What is the main vocabulary of the Russian national language? Core vocabulary and periphery

Basic lexical fund– this is the core of vocabulary. Divided into active and passive. A – words of everyday use. P - obsolete words, or new words:

A) historicisms are the names of objects and phenomena of the historical past that have fallen out of use along with these objects and phenomena and have no synonyms in modern language (collective farm).

B) Archaisms are words replaced by other words of the same language

C) neologisms are newly formed words that have not yet received widespread: 1 – lexical neologisms – completely new words, both in meaning and sound. 2- semantic – new meanings already in existing words Oh.

Changes in the vocabulary of a language occur in several stages:

1) invention of new words (can be active on early development language)

2) morphological - the creation of new words from existing morphemes in a language according to the models of a given language -ist- (programmer) -schik- (electronics engineer)

3) borrowing words

4) semantic – rethinking of words, the emergence of new meanings (brain drain)

5) conversion - transition of a word from the 1st part of speech to another

29. Vocabulary composition of the language changes continuously. There are much more new words and new meanings of words. There are 3 ways to enrich the vocabulary of a language:

1) Morphological - the creation of words according to existing models in the language on the basis of existing words and morphemes. There are types of morphological (affixal word formation:

A) suffixal: decide - decision - decide...

B) prefixal: write down, write;

B) suffixal-prefixal: window sill, armless;

D) without affix: walk - move, quiet - quiet.

2) Semantic - rethinking of words. the emergence of new meanings for words. Not only words have a history, but also their meanings. They change according to the laws of semantic processes and the rules for the formation of figurative meaning. There is also expansion (increasing the volume of the designated concept) and narrowing (limiting the volume of the designated concept).

3) Borrowing is a vivid example of the interaction of languages and cultures. It increases lexical richness and serves as a source of new roots. The result of borrowing: mixed languages are formed; borrowing of an element appears in the natural composition of the language.

Even more distant from the language - the source - are words that arose through tracing - namorphemic translation of someone else's word - model.

Mastering a word means losing its individuality. In order for a word and meaning to be acquired by a language, there must be a social need for that word.

30 .The vocabulary of any language is divided into: original vocabulary (words inherited from ancient times from the base of the language) and words that arose in the process of language development. Borrowed vocabulary indicates the genetic origin of the language. For example: mother, eye, leader, fatherland, monastery, lat. Lecture, raisin, heel, iron, bazaar, tie.

Internationalisms are words that have the same or similar sound and the same meaning in various languages peace .

The main type of borrowing is tracing paper (a type of borrowing when foreign word copied and translated in parts). There are word-formation and semantic tracing papers.

Derivational tracings are words obtained by “morpheme-by-morpheme” translation of a foreign word.

Semantic tracings are original words that acquired new meanings under the influence of foreign words.

Stages of mastering borrowed words:

1) phonetic development

2) morphological (a word can change gender, go to another part of speech)

3) semantic

Barbarisms are words with a pronounced foreign connotation to create a certain national flavor.

31. According to the sphere of use, vocabulary is divided into national vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use (dialectisms, jargon and professionalisms)

1 .Dialectisms are words of local dialects limited by the territory of their use. Divided into lexical-semantic dialectisms - identical words, but in the dialect a different meaning. Ethnographisms are objects that are used in a certain territory.

2 .Jargonisms are words whose use is limited to social groups.

3 .Prof. vocabulary - These are semi-official and informal words used by people of a certain profession to denote special objects, concepts, actions, often having names in the literary language. N: for drivers: steering wheel - “steering wheel”, brick - sign prohibiting passage). The core of professional vocabulary consists of terms.

A term is a word or phrase that is the exact name of the concepts of a specific technical or scientific field. The terms have no stylistic coloring and are characterized by a clear limited meaning

32. Vocabulary happens:

1) inter-style or stylistically neutral. These words are used in any type of speech, in any style of speech in fiction, etc. Therefore, such vocabulary is called interstyle, i.e. serving all styles of speech or neutral. Neutral vocabulary is called because it is devoid of any special stylistic coloring. This includes most nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and pronouns. Interstyle words include all numerals. Only interjections are not inter-style words (for example: person, tree, table, good, easy, simple, I, mine, hundred, etc.)

