Paronyms residential - housing. "The feudal state and the law of Russia"

"State and Law of Medieval England":

Solving work situations that are based on real legal disputes or situations gleaned from court chronicles, writings of ancient lawyers and other sources will help you update your knowledge.

Legal cases are compiled in such a way as to revive the idea of the largest monuments of foreign law; using the example of a particular life situation to show the essence of a new, important legal institution, the features of legal regulation life situations and, ultimately, reflect the development of foreign legal thought.

To successfully resolve a legal case you must:

1) carefully study the text of the relevant legal monument;

2) familiarize yourself with special literature;

3) analyze all possible, according to the law, options for its solution;

4) give a reasoned answer to the questions of the case with links and citations of articles of the legal monument. If you have insurmountable difficulties in selecting a modern legal concept, use the terminology of the relevant normative act in your decision.

1) Carol Scott killed his neighbor in a fight and fled the country. The relatives of the deceased went to court.

How will the case be resolved according to Ethelbert's Truth?

Decision: Anglo-Saxon truth and legal codes provided for large monetary fines as punishment for serious criminal offenses. When causing bodily harm, the size of the fine was determined by the severity of the injury. In the case of murder, the wergeld was determined by the social status of the murdered person. Ethelbert's truth sets the fee for killing (wergeld) a freeman at 100 shillings, and a lete (leute) at 40, 60 and 80 shillings, depending on his status. In the Laws of Clothar, the earl's wergeld was determined to be 300 shillings, and in the Ine Laws, the wergeld for the murder of a free man could be equal, depending on his position, to 200, 600 and 1200 shillings, and in addition to paying the relatives of the murdered man, the murderer(s) had to pay a certain amount to the king. In accordance with “Ethelbert's Truth” - “if a murderer flees the country, let his relatives pay half a person (wergeld).”

2) The recently widowed Countess Steinley was suspected of having an illicit relationship with Lord Fridley. The king ordered the rumors to be checked. After a detailed interview with the servants, it turned out that the suspicions were fair. What punishment awaits the Countess under the Charter of Henry I.

What are the rights of the king in the marriage and family sphere in relation to his vassals?

When solving this situation, it is necessary to determine what the status of King Henry I was.

Solution:

The reign of Henry I in England was characterized by a significant strengthening of royal power and important reforms aimed at creating a centralized administrative apparatus. The royal curia acquired a clearer structure, and a payment system was created for senior government positions. The involvement of middle and small knights in the service at court contributed to the emergence of bureaucracy in England. The functions of individual units of the curia became more specialized. The main innovation in the administrative sphere was the establishment of the Chessboard Chamber - supreme body financial management and court. County sheriffs ceased to represent the interests of local barons and became royal officials, supervising the execution of the royal will locally, collecting government revenues and regularly reporting to the Chamber of the Chessboard and the king himself. Henry I also ordered that the courts of the counties and hundreds should be held in the same places and with the same frequency as in the time of Edward the Confessor. Although the king made virtually no new laws and retained the legal system of the Anglo-Saxon period, his constant personal involvement in the administration of justice and strict supervision of the work of royal officials in the field contributed to the streamlining of the judicial system and the introduction of more effective forms legal proceedings, in particular, the use of jury trials was expanded, and the use of such archaic institutions as ordeals and judicial duels decreased. For financing government spending the king began to actively resort to collecting shield fees, the funds from which were largely used to maintain mercenary units to fight the wars of France.

In the field of constitutional law, Henry I gave rise to the custom of English kings signing liberties charters at their coronation, in which the monarchs promised fair rule and assumed obligations to protect the rights and interests of various groups of the population. In accordance with the provisions of Henry I's Charter, the funeral was followed by a time for the elaborate and very complex Victorian ritual of mourning. Mourning clothes were worn by representatives of all classes, although the proletariat paid much less attention to them than the “cream of society.” The latter had to give up entertainment for some time, not attend balls and not give receptions. Whole year after the death of her husband, the widow accepted only close friends, and about being active social life, was out of the question. Thus, immoral behavior is another common basis for prosecution. Thus, Countess Steinley can be punished by the king for her behavior.

