Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas high degree toxicity. Its danger lies in the fact that even despite its flammability, it becomes critically dangerous to life, long before the ignition threshold is exceeded.
This gas is formed as a result of the decomposition of organic matter in an environment with low oxygen content. This gas is easy to recognize - it has a sharp, unpleasant smell of rotten eggs. Due to the fact that it is heavier than air, it accumulates in lowlands.
The main danger with hydrogen sulfide poisoning is loss of smell when gas accumulates in an amount of 140 mg/cub.m. In turn, this can lead to death. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning is very dangerous!
Most often, you can get poisoned by this gas in production facilities involved in the production of rubber products, leather goods and artificial silk. Hydrogen sulfide predominantly enters the body through the respiratory system, and at high concentrations it can also be absorbed through intact skin.
Hydrogen sulfide gas primarily affects the nervous system and is perfectly soluble in lipoid compounds. It forms strong compounds with neurolipids in nerve tissues. Once in the blood, this gas reduces the level of oxygen in the tissues and interferes with the production of vitamin B6.
In the patient's body, hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to sulfates and sulfur, which are excreted by the kidneys and only 6-7% of hydrogen sulfide is released unchanged through the respiratory system.
There are two degrees of poisoning:
- spicy;
- chronic.
The acute form of poisoning, in turn, is divided into the following groups.
Mild form of poisoning
Symptoms of hydrogen sulfide poisoning in this form are characterized by an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. There is a feeling of burning and stinging in the eyes, the light causes discomfort, the eyes begin to water.
Redness of the conjunctiva is also observed. From the respiratory tract there is a cough, there is a feeling of itching in the throat and behind the sternum.
The mild form is also accompanied by a runny nose and blepharospasm. When listening to the lungs, dry rales are clearly audible, and bronchospasm is possible.
Medium form of poisoning
Signs of hydrogen sulfide poisoning of moderate severity are characterized by an excited state, a feeling of euphoria, and ataxia. Headaches, nausea, vomiting, general weakness and dizziness are also observed.
Sometimes diarrhea, urination disorder, and cyanosis are observed. Less commonly observed is the development of pneumonia and increased body temperature.
Severe form of poisoning
The pathogenesis of this form of poisoning is characterized by a convulsive-comatose form. The patient experiences vomiting, disruption of the respiratory system, and extensive cardiovascular failure.
The victim loses consciousness and quickly goes into a deep coma. Against the background of this condition, constant convulsions and hallucinations are observed. The combination of all these symptoms leads to death.
But a favorable course of this form of poisoning is also possible. In this case, the coma turns into a sharp motor state. And then deep sleep comes.
Upon awakening of the patient, asthenic syndrome develops. As a rule, it goes away, but can also develop into encephalopathy. Also, when recovering from a comatose state, the patient may develop pulmonary edema.
Apoplectic form of poisoning
This form of poisoning occurs when the gas concentration in the air is more than 1000 mg/cubic meter or more. There is virtually no irritation of the mucous membranes. Death occurs instantly from paralysis of the respiratory tract and heart.
A sign of asthenovegetative syndrome is an enlarged thyroid gland
Chronic intoxication with hydrogen sulfide is represented by individual manifestations, depending on the severity of poisoning and the amount of hydrogen sulfide.
These include:
- Asthenovegetative syndrome. It is also called toxic neurasthenia. This manifests itself in severe irritability and general weakness of the patient. There is often an increase thyroid gland. Reflexes also slow down: skin, visual and olfactory. Timely therapy reduces symptoms to nothing.
- Encephalomyelopolyneuropathy. Characterized by headache, dizziness, frustration visual perception, hallucinations. Moreover, tactile hallucinations and sleep disturbances are characteristic. Optic nerve atrophy may develop.
- Polyneuropathic syndrome. It is expressed in a violation of sensitivity, until it is completely lost. The syndrome is characterized by muscle pain, a feeling of tension, and suppression of the Achilles reflexes. Distal autonomic disorders are also detected.
Medical assistance for poisoning
The most important thing when providing first aid to a victim is to take care of your own safety. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide can be high; the gas instantly has a cauterizing effect on the receptors in the nasopharynx. The smell ceases to be felt and this poses the main danger.