2) stylistically marked: bookish and colloquial. Book vocabulary (terms, poetic vocabulary, clerical vocabulary, barbarisms and exoticisms) is necessary when talking about something important and significant. Such vocabulary is used in the speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. Bookish words are inappropriate in casual conversation Book vocabulary assigned to scientific, newspaper-journalistic and formal business styles, usually presented in written form.

Conversational vocabulary is divided into proper colloquial and colloquial words. The actual colloquial vocabulary is used in everyday communication (at home, at work with friends, in informal settings). Spoken words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected official relations, or in a formal setting. Colloquial vocabulary represents a predominantly conversational style of speech.

Colloquial vocabulary usually present in the speech of uncultured, illiterate people in purely everyday communication. Does not belong to any of the styles literary language.

33. Phraseological units, from signs. Types of phraseological units.

Phraseologisms are stable phrases that have a constant holistic meaning. General characteristics of phraseological units and words: 1) reproduced in finished form, and not constructed; 2) stable composition and structure; 3) have a lexical meaning, may have synonyms and antonyms; 4) correlated with parts of speech. Word-by-word translation of phraseological units is impossible. Charles Bally and Vinogradov developed the doctrine of the classification of phraseological units.

1. Phraseological adjunctions or idioms – stable combinations, constituting an indivisible integrity, the meaning of which in modern language is not connected with the meaning of the components (to sharpen the lasses, of course).

2. Phraseological unities can be understood literally and figuratively (washing dirty linen in public, shot sparrow, what the devil is not joking) - semi-free, closed series of words, among which usually one is limited in its compatibility, and the second is not; meaning is motivated;

3. Phraseological combinations – non-free phraseological meanings of words are realized (look away). The meaning of each component is clear, but the connection is not free (Blush with shame).

34. Lexicography is the scientific technique and art of compiling dictionaries, practical use lexicological science, extremely important for reading practice foreign language literature both for learning a foreign language and for understanding one’s own language in its present and past. The types of dictionaries are very diverse.

Firstly, one should distinguish between encyclopedic dictionaries and linguistic dictionaries. Encyclopedic dictionaries describe and explain not words, but the phenomena that are named by these words. Language dictionaries show exactly words with their meanings, usage, origin, grammatical characteristic and phonetic appearance.

Secondly, there are monolingual, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries. Monolingual dictionaries are explanatory dictionaries whose task is not to translate, but to characterize of this word in modern language or in its history and origin (historical and etymological dictionaries).

There are specially regional dictionaries, dictionaries of certain dialects, terminology dictionaries by branches of technology and science (in which there is always an element of encyclopedic dictionaries); dictionaries of synonyms, dictionaries of homonyms, dictionaries of rhymes; There are also dictionaries of idiomatic, phraseological, “winged words”, explanatory, etc. Finally, spelling and spelling dictionaries, where there are no translations or interpretations of words, but either the standard of writing or the standard of pronunciation is indicated, these are dictionaries of purely applied meaning.

Municipal state educational institution

Yasenkovskaya secondary school

Abstract research work:

"Historical-etymological

vocabulary analysis

in English"

Completed by a 10th grade student

Katyshevskaya Kristina

Head English teacher

Yanshina Alexandra Anatolevna

Introduction. 3

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the study. 4

Definition of the concept “etymology”. 4
Definition of the concepts “main vocabulary fund" And

"borrowing". 5

Chapter 2. Practical foundations of the study. 6

2.1 The main vocabulary of the English language. 6

2.2 Borrowings that came into English from other languages. 9

Conclusion. 13

Bibliography. 14

Application. 15

Introduction.

This work is devoted to the etymological study of the historical and linguistic picture of the vocabulary of the English language.

The relevance of the work is determined by the growing interest of modern linguists in etymology, studying the lexical composition of the language and the peculiarities of the mentality of native speakers of the country of the language being studied.

The main goal of the work is to study the sources and process of formation of the vocabulary of the English language, as well as to reveal the origin of individual lexemes.