Topic 7:

Brief lecture notes on the topic:

"The feudal state and the law of Russia"

and the territories of the East European Plain have long been inhabited by various Slavic tribes, evidence from Arab, Roman, and Greek scientists suggests that these tribes were numerous and occupied huge territory. For the first time, the question of the origin of the ancient Russian state was raised by the monk Nester in the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years,” who reports on 14 tribal unions (Polyans, Drevlyans, Dregovichs, Rodimichs, etc.). Although there is no reliable scientific data about their political and social structure, scientists believe that by the 8th century three centers of East Slavic statehood had formed - Kuyavia (around the city of Kiev), Slavia (around Novgorod) and Artania (on the Taman Peninsula). The alliances were headed by princes and tribal nobility. The process of consolidation of such centers as Kyiv and Novgorod ended in the second half of the 9th century. According to the chronicle, the Novgorod prince Oleg captured Kyiv in 882, which later became the capital Old Russian state. In historical and historical-legal literature, there has been a dispute for centuries between supporters of the so-called “Norman theory” and other scientists. Supporters of the “Norman theory” argue that the state of the Eastern Slavs was, as it were, brought “from outside” by the Normans - the Scandinavian Vikings or Varangians, as they were called in Rus'. In this dispute, the historical fact of the appearance in Novgorod of a Scandinavian named Rurik, who came to Novgorod with a retinue, is not disputed. Scandinavian motifs can be seen in utensils, clothing, the nature of the burial, etc. But the most objective conclusion is that the Eastern Slavs in the middle of the 9th century already had the prerequisites for the formation of statehood, its main institutions were already in operation. The Varangians, most likely, somewhat accelerated the process of strengthening princely power and became the cementing force of Russian society.

b social order Kyiv State There is very little evidence, mainly information from Russkaya Pravda. Economic basis social development there was a peasant neighboring community - Verv. The population was represented mainly by peasants - community members. Slavery existed (servitude). Serfs were the most powerless category of the population; they were mostly in service and were recognized in criminal law as an object of law. To the semi-free dependent categories The population included smerds - princely tributaries.

The intermediate class between smerds and serfs were purchasers, that is, those who worked off the “kupa” (loan in grain or money). Ryadovichi are persons who entered into an agreement stipulating the preservation of the status of personal freedom in the event of marrying a slave or entering the service. All this testified to the transformation of former free community members into feudal-dependent people.

Political system Kievan Rus can be defined as an early feudal monarchy. The head of the state was the Great Prince of Kyiv, who went through the procedure of legitimizing his power - election at a congress of feudal lords - “snem”. This procedure was called “table” or “sitting on the table.” The fragility and instability of state power was determined by its insufficient centralization. This was characteristic not only of the central government, but also of the separate principalities. In the principalities, a huge role was played by “veche”, that is, popular assemblies, which brought together the entire population. A sign of the state’s weakness is the absence, until the middle of the 10th century, of a tax collection system, which was replaced by “polyudye,” that is, the prince’s travel to subject territories for the purpose of collecting tribute. In the middle of the 10th century, Princess Olga established churchyards (small fortifications) - tax collection points and determined payment standards, which were called “lessons”. Posadniks and volostels were sent to the localities to collect taxes in favor of the prince. The control system was based on division into thousands, hundreds, tens. In the cities, the “thousands” were in charge of the city militia. The princely servants "tiuna" managed the feudal economy. “Ognishchans” were the name given to the owners of the “cut” (fireplace, hearth, yard). As the destinies become more separate, the management of the state becomes a palace-patrimonial one, that is, the “keykeeper”, “equer keeper”, “tiun” from the prince’s personal servants turn into traveler-managers of the economic sector.

The basis of the military forces of the ancient Russian state was the squad, which was represented by the elders - the boyars and the younger ones - the youths. For service princely squad received land grants for conditional possession - feeding. In case of war, foot militia were recruited. Mercenaries were also used. There were no permanent judicial bodies. The Grand Duke was the highest court.

