proceedings or during its consideration... Legal encyclopedia

translator- 3.6 translator: Individual, who translated the text of the work into the language of this publication. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

TRANSLATOR- Job responsibilities. Translates scientific, technical, socio-political, economic and other specialized literature, patent descriptions, regulatory technical and shipping documentation, correspondence materials with foreign... Qualification directory for positions of managers, specialists and other employees

The request "Translator" is redirected here; see also other meanings. The request is redirected here " Electronic translator" A separate article is needed on this topic. A translator is a specialist engaged in translation, that is, the creation of written... ... Wikipedia

Noun, m., used. compare often Morphology: (no) whom? translator, who? translator, (see) who? translator, by whom? translator, about whom? about the translator; pl. Who? translators, (no) who? translators, who? translators, (I see) who? translators... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

Translator, Alexander Shuvalov. Sergei Volkov, a former GRU special forces officer and now a free shooter, receives an order (he prefers to call it a task) to deal “informally” with a group of raiders... audiobook

This is also the name of the direction of scientific research related to the construction of such systems.

Forms of organizing interaction between a computer and a person during machine translation[ | ]

With post-editing: the source text is processed by a machine, and a human editor corrects the result.
With pre-editing: a person adapts the text to machine processing (eliminates possible ambiguous readings, simplifies and marks up the text), after which software processing begins.
With inter-editing: a person intervenes in the operation of the translation system, resolving difficult cases.
Mixed systems (for example, simultaneously with pre- and post-editing).

Automated translation[ | ]

Instead of "machine" sometimes the word is used auto, which does not affect the meaning. However, the term automated translation has a completely different meaning - with it the program simply helps a person translate texts.

Automated translation involves the following forms of interaction:

In English terminology, English terms also differ. machine translation, MT (fully automatic translation) and English. machine-aided or English. machine-assisted translation (MAT)(automated); if it is necessary to designate both, write M(A)T.

There are two fundamentally different approaches to constructing machine translation algorithms: rule-based and statistical-based. The first approach is traditional and is used by most developers of machine translation systems (PROMT in Russia, SYSTRAN in France, Linguatec in Germany, etc.). The second type includes the popular service Yandex.Translator, Google Translator, as well as a new service from ABBYY.

Statistical machine translation[ | ]

Philosophical justifications[ | ]

...we insist on empowering translation machines with “completeness” inner life» person; however, we simply do not know to what extent it is possible to “lack personality” to a machine that is supposed to translate well. We do not know whether it is possible to “understand” without having at least a rudimentary “personality.”<…>It is not possible to effectively use operational language fully as a translation tool in the sphere of discursive - mental languages. Either machines will act “understanding”, or there will be no truly effective translation machines at all.

Translation quality[ | ]

The quality of translation depends on the subject and style of the source text, as well as the grammatical, syntactic and lexical relatedness of the languages between which the translation is made. Machine translation of literary texts is almost always of unsatisfactory quality. However, for technical documents If you have specialized machine dictionaries and some adjustment of the system to the peculiarities of a particular type of text, it is possible to obtain a translation of acceptable quality, which only needs minor editorial adjustments. [ ] The more formal the style of the source document, the higher the quality of the translation you can expect. The best results when using machine translation can be achieved for texts written in technical (various descriptions and manuals) and official business style.

The use of machine translation without customization for the topic (or with deliberately incorrect settings) is the subject of numerous jokes on the Internet. Of the oldest and most popular examples of such jokes, the most famous is the text of the translation of mouse driver documentation, known as "Mouse Hurts", stated as "a translation of computer documentation by the Poliglossum machine translation system based on medical, commercial and legal dictionaries." From the short ones - the phrase “ Our cat gave birth to three kittens - two whites and one black", which the online translator "" - into "algebra of Lies", "eccentricity vector" - into "vector of originality", "Shawnee Smith" into "Indian of the Shawnee Smith tribe", etc. Google Translator, on the contrary, the word " rice» often mistaken for a surname

Other Portal:Linguistics

Translation- activity of interpreting the meaning of a text in one language (source language [SL]) and creating a new equivalent text in another language (translating language [TL]). Initially, there was only manual translation (performed by a person), but there were attempts to automate translation into natural languages(machine translation (eng. MT - Machine Translation) or use computers as translation aids (automated translation (eng. CAT - Computer Aided/Assisted Translation).

equivalence between the source [IT] and the translation text [PT], as a result of which both texts carry same meanings based on the cultural and customary characteristics of the languages in which they are created. Among the main factors influencing translation are context, the main tiers and grammatical structure of the FL and TL, traditions of written and oral speech, phraseological units, etc.