The purpose of the study determined the formulation of tasks:

To study the historical conditions for the formation of the vocabulary of the English language.
Define percentage borrowings from other languages.
Show the relationship between historical events and the influx of borrowings into the English language.

To solve the problems, descriptive, statistical methods, historical and etymological analyses.

The sample corpus consisted of 250 lexemes extracted from etymological, explanatory dictionaries and the Internet database.

The theoretical significance of the work is that its results will allow us to better understand the interpenetration and mutual influence of different cultures and see complete picture peace.

The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using its conclusions in the practice of teaching English, as well as in studying elective course"Lexicology".

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the study, defines its goals, objectives and methods.

The theoretical part defines such concepts as “etymology”, “main vocabulary” and “borrowing”.

The practical part examines the features of the main vocabulary of the English language, borrowings from other languages and their relationship with historical phenomena that took place during a specified period of time.

Theoretical part of the work

Etymology

Etymology is a branch of linguistics (more specifically comparative historical linguistics) that studies the origin of words. Initially, among the ancients - the doctrine of the “true” (“original”) meaning of the word.

Can also be defined as a collection research methods, aimed at revealing the origin of the word, as well as the very result of this disclosure.

Sometimes the very origin of the word is also called: for example, “the word notebook Greek etymology”, “propose a new etymology”, that is, a version of the origin.

The term originated among the ancient Greek Stoics, attributed to Chrysippus (281/278 BC - 208/205 BC). The ancient Roman grammarian Varro (116 - 27 BC) defined etymology as a science that establishes “why and wherefore words appeared.”

Before the advent of the comparative historical method, most etymologies were completely fantastic character. The Russian poet and philologist of the 18th century V.K. Trediakovsky (1703-1769) believed that the name of the country Norway is a distorted form of the word “on top”, since this country is located at the top of the geographical map, and the name Italy goes back to the word “prowess”, because that this country is many miles away from Russia. Such “studies” forced Voltaire (1694-1778) to say that “etymology is a science in which vowels mean nothing and consonants mean almost nothing.” The tools of etymology were provided by the comparative historical method - a set of techniques that make it possible to prove the kinship of languages and reveal the facts of their ancient history (J. Grimm, F. Bopp, R. Rask, A. Kh. Vostokov, etc.).

The subject of etymology as a branch of linguistics is the study of the sources and process of formation of the vocabulary of a language, as well as the reconstruction of the vocabulary of a language ancient period.

Basic vocabulary and borrowings.

Language is not something frozen, motionless; on the contrary, it is a dynamic, developing system. Of course, the changes that occur are unnoticeable over a short period of time and manifest themselves differently in different tiers of the language: they are more clearly manifested in the pronunciation and lexical systems, less obvious in grammar, which is more stable.

Despite some contamination of the English vocabulary with words borrowed from other languages, the English language as a whole has not suffered from a large influx of foreign language elements. On the contrary, his vocabulary has undoubtedly been enriched. This became possible due to the fact that he mastered foreign language elements, absorbing everything valuable and necessary, discarding everything random in the course of further development.

Main vocabulary fund- this is the lexical base of the language, the most stable layer of its vocabulary, which includes, first of all, the primitive, most important and necessary, firmly established in the life of the people and commonly used names of objects, phenomena, processes associated with reality.

Borrowing is a process as a result of which a certain foreign language element (primarily a word or a full-valued morpheme) appears and becomes fixed in a language; also such a foreign language element itself. Borrowing is an integral component of the process of functioning and historical change of a language, one of the main sources of replenishment vocabulary.

Practical fundamentals of research

The main vocabulary of the English language.

(Thebasicwordstock)

The boundaries of the vocabulary are quite fluid: new ones appear periodically, and some fall out of use.

As a result of studying dictionaries, fiction and network sources - the Internet, it was revealed that in the English language there is a certain stable level of words that, basically, remain unchanged.