Local trials were carried out by representatives of the princely authorities - “posadniki”, “volostels” and the boyars themselves - patrimonial lords. Veche and community courts dealt with conflicts that did not extend beyond the boundaries of the community. With the strengthening of the church, part of the judicial powers passes to it, all marriage and family matters, crimes against Christian morality and ethics. The entire population living on church lands was subject to church jurisdiction.

The law of Rus' before the 10th century is known mainly from chronicles transmitting treaties with Byzantium in 911 and 944. Since the 10th century, princely legislation has already been known, as well as Byzantine legislation, which are additional source rights in relation to customs.

The most significant source of ancient Russian law is “Russkaya Pravda”. More than 100 lists of “Russian Truth” have reached us, which researchers divide into 3 main editions:

- “A Brief Truth” – these are the acts of Yaroslav the Wise and his sons (XI century);

- “Extensive Truth”, supplemented by Vladimir Monomakh and other princes (XII century);

- “Abridged Truth” - created after the collapse of Kievan Rus.

The sources of “Russian Truth” were common law, lawmaking of princes and judicial and administrative practice. “Russian Truth” belongs to the category of “barbaric truths”.

“Russian Truth” contains norms of criminal, civil, procedural law, etc.

The rules on crimes and punishments are scattered, many types of crimes are not specified. Crimes against the state, church and morality are not yet considered. Crime is defined by the word “offense.” There is no clear concept of guilt, degree of guilt, complicity; the concept of recidivism, criminal liability of a woman, and circumstances excluding the criminality of the act are not disclosed. The object and subject of the crime are clearly indicated in “Russkaya Pravda”. All free people were the subjects of the crime. The objective side of the crime took into account the time and place of the crime (a night thief could be killed at the scene of the crime), as well as the method (for example, robbery). There are two types of crimes “against the person” and “against property”. The first included murders, beatings, self-harm, insults, etc.; the second included theft (“tatba”), illegal use, destruction and damage to other people’s property. The law was to protect private property.

There was no self-harm, painful punishment or imprisonment. The death penalty was not provided for by law. The highest punishment was “flow” and “plunder”, it was imposed for murders by robbery, horse theft and deliberate arson, it included confiscation of property and the extradition of the culprit and his entire family to serfs. The next punishment is “vira” and “sales”. “Vira” is a fine for murder in favor of the prince. Simple - 40 hryvnia for the murder of a free person, double "vira" - 80 hryvnia for the murder of princely people, wild "vira" - was paid by the community on whose territory the murder was committed, but the killer was not found. In addition to the “vira”, the killer paid compensation to the family of the murdered person - “golovnichestvo”. For serious injuries, a “half-virion” was imposed - 20 hryvnia.

“Russian Truth” prescribed fines for damage, destruction and theft of property.

Marriage and family relations in “Russkaya Pravda” are considered through the prism of their material side. Children completely submitted to the authority of their parents; even the crime of their father did not free them from his authority. They were also responsible for their father's debts. The law protects the property interests of young children, so guardianship was established for children left without parents.

The institution of inheritance determines the possibility of separate property between husband and wife and they do not inherit from each other. Inheritance is possible both by will and by law. The form of the will was oral, the inheritance of the deceased who died and left no sons passed to the prince. Unmarried daughters received a dowry. Father's house remained youngest son, illegitimate children (children of a master from a slave) could not claim the property of the deceased, but with his death they received freedom along with their mother. The law protected the property rights of the widow. She managed her personal property and remained the head of the family.

The court was not separated from the administration; any free person and even a purchaser could apply to the princely court. The trial was public, oral, and adversarial. The plaintiff and defendant had equal rights. There was no difference between civil and criminal proceedings. In “Russian Truth” the forms are clearly identified trial. “Zaklich” is a public statement in a public place by the victim about a crime. If, after three days, the item was found, then the person who had the stolen goods was considered the defendant. He returned the stolen item and paid a fine of 3 hryvnia. If the stolen property was not discovered within three days after the theft was announced, then a search began - the search for the culprit of the theft. “Chasing the trail” is the pursuit of a criminal in hot pursuit. If the tracks led to a village, then responsibility for this crime fell on the community. As evidence, Russkaya Pravda points to the testimony of “videos” - witnesses to the incident and “rumors” - witnesses of the integrity of the accused. Ordeals (ordeal with iron and water) could be applied to the accused. The evidence also included an oath, an oath before God, and a guarantee. The state viewed justice as its own prerogative and punished lynching.