Written and oral translation

Translation activities are divided into two significantly different types of translation. Written translation (English translation) consists of transferring the meaning of the source text into a written text on written or electronic media, taking into account the norms and features of the written language of both texts. Oral translation (English interpreting) aims to transfer the meaning of the statement of a representative of the culture of the source language into the target language, taking into account the characteristics of oral speech of both languages. Interpretation is divided into simultaneous and consecutive. It is worth noting that sign language translation is not usually classified as a type of oral translation.

The invention of the computer facilitated the creation of electronic dictionaries and, later, computer-aided translation programs. Translation performed with their help does not include the transfer of the semantic and resulting emotional side of the text. The problems of such auxiliary translator tools are similar to the self-learning of artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, such tools are indispensable in translation activities, especially in large translation agencies. There are also online automatic translation services. individual words, sentences and entire phrases (such as Google Translate), which are built on statistical information about how people translate individual phrases.

The services of translation agencies are quite in demand in most countries of the world, since the need for translation exists in many areas human activity. Thus, translation provides technical, business, tourism, everyday life, etc. areas and helps in overcoming language barrier millions of people on our planet on a daily basis.

Video on the topic

Translation history

Armenia

From the beginning of the 5th century, a rapid translation movement began in Armenia. The period from 406 to 460 is usually called “classical” or “pre-Grecophile”. Translation technology this time ad sensation, when an authentic but not literal translation was performed. Translations were carried out mainly of a religious nature, although there were exceptions, for example, “Ecclesiastical History” by Eusebius of Caesarea. The Bible, works of Athanasius of Alexandria, Basil of Caesarea, John Chrysostom, Cyril of Alexandria, Hippolytus of Rome and others were translated. The next stage in history Armenian translation- so-called “Grecophile”, covers the time from the middle of the 5th to the beginning of the 8th century. His technique verbum e verbo- literal translation. Translators are moving to more didactic and philosophical works. New words, prefixes and terms are created in the Armenian language, Greek grammatical structures, etc. During this period, Aristotle, Plato, Porphyry, Philo of Alexandria, Galen, Pappus of Alexandria, Aesop, Nemesius, Gregory of Nyssa and others were translated. In the 10th century, some works that were later included in the collection “A Thousand and One Nights” were translated from Arabic; in the 11th century, Euclid’s “Principles” was translated from the original. After a relative decline in the 8th-11th centuries, translation is reviving again, especially in Cilicia. Armenian kingdom and among the Armenian Uniates. Of the Cilician translations, the most notable are the “Chronicle” of Michael the Syrian, translations of legal, medical and other nature. The next stage in Armenian studies is usually called “unitorial”; it covers the 14th century. Then the works of Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, Benedict of Nuria, Gregory the Great and others were translated into Armenian. IN XVII-XVIII centuries A large number of European scientific and literary works were translated.

Arab countries

The Arabic translation movement arose at the beginning of the 9th century. A large number of works of classical literature were translated, especially in the fields of mathematics, medicine, astrology and astronomy.

Russia

Origins Russian history translations, embodied in written monuments, date back to the time of the adoption of Christianity and the appearance of writing in Rus'. Like all European peoples, since the 10th century, the theory of word-by-word translation, based on the iconic perception of the word sign and the special status of the Bible, has enjoyed absolute priority.

First full translation Bibles from the Latin Vulgate into Old Church Slavonic were completed in the 15th century by the Novgorod interpreter Dmitry Gerasimov.

The translator must have a good command of the TL in order to be able to correctly decode the meaning.

This is where the practical differences between interpretation and translation come into play. Translators know that a written text of sufficient complexity (for example, fiction) must be translated by a native speaker. The fact is that not only a specialist, but also any trained reader can easily recognize a translation into native language, done a foreigner.