When providing assistance, the following instructions apply:
- When removing victims from danger zone you must use a gas mask.
- The patient must be taken to Fresh air on the leeward side. Ideally, the wind will be perpendicular.
- The tight clothing on the poisoned person is loosened and he is made comfortable until the ambulance arrives.
- Call emergency medical assistance.
- It is necessary to find out whether the victim has a pulse and whether breathing can be heard. It is important to determine how long the body has been suffering from oxygen loss. If the pupil is dilated and does not react well to light, then there are all signs of a lack of oxygen on the face. If necessary, resuscitation should be performed.
- In case of hydrogen sulfide poisoning, ammonia cannot be used to bring the victim to consciousness. It can react with the gas and cause additional burns to the respiratory tract.
- A chlorine solution is used to bring the patient to consciousness. You need to moisten a handkerchief or napkin in it and bring it to the nasal passages.
- It is very important to return the victim to consciousness. You can also lightly pat the poisoned person back to his senses. This is necessary so that he can independently regulate his breathing; without this, the likelihood of developing a coma is very high.
- At mild form For poisoning, warm milk with soda is recommended.
- The mucous membranes must be washed with boiled warm water. Eyes can be washed with boiled milk, and novocaine 0.5% can also be used for these purposes.
- Wet eye lotions using boric acid at a concentration of 5% also help well.
- If seizures develop and if you have the necessary drugs at hand, you can administer 2-4 ml of Seduxen or Relanium intravenously. A 40% glucose solution intravenously also helps well.
Further treatment is carried out in a hospital, under the supervision of medical personnel. The doctor corrects the patient’s condition and prescribes the necessary therapeutic measures.
It is also necessary to remember that the consequences of hydrogen sulfide poisoning may appear six months after the main treatment. One of the commonly observed complications is memory loss.
To avoid damage to the body by this gas, it is necessary to follow safety precautions at work. When a source is detected outside the walls industrial enterprise it is necessary to report it to the rescue service.
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with the smell of rotten eggs. The maximum permissible concentration in the air of industrial premises is 10 mg/m3, in the presence of hydrocarbons (during the processing of polysulfur oil) - up to 3 mg/m3, since their combined action causes potentiation toxic effect. It enters the body through the respiratory tract, as well as through the skin, quickly oxidizes to sulfur and sulfates, which are excreted by the kidneys, and part of the hydrogen sulfide is excreted unchanged by the lungs. Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic, has a strong irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, affects the central nervous system, and causes tissue anoxia as a result of the binding of iron in cytochromes. The risk of poisoning increases due to loss of smell at high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide.
For mild hydrogen sulfide poisoning symptoms of irritation of the mucous membranes are noted: burning and pain in the eyes, lacrimation, photophobia, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, cough. Sometimes a reflex spasm of the bronchi, bronchitis. In case of moderate poisoning, the listed symptoms are accompanied by signs of resorptive action: headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, impaired coordination of movements, agitation, hypotension, tachycardia. A severe form of poisoning is characterized by vomiting, cyanosis, impaired cardiovascular activity and breathing, pulmonary edema, and the development of coma. If the course is favorable, the coma may be replaced by motor excitement followed by deep sleep. After awakening - apathy, stupor, asthenia, which gradually disappear or persistent symptoms develop organic damage central nervous system type encephalopathy. When exposed to very high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (1000 mg/m3), a fulminant form of poisoning is observed - loss of consciousness and convulsions occur almost instantly; death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center or paralysis of the heart.
For subacute and chronic hydrogen sulfide intoxication Characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal disorders, myocardial dystrophy, asthenovegetative syndrome, encephalopathy. Dermatitis and eczema are observed upon contact with hydrogen sulfide solutions in water. Occupational skin stigmas often manifest themselves as impregnation or staining, calluses, emphasis or smoothness of the pattern, dryness and flaking of the skin on the hands, and flat warts. Are developing functional disorders skin: skin temperature decreases, its sensitivity to pain and thermal stimuli increases, the permeability of the epidermal barrier increases, reactions to adrenaline and histamine slow down, and neutralization ability is impaired. Oil production workers who spend long periods of time in the field experience areas of persistent erythema on the face and neck with pronounced telangiectasia. In the production of alkylphenol additives, vitiligo-like dermatoses are possible.