The main subgroups of the unchanged vocabulary fund are as follows:

Names of objects and natural phenomena:

Sun - sun

Snow - snow

Names denoting people, their relatives, body parts:

Man - man, person

Father - father

Names of the main processes of human activity:

Eat – eat, eat

Sleep - sleep

Go- walk, go, go

Words denoting the simplest tools:

Nail-nail

Harmer - hammer

Ax – ax

Names of the color spectrum, abstract adjectives:

Good - good

Bad - bad

Structural elements of language (prepositions, conjunctions)

The vocabulary of the English language is noted for its mixed nature. It can be conditionally divided into 2 main groups: native words and borrowings.

In English literature, the term "native" is used to refer to words of Anglo-Saxon origin introduced into the British Isles from other continents in the 5th century. Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons and Jutes.

6
The term “borrowings” is used to refer to words taken from other languages and modified in phonemic, pronunciation and component meaning according to the standards and norms of the English language.

The analysis showed that native words make up 30% of the English dictionary. Modern linguists divide them into European and Germanic groups of words. Words from native European languages form the oldest layer of English vocabulary. They are divided into various semantic groups:

Words for family members and immediate relatives

Father - father

Mother - mother

Words naming objects and natural phenomena:

Sun - sun

Moon - moon

Rain - rain

Water - water

Words denoting parts of the human body:

Heart - heart

Arm - hand

Leg – leg

Foot - foot

Names of animals and birds:

Bull - bull, buffalo

Goose - goose

Wolf - wolf

Some quality adjectives:

Old - old

Young - young

Slow - slow

Hot - hot

Words that name action verbs:

To do - to do

To go - walk

To see - to see

Most numerals belong here.

But as the study showed, most of this layer of vocabulary (native words) consists of words from the Germanic group of languages - Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic. They include big number words of a general nature.

Summer - summer

Ground - earth

House - house

Storm - storm

Cold - cold

Iron - iron

Hope - hope

Rest - rest

7
Life - life

To buy - buy

To keep - keep

To learn – to teach, to recognize

Deaf - deaf

Dead - dead

The same layer of vocabulary includes many adverbs and pronouns.

Words of Germanic origin are very important because of their stability, high frequency, and great word-forming ability. They are often monosyllabic and have some graphical abilities: -tf, ng (aw), tw, wh.

Borrowings that came into English from other languages.

The study of English literature and Internet sources revealed the fact that for its long history English came into contact with several other languages: Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, etc.

The huge influx of borrowings from these sources can be explained by a number of important historical events, such as the Roman invasion, the introduction of Christianity, Norman conquest and the rise of the Renaissance.

The fact that about 70% of the entire English vocabulary consists of borrowings proves the specific conditions for the development of the English language.

Borrowings entered the language in two ways: through oral and written speech.

Oral borrowings took place mainly in the early periods of history. Such words are monosyllabic and subject to significant changes, while written borrowings retain their spelling and pronunciation. Their assimilation is a rather long process.

Latin loanwords early period time.

In the first century, barbarian tribes lived in northern Europe and had contact with the Romans. The first borrowings were words denoting various plants and food products:

Wine - wine

Pepper - pepper

Peach - peach

Pear - pear

Dish - dish

Animals: Ass – donkey

Words denoting measure:

Pound

Inch - inch

Words denoting some kind of structure:

Port – port

Camp (campus) - campus

Street (via strata) – street

9
Latin words formed the first layer of borrowings and enriched the language of the Anglo-Saxon tribes. Later, this layer of vocabulary became the basis of the future English language.

Celtic borrowings.

In the 5th century AD, several Germanic tribes crossed the English Channel and occupied the British Isles.

Their indigenous inhabitants, the Celts, fought desperately for their territories, but they were forced to retreat north and southwest, towards Wales. Through contact with the Celts, the invaders acquired a large number of Celtic words:

Down – hill

Druid - druid

Dome - dome

Place names: London, Shier

Second period of Latin borrowings.

7th century AD - the period of the introduction of Christianity by Roman priests. This was the new (second) period of Latin borrowings. Among them were the words

associated with the church.

Alter – altar

Priest - priest

Angel - angel

school-related: magister - master's degree
associated with animals: lion - lion
related to plants: palm -tree – palm tree
minerals: marble
tools: spade - shovel

Scandinavian borrowings.