The opposite situation is observed in oral translation(of sufficient complexity - simultaneous or consecutive translation). In this case, it is more convenient for the translator to work on foreign language. Often, both participants in a bilateral meeting come to negotiations with a personal translator, whose task is to convey the speaker’s words in TL as completely as possible. This phenomenon is usually explained by the fact that, when translating into a non-native language, the translator automatically uses memorized constructions, and when translating into his native language, he gets lost in the variety of possible options and is forced to settle on a solution that is far from optimal.

Knowledge of the subject discussed in the text is extremely important.

In recent years, thanks to research in cognitive linguistics, significant strides have been made in understanding the mental side of the translation process.

Translation quality

The purpose of the translation is to establish relationships equivalence between IT and PT; in other words, both texts convey the same message; Despite the various obstacles that a translator has to overcome, a translation that meets two criteria is considered successful:

Accuracy or reliability. It is characterized by how accurately the translation conveys the meaning of the source text; whether he does this by adding or subtracting something from the meaning, strengthening or weakening any elements of the meaning.

Transparency. Here we're talking about about the extent to which a translation is perceived by a native speaker not as a translation, but as original text in the target language, corresponding to the grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic norms of the language.

A translation that meets the first criterion can be called a "faithful translation"; a translation that meets the second criterion is characterized as an “idiomatic translation.”

The criteria used for assessing the accuracy of a translation vary depending on the subject matter of the text, the accuracy of the content of the original, the type, function and use of the text, its literary qualities, and the social and historical context.

The criteria for assessing the transparency of a translation seem simpler: non-idiomatic translation is dissonant, and the word-by-word translation process that many machine translation systems perform often produces incoherent text.

However, in certain situations the translator may consciously perform a literal translation. For example, translators of fiction and religious texts often stick as closely as possible to the source text. For this purpose, they deliberately “stretch” the boundaries of the target language, producing non-idiomatic text.

Concepts accuracy And transparency discussed in modern theories translation in different ways. The idea that an acceptable translation must preserve the idiostyle of IT is dominant in some cultures.

Concepts accuracy And transparency remain key in the West. They do not always have such status in other cultures. For example, Indian epic Ramayana has many versions in various Indian languages, and the stories are often very different from each other. If you pay attention to the words used for translation in the languages of India (Indo-Aryan or Dravidian), the freedom that the translator receives becomes obvious.

If you need to assess how well a translator will meet these criteria, one option is to analyze his core philosophy. Philosophy may be reflected on separate pages (mission, vision, values), but there is a possibility that this text serves only an aesthetic function. It is more reliable when the “philosophy” is reflected in appeals, passes through documents, etc. The best option is recommendations.

Translation problems

Translation is complex as an activity in itself. Moreover, in practice, the translator must overcome many obstacles, which further complicate the translation process.

Source text problems

The source text is not final and is rewritten while the translation is being made
The text is written illegibly
The text contains spelling errors
The text is only an excerpt
The text is poorly composed
Missing links in the text (for example, the translator must translate titles or captions for missing photographs)

Letter or spirit?

An important problem in translation is the question of whether the translator should adhere to the spirit and atmosphere of the book or translate everything exactly as in the original, literally (in English these concepts have the terms fidelity/faithfulness - “accuracy, faithfulness of transmission” and transparency - “transparency, clarity” ). This problem is closely related to the issue of measurability and determination of criteria for the quality of translation and its closeness to the original. This also includes the question of the degree of freedom of the translator (that is, within what length of the text he has the right to translate and cannot leave, a kind of atomic object of translation - a phrase, part of a phrase, phrase or paragraph).

The problem of untranslatability, sociocultural component

There is often debate about whether certain words are untranslatable. From time to time, lists of such words are compiled. Often these lists include a Portuguese word (also found in Spanish) saudade, which is an example of a difficult word to translate. It is translated literally as "sorrowful yearning" or "sad longing", but has some nuances that are difficult to include in translation: the word has a positive connotation, which is a subtlety that is lost in translation. Some words cause difficulties in translation if the translator tends to stay in the same grammatical category. So, in other languages it is difficult to find a word corresponding to Russian why or the Yiddish word שלימזל ( shlimazzle), but, for example, in English the adjectives “inquisitive” and “jinxed” are good matches.