The decline of the Old Russian state was due to the development of the system of feudal immunities. However, main reason Researchers believe that the feudal fragmentation of Kievan Rus was the establishment of an appanage system of government, that is, when each princely son received a certain part of his father’s reign for independent management - an appanage. Therefore, the Russian principalities were conquered by Batu Khan in 1237-1240. Only the Novgorod land managed to avoid the Mongol-Tatar invasion. A unique republican system developed in Novgorod, which lasted for more than 300 years. The Novgorod Republic with its attributes such as “veche”, “boyar council”, “mayor”, “thousand”, “archbishop”, “elected prince” was essentially aristocratic, since power was concentrated in the hands of the most noble boyar families.

The need to unite the principalities in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars simultaneously against the background of the weakening and collapse of the Golden Horde, the acceleration of the process of economic and trade relations between Russian lands, and the formation of new cities determined the creation of the Russian centralized state. There were several reasons that determined the rise of Moscow:

The process of centralization was accompanied by the unification of Russian lands around Moscow and the creation of a bureaucratic administrative apparatus.

The strengthening of the power of the Moscow Sovereign changes the system of relationships between the Grand Duke and appanage princes. By the 15th century, feudal privileges and immunities were sharply reduced. Highest category The feudal lords were appanage and former Grand Dukes of Tver, Ryazan and other principalities. The palace-patrimonial system was modernized by dividing functions between three divisions - the princely palace, the treasury and the roads (separate branches of the princely economy). Gradually, the prince's personal servants turned into government employees. The previous palace bodies, which previously managed only the princely economy, were not prepared to manage a large state. In the current unstable conditions state life large-scale changes in guidelines in organizational issues and industry orientation were required. For this reason, at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. new central governing bodies - “orders” - emerged.

Each order supervised a specialized industry government activities, thereby being an industry governing body.

The clergy was divided into white and black. The white clergy included church ministers (metropolitans, bishops, bishops), and the black clergy included the monastery staff.

The peasantry was divided into two categories:

● black-sown (cultivated state lands)

● privately owned (lived on feudal, palace, appanage lands).

The next most dependent class in number was servitude, which was divided into two groups:

● big (prince's servants)

● complete (population not recognized as subjects of law, enslaved).

Craftsmen and traders belonged to the category of “posad people”. The lowest stratum of the population consisted of “black” people who lived on state lands and paid city taxes.

At the head of the Russian centralized state was the Tsar. His power was recognized not as a right, but as a duty; he could not resign and had to endure all the hardships. The power of the king could not go beyond the limits established by the church canon. The term “tsar” was introduced into circulation in 1547 after the crowning of Ivan IV. Power in Russia could be acquired as follows:

● right of inheritance

● election.

The king could not be limited in his rights by state norms, however, the presence of supreme power had no legislative support. In this regard, the king did not create the law, but issued charters, decrees, and codes of law. But, in relation to statesmen he would be the only source of state power.

The advisory body of the Russian centralized state was the Boyar Duma, which was formed on the principle of localism (to know). The Boyar Duma did not issue or create new laws; officials only participated in legislation, administration and judicial activities.

In the 15th century, the command system of management was fully established, which went through three stages:

● first stage – the functions of the palace departments were expanded (XV-XVI centuries);

● the second stage - the establishment of clerical departmental institutions (until the middle of the 16th century);

● the third stage – limiting the power of the palace authorities (the sphere of government is the royal estate).

Researchers divide the history of local government in Russia in the 15th century into three eras:

1) Management through governors (until the middle of the 16th century);

2) Labial and zemstvo administration(self-government) (second half of the 16th century - beginning of the 17th century);

3) Command-voivodeship administration in combination with self-government (XVII century).