From the late 8th century to the mid-11th century, the English language was influenced by several Scandinavian invasions.

10
Among the borrowings of this period:

- sky, skin, scull, rude, anger

Husband, to die, to hit, to want

Ill, ugly, happy

She, them, same

French borrowings.

In the 9th century, the Normans came to the northern sea coast of France and were partially influenced by the French language.

In the 11th century, the greatest event in the history of England took place - under the leadership of William the Conqueror, the Norman era began.

French was the language of the people high society- systems of developed feudalism. In Britain French borrowings leaked into all spheres social life.

Administrate (administrative) – state, county, government, parliament, people, nation

Legal terms – crime, judge

Military terms – army, battle, peace, victory, officer

Education – lesson, library, pupils

Art – color, to paint, arch

Life – dinner, supper, to boil, to fry, to dress, money, jewels.

Renaissance era (16th-17th centuries)

This period was marked by significant development of science, a revival of interest in the ancient languages - Greek and Latin.

In this period Latin borrowings were not concrete, on the contrary, abstract:

Knowledge - knowledge, aura - aura, technology - technology

Minimum

To elect

11
The English language has borrowed many scientific terms from Greek:

analysis, cycle, character, chemistry, phonetics.

During the Renaissance, there was intense cultural mixing with the main European countries - Spain and Portugal:

Comrade, Negro, cigar, mosquito, Madera

The discovery of America brought a number of words from the Native American Indians: potato, chocolate, tobacco.

Contacts with France were marked with words with a Parisian accent and emphasis:

Machine - machine

Police - police

Garage - garage

Technique - technology

From Italian language borrowings related to

music:

Opera - opera

Piano - piano

Solo - solo

Soprano - soprano

Tempo - tempo

military terms: colony, infantry
everyday life: macaroni, incognito

From German:

Zink - zinc

Quartz – quartz

Cobalt

Iceberg - iceberg

Zigzag- zigzag

From Arabic and Persian languages:

Algebra - algebra

Coffee - coffee

Magazine - magazine

Tulip - tulip

Paradise - paradise

From Russian:

Beluga - beluga

Sterlad - sterlet

Versta - mile

Ruble - ruble

Tzar – king

Duma - thought

Samovar - samovar

Shuba - fur coat

Conclusion.

The vocabulary of any language is constantly changing. Many words disappear from the language because what those words meant ceases to exist. At the same time, new words constantly appear in the language, because new realities arise that require designation.

The purpose of this study was to study changes in the vocabulary of the English language in the period from the beginning of written sources to the 17th century.

Statistical analysis revealed the fact that the vocabulary of the English language contains native words (approximately 30%) and borrowed words that came from other languages (70%).

The origin of the word, its path in language, historical changes it contains historical and etymological dictionaries.

So, we selected and studied 250 borrowed words extracted from etymological and historical dictionaries and the Internet database.

An etymological analysis of these lexemes showed that the majority of borrowings in the English language are words of French, Latin, Greek (about 40%) and Scandinavian origin (about 15%). Borrowings from other languages – approximately 15%.

In our opinion, we were able to study the problem of borrowings in the English language. We've sorted it out possible ways their penetrations were examined Various types borrowings. results historical analysis prove that the characteristics of the influence of a particular language are determined by the nature of economic, social and cultural relations with speakers of these languages in a specific historical period of time.

Thus, the study made it possible to delve deeper into the essence of such a concept as the etymological analysis of a word and establish that the unique richness of the vocabulary of the English language is a reflection of the diverse and complex relationships with other countries of the world in the history of England since 450. and to the 17th century.

Further study of the significant number of borrowings from the 17th century onwards today will allow you to most fully describe the vocabulary of modern English.

Bibliography.

Amosova N.N. Etymological foundations of the vocabulary of modern English. – M.: Publishing house of literature in foreign languages, 1956.
Arakin V.D. History of the English language. – M.: graduate School, 1968.
Arakin V.D. Essays on the history of the English language. – M.: Education, 1955.
Borisova L.M. From the history of English words. A book for high school students. – M.: Education, 1994.
Makovsky M.M. Historical and etymological dictionary of modern English. ISBN: 5-93883-013-5. Year: 2000. Format: PDF.
Smirnitsky A.I. Lexicology of the English language. – M.: Education, 2000.
Haugen E. The process of borrowing // New in linguistics. – M.: Progress, 1985.
Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. T.F. Hoad. – Oxford Paperback Reference, 2000.