Linguists study arcane words with local connotations and often call them “untranslatable,” but in reality words with such cultural connotations are the most easily translated—even more easily than universal concepts such as “mama.” This is explained by the fact that there is a certain translation practice of preserving such words in the target language; for these purposes, you can resort to borrowing a word if it is not yet in the target language. So, for example, the menu of a French restaurant in England will most likely say Paté de foie gras, how Fat liver paste, even though that would be a good equivalent. However, in most cases it will be written in English instead foie gras pâté. In some cases, only transcription is needed: the Japanese word わさび is transcribed in English as wasabi. It is acceptable to provide a brief description or some parallel concept: わさび can be translated into English as Japanese horseradish(“Japanese horseradish”).

The more tangible the specific cultural connotation of a word, the easier it is to translate. For example, the name of some little-known settlement, such as Euroa in Australia, transmitted as Euroa in any language written using the Latin alphabet, but sometimes other options need to be considered: Zaragoza can be transmitted as Saragossa, Saragosse etc. Another example: China (Chinese 中国) in English is rendered as China, but differently in other languages: Cina, Chine etc.

Words that are difficult to translate are often small, very common words. For example, all the meanings of the English verb "to get" occupy almost seven columns in the latest edition of the French-English dictionary Robert-Collins. The same applies to seemingly simple, common words, such as “go” (seven columns), “come” (four and a half columns), etc.

Cultural aspects can make translation problematic. Take, for example, the word “bread”. At first glance, it is very simple, referring in everyday use to only one specific object, and it seems that this word has complete correspondences in other languages. But if you ask a Russian, French and Chinese to describe or draw “bread”, du pain and 包 ( bāo), then quite different results will be obtained. What dimensions does it have? How crispy is it? Is it sweet? Is it sold cut? Where can I get it? People different cultures They will picture completely different things in their imagination.

Particularly difficult to translate cultural concepts source language that are missing in the target language. An example could be English word privacy, meaning a wide range of cultural and legal concepts associated with the priority position of the individual in Western-type civilizations. It is very difficult to translate this word, for example, into Russian simply due to the lack of a corresponding concept in the Russian cultural tradition.

The problem is often the inability to distinguish translation And search for dictionary matches. Dictionary matches can be found in a dictionary, which gives short (usually one-word) equivalents for each word. As described above, translation represents the decoding of the meaning and purpose of utterances at the text level (not at the level of words or sentences) and the subsequent encoding of the meaning and purpose of the text in the target language. Words like saudade and שלימזל, are difficult to convey with a single word in other languages, but two or more words can adequately convey the desired meaning. The word "bread" has more chances be considered untranslatable, if only because we often resort to the expressions “French bread”, “Chinese bread”, “Algerian bread”, etc. We rely on the fact that the recipients of our text know what these things are.

Concepts may exist in one language that do not exist in another. For example, both French words tutoyer And vouvoyer(“poke” and “poke out”) can be translated into English as to address as "you"(to call with “you”), since the English pronoun of the second person singular thou("you") is obsolete. On the other hand, depending on the context meaning French word tutoyer or Spanish tutear can be translated into English as to be on first-name terms with(“go to names”, “know someone well”).

Also turn out to be important various degrees detailing the subject in question. What can an English word mean? there("there in different meanings)? Even if we ignore such idiomatic usages as in the expression there, there, don't cry, then many possible options can be identified. The word in Spanish there(there) can be translated as ahi, but this implies that the object is not very far away; if the object is far enough away, a native Spanish speaker will use the word alli, unless the word implies "over there". Then you can expect the Spaniard to say alla. It's the other way around in conversation French: All three Spanish words for "there" and the concept of "here" are increasingly expressed in the word là. But how then to determine where the object is?

In addition, stumbling blocks are often:

Dialectal words and neologisms;
unexplained acronyms and abbreviations;
incomprehensible jargon.

Over time, cultures and languages change, and therefore translations lose their relevance and become outdated. Is it necessary to further edit the translations to adapt to the realities of the new time?