In the process of social development, ideas about power and regulatory mechanisms change public relations. The main source of Russian law in the XV-XVII centuries. there were royal decrees and charters. In order to systematize legislation, the Code of Laws of 1497 and 1550 appeared, the main task of which was to organize a unified judicial-administrative system throughout the state. Codes of law determined the rights of feudal lords and the legal status of the feudal-dependent population - peasants. Thus, the Code of Law of 1497, which marked the beginning of the formation of serfdom (the rule of St. George's Day), limits the right of a peasant to leave his feudal lord. Serfs and peasants, in accordance with the norms of the Code of Law of 1550, were already recognized as the property of the feudal lord and had no grounds for leaving.

Considerable attention was paid to property relations associated with land ownership. IN mid-16th century-XVII centuries existed following forms land tenure:

● patrimonial (ancestral, served, purchased patrimonies)

● local

● community or corporate

The estate was recognized as a conditional form of land ownership and was passed off as various types civil service. It could not be passed on by will. In the middle of the 16th century, a new order was introduced, namely, the estate remained in the use of the owner until his sons came of age. The Code of Law of 1550 provided for the following norms:

● prohibited the enslavement of boyar children

● freed the nobility from the court of boyar-governors

● limited the right to buy out ancestral estates

● canceled the issuance of new charters

The object of real rights was recognized as communal lands that were in the possession, use and disposal of a village, volost or suburb.

Types of loans according to the Code of Laws of 1550:

● with bondage

● without bondage (the creditor provides witnesses to prove his claim)

Types of debtors:

● insolvent

● unhappy

Contractual relations were regulated as follows:

● the form of the purchase and sale agreement coincided with the exchange agreement

● the loan agreement was similar to an agreement for a loan or lease of movable property

● a transaction concluded as a result of deception or while intoxicated was declared invalid

● types of transactions had oral and written forms.

In Sudebniki big role is paid to the elements of the crime and circumstances aggravating the responsibility of the offender. A crime is a violation of laws and state interests.

The types of serious crimes (“dashing deed”) included:

● robbery

● murder

● arson

Particularly serious crimes:

● state crimes

● malfeasance

● crimes against order and court

The methods of execution were not defined in the Code of Laws, but the system of punishments was extensive:

● intimidation

● isolation of the offender

● corporal punishment (whip, trade execution)

● imprisonment

● fines for insult and dishonor

● death penalty (provided for 12 types of crimes)

The judicial system consisted of two levels:

● court of the Grand Duke – central court

● court of governors and volosts – local court

The largest body of Russian feudal law is the Council Code of 1649. In terms of its content, the Council Code is recognized as a comprehensive code of Russian law, which covers and regulates the variety of forms of legal relations of that period.

The reason for the adoption of the Code was several factors:

● exacerbation of social contradictions

● Moscow uprising of 1648

● disorder of legislation

● officials abuse their power

● judicial confusion and red tape

● the general demand of the population for the creation of clear written laws.

In its structure, the Council Code consisted of 25 chapters and 967 articles. Systematization of the Code was carried out according to the following types of law:

● chapters 1-9 – state law

● chapters 10-15 – legal proceedings and judicial system

● chapters 16, 17, 19, 20 – real right

● chapters 21-22 – criminal law.

Individuals, communities and monasteries were recognized as subjects of civil legal relations. The most important changes that were enshrined in the Council Code of 1649:

Final approval and execution serfdom

The privileged position of feudal lords was approved

The unequal position of peasants was formalized in writing.

Direct dependence of the scope of rights and obligations on social origin, gender and age

Estates and estates are recognized as types of feudal estates

Establishment of the right of inheritance by law and by will

The repressive nature of criminal law

Church marriage is recognized as the only legal form of marriage

The adoption of the Council Code of 1949 was a significant step forward towards the creation of formalized written Russian law.

The Code regulated the legal relations of all segments of the population, set out the methods and procedure for violated rights, provided for a system of judicial evidence and search for serious crimes.

The penetration of the Council Code into the consciousness of the masses predetermined its success and relevance. The first printed Russian legal monument was published in a circulation of 1,183 copies and influenced the development of Russian civil and criminal law.

The political and legal regime in Russia in the first third of the 18th century is associated with the name of Peter I and is characterized by a period of absolutism and autocracy. Absolutism in legal literature is defined as state uniform government in which the head of state enjoys unlimited power.