Distinguished by direct appeal to reality. It is vocabulary that primarily reflects the changes that occur in the life of society. Language is in constant motion, its evolution is closely connected with the history and culture of the people.

Each new generation brings something new not only to the social structure.

The period of perestroika, the collapse of the USSR, and the change of the state system changed the very conditions for the functioning of the Russian language, its communicative and pragmatic character. Unprecedented popularity of funds mass media has now dramatically changed the emphasis in the spheres of influence on the development of the language, especially in its literary form. This opened the boundaries of the literary language to colloquial, colloquial, and slang vocabulary. Freedom of forms of expression has given rise to a tendency towards unprecedented word creativity. Modern authors of texts, oral and written, are not constrained by literary traditions or limited by the careful choice of words. In the field public communication formality is erased and weakened. Along with this, the process of foreign language borrowing has also intensified. Among the new words there are many direct borrowings, but a significant number of words were created on Russian soil, through the use of foreign language prefixes or root parts of words along with Russian ones.

All this speaks of the openness of the lexical system of the Russian language, its activity and vitality. Words not only enter the language, but are creatively processed and adapted to an environment alien to them, which turns out to be strong enough to subjugate the foreign.

Semantic transformations in vocabulary, along with the nomination of new realities, contribute to the expansion and enrichment of the vocabulary. The acquisition of a new meaning by a word can lead to the birth of a new word, thereby strengthening linguistic homonymy. Among the semantic processes, three main ones stand out: expansion of meaning, narrowing of meaning and rethinking. (the word club was recently associated with cultural institutions for the ordinary Soviet man(rural club, city club, student club, tourist club, etc.); Today, clubs of a different type have appeared, modernized in accordance with the needs of the time: art club, disco club, association club, business club.)

The vocabulary of the language reflects the changes that constantly occur in the social, material, spiritual and other life of society. Active composition- this is a set of those words that are widely used by the majority of speakers at a given time. Passive compounds are words that are not commonly used in modern Russian or are used for special purposes. There is no hard line between them, under certain conditions the word passive fund can fall into the active one, and vice versa. (pioneer, socialist competition, wall newspaper go into passive composition, summit, broker, voucher have become active since the late 80s).

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3.6.1. Lexical Analysis A fairly typical exegetical problem is that we do not understand the meaning of a word in the Bible, or that word may have several meanings (or shades of meaning), so that we find it difficult to make a choice for a given one.

The question of the general lexical fund and structure of various Slavic languages has long attracted the attention of philologists. In 1865, the famous linguist A. Schleicher sent to Petersburg Academy sciences, the article he wrote “All-Slavic Dictionary”. In this article, he developed the idea of the need for “a convenient and handy list of the corresponding words of all Slavic dialects.” Such a pan-Slavic dictionary would make it possible to judge the composition and volume of the pan-Slavic lexical fund and the vocabulary peculiarities of individual Slavic languages. “Our dictionary,” wrote A. Schleicher, “should not take the place of separate dictionaries of individual adverbs. However, it seems useful to cite these words of individual adverbs, in which the root (or form of the root) appears in others (for example, Russian. catch a cold, root form shame-, as far as I know, is found only in the Russian dialect). There are not many such words." What is meant here is not an etymological dictionary of Slavic languages, but a treasury of their living lexical inventory. Borrowed words would also be included here, at least those that have come into general use in several Slavic languages. According to A . Schleicher, “with the composition of such a book, one might say, it would begin new era Slavic science".