Translation complaints

Sometimes you can express complaints about the translation process.

Another problem for translation is the problem of logical coherence of the text. Let's take the following example: the original story was written in English language, and takes place in an English-speaking country. When translating into another language, some statements, such as a question Do you speak English?, may lose logic. How to translate this question: “Do you speak English?” or “Do you speak Russian?” In both options, the answer will be contradictory: if it is affirmative, then the first translation option will mean: “Yes, I speak this language, but we are now speaking to you in another language, and your question does not carry any semantic meaning.” In the second option, something like this will be perceived: “Yes, we are in an English-speaking country, but everyone, including me, speaks Russian.”

This criticism can be refuted according to several criteria. Firstly, this kind of situation rarely arises in real life. If this happens, the translator can use techniques to avoid the problem by translating Do you speak English? How Do you speak my language? or Do you understand what I want to say? Secondly, a Russian reader reading a book by, say, Agatha Christie, describing a murder on an English estate, most likely understands that the characters in the original speak English.

In fact, one of the basic rules in translation is “stick to the context,” but isn’t the language of the text being translated itself the core of the context that needs to be followed?

Another serious problem of translation is the interpretation of translation as the process of recording in one language what the translator read in another. How can a translator be expected to understand the original author absolutely accurately? The translator does a serious job, but the author is praised for a successful work; Can a translation from a writer be considered a work of that writer? Can a translation be called “legal plagiarism”? The translation may differ greatly from the original: for example, one of the heroes of the work “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” or, in another translation, “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” ( The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy) Douglas Adams name is Zaphod Beeblebrox. But Jean Bonnefoy, who translated Adams into French, thought it best to call this hero Zapi Bibici. Although this is not so significant, it still catches the eye. Adams himself might not approve of such liberty. Lots of them minor changes turns the translation into an adapted text.

To avoid problems with translation, a number of measures are necessary:

Use single words when translating (do not use a number of synonymous forms for the same word).
Adapt the text to the audience.
Form a knowledge base.
If it is not you who is translating, but another person (organization), make a list of terms that either should not be translated, or should be translated and translated only in a certain way.
Collaborate with one translator who understands your writing style and understands the essence of the translation.

technology wiki
A technology for user interaction with a website, designed for collective development, storage, and structuring of information.
The main ideas implemented by wiki technology:
the ability to edit the content of website pages directly in the browser, simplifying the process of publishing text to 2 clicks (edit-save);
automated generation and maintenance of the integrity of hyperlinks between site pages and the use of simplified markup for text;
storing all changes that have occurred to all wiki articles since their creation;
the ability to edit wiki articles by anyone.
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wiki, a public message board based on Web

a simple Web site, a communication tool that allows you to freely and quickly exchange information and conduct teamwork(publish, edit pages) via the Internet. The concept of a wiki (wiki-wiki is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick") was proposed by Ward Cunningham in 1995 for the collective discussion of programming models

3 wiki

["wɪkɪ]

noun ; information ; abbr. from WikiWikiWeb; Hawaiian wikiwiki letters "fast"

1) wiki (technology for user interaction with a website, designed for the collective development, storage and structuring of information, mainly hypertext)

A Stanford professor has proposed that wiki technology be used in Congress to help make the process more transparent. - A Stanford professor proposed using wiki technology in Congress to make its work more transparent.

2) wiki site (website created using wiki technology)

The American Historical Association has created a wiki intended to provide information about archival repositories in the US. - American Association Historians has created a wiki site with the intention of providing information about archival repositories in the United States.

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Internet:

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Internet: the very first Wiki site written in Perl

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(called the target language) equivalent to written or spoken text in another language (the source language).

IN modern era such a specialist usually must have a specialized higher education; this can be a higher translation education or a broader philological education, and to perform industry-specific (economic, legal, technical, medical, etc.) translations, specialists with education in the relevant field of human activity can be involved - economists, lawyers, engineers, doctors, and sufficient language and translation training, which can be obtained as part of their higher education and training courses for translators in the field of professional communication.

A translator of fiction must be and usually is an artist of words (prose writer, poet) in his native language, creating, along with literary translations, his own original literary works. He may have a linguistic, literary, literary education.