At the head of the hierarchy of government was the emperor. Three branches of power were concentrated in his hands:

~ executive

~ legislative

~ judicial

The next highest level after the Emperor in the system of government was the Senate, which replaced the Boyar Duma. The work of the Senate was controlled by a new official - the prosecutor general (since 1722). Organs central control have also undergone changes. Thus, at the end of 1717, nine boards were formed, each of which performed special departmental functions: management of foreign affairs, management of state revenues, etc.

The reforms also affected the administrative-territorial structure. In 1719, Russia was divided into 11 provinces, which were divided into provinces and districts. The province was headed by a governor, accountable to the Senate. A new one was introduced government agency– police, who performed the functions of ensuring public and internal order In the country, the prosecutor's office, audit and fiscal authorities appeared, which exercised control and supervisory functions over the activities of the courts and administration.

In 1719, Russia was divided into judicial districts, which were subordinate to lower provincial courts.

In 1722 it was adopted Table of ranks , abolishing the previous class division. Boyars and service people were united into one social class - the nobility, and the title of nobility could be received for services to the Fatherland in military or civil service.

The legal status of the population was located in the following hierarchy:

1) Nobles (boyars and servants)

2) Clergy (priests and clergy). Peter I forbade the clergy to engage in trade and craft, and Orthodox Church was subordinated to the state. Benefits and privileges for clergy were provided at the discretion of the king.

3) City nobility (bankers, merchants, pharmacists, jewelers, art historians, etc.)

4) “Vile” population (merchants, artisans and all free population).

Despite large-scale reforms of the state system, the establishment of absolutism did not entail a fundamental change in the current law and systematization of legislation. The source of law of the Russian Empire still remained the Council Code of 1649, which over time was only supplemented with the necessary articles and laws.

New terminology has appeared:

● “property”

● “real estate” (estate, patrimony)

The development of industry, industry and production led to the emergence of a monopoly on certain types of activities:

1) Only the state has the preemptive right to extract minerals;

2) Peter I issued 60 decrees on forest protection and environmental rights;

3) Confiscation of church lands;

4) Factories and factories became state property.

Industry family law has also undergone some changes:

● only church marriage is recognized as legal

● marriageable age: men – 20 years, women – 17 years;

● divorce is difficult, but acceptable

● the principle of patriarchy of the family (the head of the family is the husband)

● the principle of complete submission of children to parents (punishments are allowed)

● termination of parental power over children only in case of reference to hard labor.

Recognized as the most complete legal monument of the Russian Empire Military Article 1715 , with the adoption of which the Russian criminal law fully formed into a separate branch of law, regulating primarily homogeneous group public relations.

With introduction Military Article new designations have appeared:

"crime" (criminal offence)

"state crime"

"particular crime"

"the crime of any evil intent against the person of His Majesty"

"treason to the sovereign"

"stealing the treasury"

"war crimes"

"crimes against the church."

The Military Article provided for the death penalty for the following types crimes:

● for denial state religion

● for denying the postulates of the official church

● for blasphemy and sacrilege

● for a false oath in the name of God (bozhba)

● for mentioning the name of God in vanity

● for seduction to another faith

● embezzlement

● non-payment of taxes

● violation of state monopolies.

As a punishment, in addition to the death penalty, trade execution was used for sorcerers, idolaters and warlocks, corporal punishment for accepting bribes for officials of all ranks, as well as defamation for other official crimes.

War crimes included:

~ attack

~ disobedience to a superior

~ violence against civilians

~ desertion

~ failure to comply with an order.

Crimes against the person included:

~ crime against life (murder)

~ crimes against bodily integrity

~ crimes against honor (slander).

Property crimes included:

~ destruction, damage to someone else's property.

The repressive and contradictory policies of the Russian Empire were explained by the unequal situation social strata before the state, the presence of diverse forms of punishment and ambiguous statements of the law.

In 1716, innovations also affected procedural legislation; a military judicial procedural code was published. Brief Image processes or litigation,” which simultaneously applied to civil and criminal courts. Under the new code, the initiative of judges was limited, and the activities of courts were regulated by law.