Academician A. Schleicher responds to A. Schleicher’s article “All-Slavic Dictionary”. I.I. Sreznevsky with his “Notes on the Dictionary of Slavic Adverbs”. Academician I.I. Sreznevsky subscribes to the opinion that “improved understanding of the mutual relationships of Slavic dialects can be expected... most of all from a dictionary, where all Slavic dialects would be compared evenly and equally correctly, with equal clarity.” In this dictionary it should be addressed Special attention“on the shades of meaning and on the range of use of words in different dialects and on the variables of their meaning and use at different times” (cf. the beginning of the implementation of this plan in such works as the Polish dictionary of S. Linde or the root dictionary of the Russian language by K. Szymkevich). “Everyone who understands the Slavic dialects even a little and delves even a little into the features of their differences, it should be obvious that a very significant, main part of their composition belongs to them together, and a less significant part to many or several, and that all this appears in each of them in special image according to the special requirements of its sonority" (i.e. its phonetic system). I.I. It seems appropriate to Sreznevsky to take the word of the Old Church Slavonic language as the “leading, head word” in such a pan-Slavic lexicon as the language richest in “common Slavic heritage.” At the same time, I.I. Sreznevsky points to the unfinished "Slovnik vseslovansky s pridatnymi vyznamy nemeckymi" (Prague, 1852) by Joseph Franta Šumavsky. By reviewing the then existing dictionaries of individual Slavic languages, I.I. Sreznevsky comes to the conclusion that “for drawing up a general Slavic dictionary It’s too early to get started.” In Sreznevsky’s opinion, it would be advisable to begin clarifying the pan-Slavic fund with the compilation of a dictionary of the Old Church Slavonic dialect, “giving in it a place for instructions on all those Slavic dialects, ancient and new, for which materials can be collected.” “Or, taking a slightly different circle of words, compare in the dictionary relatively only those words that, according to their use in most Slavic dialects, can be called common Slavic." I. I. Sreznevsky called for "to begin a systematic selection of materials for a common Slavic dictionary."

The idea of a pan-Slavic dictionary flared up in the 60s and 70s. But only in the mid-80s of the XIX century. (1885) “A short dictionary of six Slavic languages (Russian with Church Slavonic, Bulgarian, Serbian, Czech and Polish), as well as French and German” was published, edited by prof. F. Miklosic (St. Petersburg, M., Vienna, 1885. Compiled by F. Miklosic, V. Nikolsky, St. Novakovich, A. Matzenauer, A. Bruckner). This is a parallel dictionary of only five Slavic languages. His task was practical - to give the Western and Southern Slavs a manual for reading Russian books and at the same time show the similarity of the Russian language in vocabulary terms with other Slavic languages. This dictionary contains about 40 thousand words. Already in this dictionary, which is very imperfect and inaccurate, contains many errors and does not have a strictly scientific character, the breadth and diversity of the common Slavic vocabulary fund (in addition to international vocabulary) clearly appears.

The flourishing of comparative historical linguistics in the last quarter of the 19th century. decisively influenced both the formulation of the problem of the common Slavic vocabulary fund and the methods of solving it. Among the Russian researchers, already A.S. Budilovich, in his study “Primitive Slavs in their language, life and concepts according to lexical data” (1878-1884), tried to establish the main lexical-semantic spheres of the common Slavic language related to beliefs, natural phenomena, occupations, trades, crafts, handicrafts, dishes and drinks, clothing and jewelry, outbuildings and structures, household utensils, dishes and equipment, games and musical instruments, etc.

Research aimed at restoring the common Slavic-Baltic vocabulary fund (cf. R. Trautman's dictionary) and the common Slavic lexical system led to very significant results. The significance of these results and, at the same time, the enormous role of this common Slavic lexical heritage in the history of individual Slavic languages are immediately obvious, at least from the material contained in the “etymological dictionaries” of Slavic languages (F. Miklosic, E. Bernecker, A.G. Preobrazhensky and especially the still unpublished Slavic etymological dictionary by G.A. Ilyinsky). In his last works, Prof. focused on the characteristics of the common Slavic lexical system. A.M. Selishchev (see his "Slavic linguistics", vol. I). Clan and family terminology, names of the totality of members of the clan and tribe, designations of clan, kinship, community meetings and relationships, some expressions of military life (for example, banner), various concepts of social life and designations of social relations between people ( honor, price, peace, revenge etc.), words and phrases related to agricultural life ( plow, sickle, rye, millet, oats, threshing floor, current, grain, flour etc.), with cattle breeding ( ox, cow, bull, sheep, horse, sour cream etc.), with weaving and other folk crafts and crafts ( thread, saw, knife, weave and others similar), many designations of folk musical instruments ( horn, harp, pipe etc.) and much more, covering a complex and diverse range of objects, phenomena and properties - all this is the direct heritage of common Slavic vocabulary. The problem of lexical new formations that arose in the Common Slavic language was of interest to many scientists and especially A. Meie (cf., for example, Common Slavic names of body parts that do not go back to Indo-European antiquity: leg, knee, bone, mouth and etc.). It is clear that, given the commonality of living and productive models of word formation, on the basis of this common Slavic fund of words and morphemes in the history of individual Slavic languages, completely homogeneous words and word categories.