A professional translator in his work relies on theoretical and practical achievements of a number of scientific disciplines. These include linguistics, including comparative (contrastive (linguistic comparative)); translation studies with general theory translation between languages and particular theories of translation between languages of a particular pair of languages. Industry translators must have a fairly good understanding of the area of functioning of the translated text (the section of medicine, technology, law, etc. corresponding to the text) and the terminology adopted in it in both languages, as well as master the accepted methods of scientific and technical translation, also reflected in the special scientific and methodological literature. Literary translators generally rely on the achievements of literary criticism, including comparative literature (literary comparative studies), and translators of poetry rely on works in the field of poetry.

Since the end of the 20th century, translators have had the opportunity to use electronic automated and automated translation systems to improve productivity, editing the results generated by computer programs.

Translators - people and computer programs

At the end of the 20th century and in the first decade of the 21st century, with the advent of publicly available computer programs and websites - automatic (machine) translation systems, they began to be commonly called translator programs, and this name is often shortened to “translator”. This article examines aspects of the work of human translators. For translator programs, see Automatic translation systems.

The origins of the translator profession

Due to the antiquity of intertribal, interethnic, intercultural and interstate contacts and differences between languages various peoples The need for translations has existed for a very long time, but the functions of translators in history could have been performed by people even before the advent of official translation education. To do this, they were required to have simultaneous knowledge, to varying degrees, of both the source language and the target language, which is not uncommon in areas of active interlingual contacts. In the modern era, due to the deep specialization of many branches of human activity, specialized translations can be performed by people who initially received a non-translation or broader linguistic education, but training within the technical, medical or non-philological humanitarian sphere with knowledge of their terminology and another language.

Scientific theories in the field of translation and practical recommendations for translators are developed by such a branch of linguistics (linguistics) as translation studies. It deals like general theory of translation between any languages, exploring the possibilities of conveying the meaning of the source text adequately to the source despite differences in the structures of languages, and private theories of translation- features of translation between languages of a particular pair (for example, English-Russian and Russian-English translation).

Translation within the same term area can be verbal or written, and translators, in addition to terminological specialization, can specialize as oral or written translators.

Translators in ancient Rus'

The first mentions of translators in ancient Rus' are found in many sources, where they are called interpreters. Slavic, Russian *tъlmačь is an ancient borrowing from Turkic languages: Kipchak tylmač, Kazakh tilmäš, Altai tilmäč, Turkish dilmač, Uyghur tilmäži (see Radlov 3, 1091, 1390, 1770), Yurkankallio, Studi a Orientalia, Helsinki, 1952, 17, I et seq.; Mi. EW 369; TEl. 2, 177; Mladenov 644, Menges (Oriental Elem. 52). The root of the Turkic word til, dil is language. The close proximity of the Russian principalities to the Turkic tribes (Kipchaks), and then the period of vassal dependence on the Golden Horde, necessitated a significant number of translators from Turkic language. Moreover, the official position of interpreter also appeared.

Work of interpreters

Interpretation (English) (oral) interpreting) is usually not a translation of works of art, but is used in business or political negotiations, as well as meetings, conferences (eng. conference interpreting). He can be consistent or synchronous.

Consecutive interpreting

Consecutive translation is carried out after the speaker being translated pronounces each sentence or super-phrase unity (the period corresponding to a paragraph in writing). In this case, the translator can use either the pre-provided full text speech, or the speaker’s own outline of the speech, in compiling which he can use a special type of shorthand - translation cursive. Consecutive interpretation may require the translator to good memorization the original text in cases where there is no previously given text of the speech, and the speaker, in order to achieve the result of his speech, must adapt to the translator’s ability to understand the speaker’s speech and memorize or take notes of its segments.

Simultaneous interpretation

Synchronous oral translation is carried out with a minimal time delay in relation to the translated words of the speaker and requires significant intellectual effort of the translator, who simultaneously has to listen to the words of the person being translated, mentally translate them (often without relying on the written text), clearly formulate the thought in the target language and clearly pronounce translated text.