New law gave formulations and definitions of the main procedural institutions and concepts:

● secret proceedings

● preliminary preparation cases on private disputes and activities of lawyers

● challenge of a judge.

Types of evidence:

● own confession (torture was used)

● testimony

● written documents

● oath

● red-handed.

The era of the reign of Peter I, on the one hand, is characterized by a period of sharp legal development In Russia, however, at the same time, the adopted legislative reforms were characterized by bureaucratic red tape and arbitrariness, substitution of documents and often incorrect interpretation of the law.

In the second half of the 18th century, after the death of Peter, the form of government of the Russian Empire still remained an absolute monarchy. Previous laws with a total of 20 thousand acts continued to exist, but there was no order in legal acts. In order to regulate the number of laws issued and the structure of the legislative framework, Empress Catherine II, who had established herself by that time, attempted to develop a new Code, but the goal was never achieved.

In criminal law, the sources remained the normative legal acts previously adopted and supplemented by the Empress, starting with the Council Code of 1649.

The following types of acts fell under the concept of “crime”:

● illegal acts against the church

● insult to the emperor and his family

● high treason

In the second half of the 18th century, the court acquired specific characteristics:

● collegiality of consideration of cases

● qualified judges

● system of accusation.

first half of the 19th century government structure Russia was located in the following hierarchy:

The legislation was not systematized, the lack of regulation of legal acts led to the arbitrariness of officials and chaos among certain layers of citizens. In 1808 M.M. Speransky was appointed head of the codification commission and brought together all existing laws. Published December 12, 1825 Complete collection laws of the Russian Empire, on the basis of which the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was compiled in 1832.

X, XI and XII volumes The code of laws regulated civil legal relations; by the nature of the presentation of the norms, they established the unequal position of subjects of law. The rights of foreigners (people not Slavic origin), commoners, commoners and peasants.

During this period, new branches of law were formed:

● maritime law

● bill of exchange law

● industrial law

A feature of criminal law was the lack of a clear legislative distinction between criminal, administrative and disciplinary liability.

Punishments were divided into two groups:

1) criminal:

~ death penalty

~ deprivation of state rights

~ hard labor

~ corporal punishment

~ detention

~ correctional and prison companies

The Code of Laws of the Russian Empire regulated the judicial system, dividing the process into civil and criminal proceedings. The procedure for exclusive legal proceedings included state and official crimes, crimes against faith, etc. The Emperor was the highest authority consideration of cases.

The criminal trial consisted of the following stages:

1) Police investigation

2) Prosecutor's supervision

3) Transfer of the case to the zemstvo court

4) Court hearing

5) Audit in the Criminal Court Chamber (second instance, if necessary)

6) Consideration of the case in the Senate (if necessary)

The civil process was no different from the criminal process.

The abolition of serfdom gradually led to rapid property and social stratification, but this did not introduce sudden changes in legislation, and the emperor still remained an unlimited monarch.

Info lesson plan:

1. Lexical meaning of paronyms residential - housing

2.Examples of phrases with paronyms residential

3.Examples of sentences with a paronym residential

4.Examples of phrases with paronyms housing

5.Examples of sentences with a paronym housing

1. LEXICAL MEANING OF THE PARONYMS RESIDENTIAL - HOUSING

RESIDENTIAL- 1.Intended for housing. 2. Inhabited, occupied as housing.

HOUSING- 1.Ratio with noun dwelling associated with it. 2.Characteristic of a dwelling, characteristic of it.

2. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES WITH THE PARONYM - RESIDENTIAL

1) residential part of the city

2)residential complex

3)residential area

4) residential area

5) residential area

6) residential apartment

7)interior of a residential building

8)living room plan

9) residential cottage

10) residential buildings

11)residential area

12)living environment

13) upper residential tier

14) level of sound impact on the residential sector

15) residential area

16) living quarters

17) living area

18)living compartment of a space rocket

19) residential area

20) contract for the purchase and sale of residential real estate

21)outside the residential area

3.EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES WITH THE PARONYM - RESIDENTIAL

1)When placed residential

2) Lots of space in residential The room was occupied by a stove.