Treatment of intoxications. At acute poisoning Oxygen, carbogen, cardiac and sedatives are recommended with petroleum products. In case of breathing disorders, prolonged artificial respiration. The use of adrenaline is contraindicated! For oral poisoning - inside vegetable oil 30-50 g, careful gastric lavage with a thin probe. It is not recommended to induce artificial vomiting due to the risk of aspiration of vomit and the development of toxic pneumonia. With the development of gasoline pneumonia - treatment of pneumonia. If there are pronounced signs of the resorptive effect of hydrogen sulfide in the picture of acute poisoning, intravenous administration of methylene blue or chromosmon is recommended, which promote the binding of hydrogen sulfide to methemoglobin and thereby reduce its effect on tissue iron-containing enzymes.
Treatment of chronic intoxication with petroleum products should be carried out taking into account the clinical picture and the pathogenesis of its development. Treatment should be aimed at eliminating tissue hypoxia, accumulation of ammonia in tissues (due to impaired neutralization), and restoring the function of the nervous, cardiovascular system, and liver. An increase in acetylcholine production and vitamin deficiency should be taken into account. Treatment should include vitamins C1, B1, B6, B12, B15, lipotropic agents, glutamic acid, aeroionotherapy, acupuncture, tranquilizers.
At all stages of intoxication, aeroionotherapy and basal electrophoresis of novocaine in combination with vitamins and glutamic acid are indicated. For asthenic syndrome with arterial hypotension, tincture of Eleutherococcus is prescribed in combination with adrenal inductothermy. Small doses of tranquilizers are indicated for asthenoneurotic syndrome, vegetative dystonia, and diencephalic crises.
For toxic damage to the liver and heart, lipotropic substances, potassium orotate (0.5 g 3 times a day), are indicated. For persistent leukopenia, injections of vitamin B6, B12 are used for 15-20 days. For anemia, iron supplements, vitamins, folic acid are prescribed, for gastrohepatic syndrome - oxygen foam with rosehip decoction, choleretic and laxative herbs (immortelle, tansy, etc.), antispasmodics, diathermy on the stomach and liver area. In the treatment of vegetative dystonia, polyneuropathy, diencephalic syndrome good effect acupuncture provides.
For dermatoses, pastes, ointments, creams, desensitizing sedatives, etc. are prescribed.
Work ability examination. In case of chronic intoxication with petroleum products, the examination of work ability depends on the form and severity of the disease. Initial forms Intoxication with timely treatment can regress, the patients’ ability to work remains intact. In these cases, it is recommended that the patient be temporarily transferred to another job and receive appropriate treatment. In severe forms of intoxication, despite treatment and cessation of contact with oil products, complete restoration of health does not occur. In such cases, rational employment is recommended, and, if necessary, referral to VTEK. With late diagnosis of severe forms of chronic intoxication with sulfur oil products and irrational employment, cases of permanent disability are possible. IN expressed cases intoxication, a combination of various syndromes is possible, the latter must be taken into account when treating and assessing the ability to work.
Rehabilitation of patients who have suffered intoxication consists of: dispensary observation, rational employment, complex treatment, health improvement in sanitation-dispensary, according to indications - sanatorium-resort treatment. In case of moderate intoxication with gasoline and other petroleum products, the period of disability usually does not exceed 3-4 years, and the ability to work is fully restored.
Disease prevention comes down primarily to reducing pollution air environment Refinery toxic substances, compliance with safety regulations, personal hygiene, healthy nutrition, active rest, fight against bad habits. It is recommended that pregnant and lactating women be transferred to another job. When working in an atmosphere of high concentrations of gasoline or hydrogen sulfide, it is prohibited to work alone. Preliminary and periodic medical examinations are required.
Hydrogen sulfide can occur both in industrial and natural conditions: in places where gases, sulfuric mineral waters, in deep wells and pits where there are rotting organic substances containing sulfur. It is the main component of cloacal gas. In the air of sewer networks, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide can reach 2-16%. In a number of industries (chemical industry, textile, leather production) hydrogen sulfide is released into the air as a by-product. This is a strong nerve poison, which is only 5-10 times less toxic than hydrocyanic acid.