Interpreters, particularly simultaneous interpreters, may be located next to the speakers at events, but at large events such as the UN General Assembly they work in separate booths. At large multilateral events, translation of one speech can be simultaneously carried out into several languages, for which translators into these languages are involved. When, as in the case of UN events, speakers of several dozen or hundreds of different languages participate, not all, but the most common of the languages are used to support such events. known to the participants. On those working languages Events(intermediary languages) and translates both oral presentations and written documentation.

Translator's work

The work of a translator (written) translation) can relate to a variety of areas of activity. Traditionally, translators dealt with the texts of political and trade agreements between states. Modern translators can work both in the socio-political, commercial, technical, financial, medical spheres, and in the field of artistic creativity - translation of prose or poetry.

Industry (technical, medical, etc.) and business translation

To translate non-fiction texts, the translator usually must be familiar not only with the terminology of their subject area in both languages, but also with the structure of text formatting of certain documents (passports, diplomas, drawings, bank documents, etc.) accepted in both cultures.

In becoming familiar with the subject area, he is helped by specialized educational, scientific and technical literature on it, as well as monolingual explanatory dictionaries and reference books and bi- and multilingual dictionaries for translation.

Translation can be speeded up by specialized computer programs - automatic (machine) translation systems, and the translation of texts of the same type and/or texts with repeated terminology - and computer-aided translation systems (English). computer-assisted(or aided) translation (CAT) tools, translation memory drives (English) translation memory software)).

Literary translation

Translators of literary prose or poetic texts Usually they themselves are writers and poets in their native language and have a manner of expression close to the translated author. Usually the translation is made into the native language of the translator, since he speaks it better.

The Russian school of literary and especially poetic translation received great development in the 20th century. Many famous and outstanding Russian-speaking poets - Balmont, Bryusov, Pasternak, Tsvetaeva, Marshak, Chukovsky - translated the works of foreign poets. Part of this flowering of poetic translation was due to the difficulties experienced in trying to publish one's own poems great poets, who lived in the Soviet Union, but wrote their works not in a manner approved by official critics. In the first half of the 19th century, Russian poets (Nikolai Gnedich, Vasily Zhukovsky) became famous for their translations of ancient authors (Homer’s poems “Iliad”, “Odyssey”), but the same Zhukovsky and other poets of the romantic school, which arose under the influence of Western European romanticism, were also actively involved in translations their Western European contemporaries who were close to them in spirit, enriching Russian literature with new socio-political ideas, poetic forms and figures of speech. Sometimes the popularization and influence of the ideas of the translated author were so significant that the Russian poets inspired by them had to specifically stipulate their differences, their independence (cf. “No, I’m not Byron, I’m different” by Mikhail Lermontov). And vice versa, some of their own freedom-loving poems could be written in the era of censorship by Russian poets as if on behalf of their foreign colleagues or in imitation of them to bypass censorship restrictions on the expression of such ideas (for example, “From Pindemonti” by Pushkin, “The Prayer of Francois Villon” by Bulat Okudzhava) .

A literary translator - often a poet - sometimes may not have a significant command of the language of the original text, but translate according to an interlinear (commented literal translation) compiled by some expert in both languages - in particular, a bilingual author of the original, as in the case of translations in Soviet time into Russian poetry of other peoples of the USSR.

Professional holiday of translators

The professional holiday of interpreters and translators, International Translator Day, is celebrated on September 30. It is set on the day of the Christian Western European Bible translator Saint Jerome.

History and current position of the profession

In modern Russia, as well as throughout the world, a new layer of translators has formed:
Freelance translator- a self-employed specialist whose main activity is aimed at generating income from the provision of translation services. Interacts both directly with customers and through intermediaries (translation agencies, outsourcing companies).

There is oral and written translation, as well as graphic translation of videos and images using avatars and 3D models. The background (scenery) on which the avatar is displayed can be translated.

Translators' specialization

Interpreters
Translators
Translators of fiction
Referents-translators
Sign language interpreters

Famous translation experts and translators

Saint Jerome- Bible translation
Nida, Eugene(English) Eugene Albert Nida; 1914 - 2011) - translation theorist, founder of the theory of dynamic equivalence (eng. dynamic equivalence) Bible translation.