3) Mansions in ancient times in Rus' - residential home of a wealthy owner.

4) In Rus', the most common type of wooden construction was residential house.

5)Residential

6) Hut - wooden (log) residential

7) There are many in the city residential houses.

8)Residential Home for each of us is the place where we return after a hard day's work.

9) It’s located there residential microdistrict.

10) First put into operation residential microdistrict.

12)Most interesting monument residential architecture in Kizhi - Oshevneva’s house (XIX century) from the village of Oshevnevo.

13) After his marriage and the construction of the Summer and Winter Palaces, the king stopped living in the Original Palace, but he treasured this first one very much residential construction.

14) What is unique? residential buildings of the peoples of the world?

15) In the picture we see residential

16) Why before today not a single one has survived residential

17) Climatic conditions influence the layout of houses and the number residential area.

18)Recreated residential

19) Canopy - non-residential premises in village huts and in the old days in city houses between residential part of the house and the porch.

20) The hut consisted of three parts: residential(heated); cold (summer) rooms and vestibules, into which a porch led.

21) The floor was earthen, covered in residential parts with skins and felt.

22) Since ancient times, two types of interior have been distinguished - public and residential.

23) The space from the fortress to nearby ones residential

24)Behind the Acropolis, which is the core of the ancient city, stretches the oldest residential quarter of Athens.

25) The Arabian coffee tree reduces the number of microorganisms in the air by 30% residential rooms.

26) The healthiest air temperature residential rooms - 18°C.

27)They live independently, renting an apartment in one residential block.

4.EXAMPLES OF WORD COMBINATIONS WITH THE PARONYM - HOUSING

1) housing construction

2) housing problems

3)housing legislation

4) residential mortgage

5) housing rights

6) housing code

7) housing committee

8) housing initiative

9) housing capital

10) living conditions

11) housing issues

12) housing policy

13) housing program

14)housing

15) housing commission

16) housing registration

17) living conditions

18) housing department of the district (city) administration

19) financial and housing difficulties of the family

5.EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES WITH THE PARONYM - HOUSING

1) Mass industrial production of building materials contributed to the solution housing

2) At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century housing

3) It was very sharp housing

4) Unfortunately, most people in Russia are not rich, burdened housing and family problems.

5)Objects housing

6) There are four programs for youth that are decisive housing question.

7) The human environment is natural conditions, conditions in the workplace and housing conditions.

8)Sand is widely used in the composition building materials during the construction of roads, embankments, housing construction.

9) What changes have occurred in housing construction in the 18th century?

10) Expanded industrial and housing construction required building materials.

11) These areas are used for housing

12) Climate must be taken into account in housing construction.

13) The most widespread professions are carpenters in housing

14) A person can be happy and healthy when he has the opportunity for self-realization and is guaranteed good housing conditions.

15)What housing

16) Factories and housing

17)Get housing A young family can get a loan either in cash in rubles or in any other currency in a non-cash version.

6.TESTS

1)residential construction

2) residential room

3) residential square

4)residential space rocket compartment

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)housing question

2)housing conditions

3) rational use housing area

4)housing policy

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)housing Problems

2)housing the buildings

3)housing legislation

4)housing mortgage

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)residential microdistrict

2)residential array

3)residential apartment

4)residential district (city) administration department

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)zone residential development

2)residential program

3) purchase and sale agreement residential real estate

4)outside residential zones

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)housing commission

2)housing accounting

3)housing complex

4)housing conditions of the townspeople

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)housing Wednesday

2)housing rights

3)housing code

4)housing Committee

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)interior residential Houses

2) plan residential rooms

3)residential cottage

4)residential questions

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)material and housing family difficulties

2)housing farming

3) construction housing complexes

4) the level of sound impact on housing sector

One of the phrases below uses the highlighted word INCORRECTLY. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.

1)residential initiative

2)residential Part of city

3)residential array

4)residential territory

1)When placed residential objects, the environmental factor should be in first place.

2) The most widespread professions are carpenters in residential construction and furniture production.

3) Lots of space in residential The room was occupied by a stove.

4) Mansions in the old days in Rus' - residential home of a wealthy owner.