Hydrogen sulfide has both local (on mucous membranes) and general toxic effects. At concentrations of about 1.2 mg/l and above, a fulminant form of poisoning is observed. Death occurs due to oxygen starvation, which is caused by blocking tissue respiration due to inhibition of cellular redox processes. At concentrations of hydrogen sulfide ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 mg/l and above, symptoms of poisoning from the nervous system, respiratory and digestive organs are observed. Appears headache, dizziness, insomnia, general weakness, memory loss, sneezing, coughing, shortness of breath and in rare cases acute pulmonary edema with fatal outcome. Hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are observed. Characteristic damage to the mucous membrane of the eyes is conjunctivitis, photophobia. The cornea is covered with pinpoint superficial erosions. The risk of poisoning increases due to the loss of smell, which limits the ability of workers to leave the polluted atmosphere in a timely manner.
In case of hydrogen sulfide poisoning in the early stages, severe irritation of the mucous membranes appears (lacrimation, sneezing, coughing, rhinorrhea). Then general weakness, nausea, vomiting, and cyanosis appear. Cardiac weakness and respiratory failure, coma gradually increase.
With a favorable outcome of hydrogen sulfide poisoning, after 7-14 months, vegetative-asthenic syndrome, memory loss, polyneuritic syndrome, and damage to the extrapyramidal system can be detected.
Treatment. First aid to the victim consists primarily of removing him from the poisoned atmosphere to fresh air. It is necessary to administer cardiac and respiratory analeptics. Bloodletting, glucose, vitamins, and iron supplements are also recommended.
In order to prevent hydrogen sulfide poisoning, it is recommended to fill cesspools with iron sulfate before cleaning.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is a colorless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances. In industrial conditions, it is possible to pollute the atmospheric air with small doses of carbon monoxide, the long-term effect of which on the human body leads to chronic poisoning. Cases of chronic poisoning have been described among workers in boiler houses, garages, open-hearth and foundry shops, and in other industries.
Acute poisoningcarbon monoxide It is usually observed in everyday life due to premature closure of the chimney, prolonged use of ovens, etc. Carbon monoxide, penetrating into the blood, comes into contact with hemoglobin, displacing oxygen from it. The resulting carboxyhemoglobin dissociates 3600 times slower than oxyhemoglobin. Hemoglobin combined with carbon monoxide loses its ability to carry oxygen. As a result, tissue oxygen starvation occurs, to which the most sensitive nervous system. This determines clinical picture carbon monoxide poisoning.
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning can be mild, moderate, or severe.
Lightweight And average degree poisoning is manifested by headaches of lesser or greater intensity, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, cardiac dysfunction, and fainting.
Severe degree characterized by the development of a coma with impaired cardiac activity and breathing, involuntary urination, and the disappearance of all superficial and deep reflexes. Death may occur from paralysis of the respiratory or cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata.
In the case of a more favorable course, a gradual recovery from coma is observed with the development of psychomotor agitation. Motor excitement is then replaced by drowsiness, aspontaneity, and memory impairment. It is possible to develop severe focal symptoms due to damage to the brain and spinal cord:
hemiparesis, anisoreflexia, pathological reflexes, ataxic disorders, nystagmus, epileptic seizures. Cases of parkinsonism developing several weeks after acute carbon monoxide poisoning have been described.
Peripheral parts of the nervous system suffer much less frequently in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Nerve damage is associated with vascular disorders (thrombosis, hemorrhages) in the perineurium area. In severe forms of intoxication, damage to the optic nerves is possible with gross changes in the retina (swelling, dilated veins, small hemorrhages along the vessels), leading to atrophy of the optic fibers and complete loss of vision. Retrobulbar neuritis, hemianopsia, and scotomas caused by damage to the central parts of the visual analyzer have been described.
Severe acute carbon monoxide poisoning is sometimes accompanied by the development of trophic skin disorders (erythematous spots with blisters), toxic pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and myocardial infarction. Damage to the lungs and heart can cause death. In persons in a comatose state or dying from acute carbon monoxide poisoning, 50 to 80% carboxyhemoglobin is found in the blood.
Chronic intoxication carbon monoxide is characterized by neurodynamic disorders in the form of angiodystonic syndrome (cerebral-vascular crises), coronary pain syndrome or hypothalamic paroxysms (palpitations, feelings of heat and internal trembling, increased blood pressure, etc.). The phenomena of chronic intoxication are usually reversible.