But, naturally, along with such common Slavic series of words and even their entire semantic categories, the history of individual Slavic languages had their own differential vocabulary features that characterize the lexical system of a particular Slavic language. For example, in the Russian language, along with the common Slavic lexical heritage, it is easy to identify words common to the Russian language and the languages of individual Slavic groups - Western or Southern, and even narrower lexical circles that bring the Russian language closer to one of the Slavic languages.

Here are some illustrations. Words like fade, faded(cf. fade), blink, sole, soil, fresh, ail, moth, poker and others like them, find their closest matches only in Western Slavic languages. Some words like: spring, mushroom, tar, pine, tail are common in the Russian language not only with the West Slavic languages, but also with the Slovinian language. Many Russian words find parallels and correspondences only in Yugoslavian languages (for example, feast, watch, honeycomb, korowai etc. etc.). True, in many cases it is not always possible to resolve with sufficient accuracy the question of whether we are faced with the original similarity of folk Slavic word formations or the fruit of the influence of Yugoslavic writing (for example, in relation to words army, military, decide, meager and so on.).

The study of various historical interactions of Slavic languages (for example, Russian and Bulgarian, Serbian, Russian and Polish, etc.) will help to identify new layers of lexical community between different Slavic languages and the correspondence between them in the processes of semantic changes and in word formation methods. In this direction, observations of the flow are of particular interest. complex process the formation of national languages among individual Slavic peoples and over the internal semantic support that individual Slavic peoples found in the lexical treasury of the Slavic language (for example, Bulgarians and partly Czechs in the Russian language).

Much has been written and said about the pan-European or international stock of words and expressions, about the commonality semantic systems European languages (including Slavic), about “European thinking”. Meanwhile, the question of inter-Slavic or common Slavic vocabulary, terminology and phraseology related to the sphere of basic concepts of culture and civilization (for example, such as personality, law, man and others like that). It was usually pointed out (especially sharply by A. Meye) to the peculiar, isolated position of the Czech national language in the circle of Slavic languages: as if the vocabulary of the Czech literary language largely, if not for the most part, consists of Czech national new formations, alien to both Polish and other Slavic languages. But the works of V. Kiparsky. Uber Neologismen in Tschechischen."Slavia", 1931, X, S. 700-717; Uber den tschechischen "Okzidentalismus" - "Slavis", 1933, XII, S. 1-25) greatly undermined A. Meillet’s assertion and discovered a close connection Czech language with Polish and Russian languages in the field of abstract and philosophical terminology.

Notes

1. "Opinions on the dictionary of Slavic dialects by A.B. Schleicher and I.I. Sreznevsky." St. Petersburg, 1866 (Collection of articles read in the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, vol. I, No. 2).

2. Comments by academician I.I. Sreznevsky about the dictionary of Slavic dialects. - In the book: “Opinions about the dictionary...”.

4. R. Trautmann. Baltisch-slavisches Worterbuch. Gottingen, 1923.

5. Compare, for example, the works of prof. B. Tsoneva about Russian-Bulgarian vocabulary parallels, prof. T. Mareticha about Russian and Czech words in the Croatian language, etc.

6. Compare: A. Meillet. Les langues dans l "Europe nouvelle. Paris, 1918, p. 313; cf. also: "Revue des etudes slaves", Paris, 1921, t. I, p. 13.

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