Treatment. First aid for acute carbon monoxide poisoning is to immediately remove the victim from the poisoning zone and apply resuscitation measures to restore breathing and cardiac activity: inhalation of carbogen, cititon, lobeline, controlled breathing apparatus, cardiac drugs, exchange blood transfusion, calcium chloride. For severe agitation and convulsions, chloral hydrate and aminazine are prescribed.
Prevention of industrial carbon monoxide poisoning requires systematic monitoring of its content in work areas, organization of supply and exhaust ventilation, and sealing of production processes associated with the formation of carbon monoxide.
Hydrogen sulfide is flammable. Burns with a bluish flame. Colorless gas, heavier than air. Gas density 1.54 kg/m3. Self-ignition temperature -250°C.
Explosive limits of hydrogen sulfide mixed with air:
Lower – 4.3% vol.
Upper – 45.5% vol.
Hydrogen sulfide causes death from paralysis of the nervous system and, as a result, muscle paralysis, which causes respiratory and cardiac arrest. Dangerous concentrations of hydrogen sulfide can be determined by smell. The threshold for smelling hydrogen sulfide is 0.01 mg/m3. A noticeable odor is observed at 2 mg/m3, a significant odor - at 5 mg/m3, and a painful odor at 7 mg/m3. At 11 mg/m3 - the smell disappears due to paralysis of the nerve endings of the nose, please note that the MPC of pure is 10 mg/m3 Above the MPC begins harmful effects(The maximum permissible concentration in a mixture with associated gas is 3 mg/m3, above which you cannot work even in a gas mask, even in a hose one).
It is called insidious due to the rapid shutdown of the sense of smell, so poisoning can occur without the sensation of the presence of hydrogen sulfide.
The effect of hydrogen sulfide is nerve paralytic; at low concentrations, peripheral nerves, closer to the respiratory tract, are paralyzed. Up to approximately 220 mg/m3 we do not feel any special symptoms other than a metallic taste in the mouth. We can guess about his presence by signs of lung poisoning At a concentration of 200 mg/m3, there is a burning sensation in the eyes, photophobia, lacrimation, irritation in the nose and pharynx - this is when hydrogen sulfide has penetrated the larynx and formed acid. Metallic taste in the mouth, -280 mg/m3 weakness, headaches, nausea - when it penetrates the stomach along with saliva. Tightness in the chest, lack of air, difficulty breathing (the muscles of the ribs are paralyzed), difficulty walking and maintaining balance (loss of coordination, penetration into the muscles of the limbs), difficulty speaking, letters are lost, double vision (the muscles of the lens of the eye are affected) - these signs appear when hydrogen sulfide will penetrate the lungs and spread through the blood throughout the body. Further, the central nervous system of the heart muscle and ribs is affected - breathing and heartbeat stop.
At concentrations above 1000 mg/m3, almost instantaneous poisoning, convulsions and loss of consciousness, accompanied by rapid death, can occur.
First aid.
- 1. Hold your breath, put a gas mask on yourself and the victim
- 2. Take it out of the polluted area to the leeward side, preferably perpendicular to the wind, or to a meeting, if it is known that the source is nearby, lay it down, and free it from tight clothing.
- 3. Assess the condition by breathing and pulse. We look at the pupils to determine the time when the supply of oxygen to the brain stopped - after 5 minutes from a lack of oxygen eye muscles relax and the pupil dilates. We determine by the pulse whether the heart is working, we feel the pulse on the carotid artery, it may not be on the wrist, we cannot waste time, because it is easier for the heart to pump blood in a small circle - through the lungs and brain, than in a large circle - through the limbs.
- 4. Report. Call an ambulance or send.
- 5. In all cases of hydrogen sulfide poisoning, it is recommended to inhale a chlorine solution (moisten a handkerchief), since ammonia is also an acid, like hydrogen sulfide, which will result in a secondary burn of the respiratory tract. In contrast to poisoning with associated gases, when ammonia is used to revive.
- 6. For mild poisoning, drink warm milk with soda. If you lose consciousness, you can bring it back to life by inhaling a chlorine solution, you can spray it with water, rub your ears, shake it, hit your cheeks. Why is it necessary to bring you to your senses, there is breathing, the heart is working? Because breathing can stop when a conscious person forces himself to breathe, as he feels a lack of oxygen.
- 7. There are three possible states of poisoning: loss of consciousness, loss of breathing and loss of heartbeat. Naturally, the help is different. If there is no breathing - artificial respiration, if there is no heartbeat - indirect massage in combination with artificial respiration. When performing artificial respiration, do not inhale over the victim, so as not to be poisoned by his exhalations. It is better to use special funnels with absorbers that have appeared in first aid kits, which trap gases and supply air to the lungs regardless of the position of the tongue.
Petroleum gases that contain hydrogen sulfide are the most dangerous.
Hydrogen sulfide is a powerful nerve poison that causes death due to paralysis of the nervous system and respiratory arrest. At low concentrations it causes irritation to the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Solutions of hydrogen sulfide in water have an irritating effect on the skin.
When the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air is higher than 10 mg/m3 or 3 mg/m3 (in a mixture with C1-C5 hydrocarbons), acute poisoning may develop, the signs of which are convulsions and loss of consciousness.
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas, heavier than air, with an unpleasant smell of rotten eggs; accumulates in holes, wells, pits, etc.
As the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air increases, the odor becomes less strong and unpleasant, which increases the risk of poisoning. The pores of olfactory perception (lower) are in the range of 0.012 + 0.03 mg/m3.
At concentrations that are elusive to the sense of smell, a metallic taste appears in the mouth.
If signs of hydrogen sulfide poisoning appear, you must:
Immediately remove the victim to fresh air;
It is convenient to lay him down, free him from constricting clothes;
If breathing is impaired, perform artificial respiration and indirect cardiac massage.
2.10. First aid for heat and sunstroke.
With thermal or sunstroke the victim must be immediately moved to a cool place; lay on your back, place a bundle of clothes under your head, remove or unfasten clothes, wet your head and chest cold water, put cold lotions or ice on the head (forehead, parietal area, back of the head).
If the person is conscious, then he can be given strong iced tea or cold salted water to drink. When the victim has trouble breathing and there is no pulse, it is necessary to carry out the entire complex of resuscitation measures - artificial respiration and external cardiac massage.
2.11. First aid for snake, insect and animal bites.
When bitten by snakes, the symptoms of snake venom are: severe pain; swelling that quickly spreads to the entire limb. Subcutaneous hemorrhages. Drowsiness, dizziness, malaise, impaired consciousness, fainting, vomiting. Increase in body temperature to 39 degrees and above. Possible cardiac dysfunction, respiratory paralysis, and death.
First aid: Rest in the supine position with the limb elevated. Drink plenty of fluids - hot tea, coffee, kefir, milk, salted water.
Immediately after the bite: diphenhydramine, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), analgin - 2 tablets; validol - 1 tablet under the tongue. Repeatedly after 1-1.5 hours give the same drugs, 1 tablet. Cordiamine - 25 drops. For pain in the heart area, use nitroglycerin (1 tablet under the tongue). In case of breathing problems - artificial respiration using the "mouth to mouth" or "mouth to nose" method.
Wash the wound with a 1% solution of potassium permanganate. Apply a sterile bandage. Immobilize the bitten limb, i.e. create peace for her.
Urgent hospitalization. Delivery to a medical facility within 1.5-2 hours after the bite.
You should not: tighten the limb, apply a tourniquet, make cuts, cauterize the bite site, drink alcohol, try to suck out the poison (due to low efficiency, as well as danger for the rescuer).
Insect poisoning - stings of wasps, bees, bumblebees, hornets. Symptoms: At the site of bites - pain, burning sensation, swelling. With multiple bites, the following are possible: weakness, dizziness, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting. Heartbeat. Lower back pain. Increased body temperature. Hives. Convulsions, loss of consciousness.
First aid. Remove the sting. Give the victim amidopyrine, diphenhydramine, aspirin, analgin - 1 tablet each. Hot tea, coffee, milk, salted water (to drink).
When bitten by animals, even if the bitten animal appears completely healthy, it is necessary to lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine and apply a sterile bandage. The victim should be sent to a medical facility.