Based on his research, the author of the article came to the conclusion that the Russian people are an independent race, and their brothers - the Uzbeks - are nobles. But Tajik scientist Mirsaid Saidov from Moscow asks hot topic: “If the Uzbeks are nobles Turkic peoples, then who are the other Turkic peoples?” What is the answer to this question?
Mr. Mirsaid Saidov! Thank you for interest Ask, but, unfortunately, has a very long and completely unnecessary application. Considering the main provisions of my new theory about the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks to be proven, I thought that I would no longer enter into useless polemics with Tajik historians on this topic. But two circumstances forced me to answer. Firstly, you happen to be my colleague, an economist. Secondly, the peculiarities of the origin of your last name and first name.
You and the readers will probably be interested to know: why did I suddenly become interested in your last name and first name? No, no - you and I have never been relatives and are unlikely to become so in the future. Therefore, first I want to explain to readers an interesting historical fact of the origin of the root part of your surname, which fully corresponds to your name.
In short, the root of your surname and your name itself indicate the same thing - the fact that by your origin you belong to the Saids (SEIDS) - the descendants of the prophet Muhamad(s.a.v.) through his daughter Fatima and the fourth caliph and nephew Ali ibn Abu Talib (r.a.a), whom even our ancestor Amir Temur treated with great respect. So, according to the definitions about the origin of the Tajiks that I gave in my article “Uzbeks are nobles of the Turkic peoples, and Sarts are entrepreneurs Central Asia" and "I am proud that I am a barlas and a descendant of Temur", you are a real basin, i.e. ethnic Arab, whose ancestors conquered Turkestan in the 8th century. And with whom the ancestors of modern Tajiks came to our lands, being mobilized into the ranks of the Arab army from among the Iranian tribes of the newly converted Muslims of Fars, Zagros and Khorasan. The Iranians who adopted this name from your ancestors and due to the fact that our ancestors, who then spoke the Old Uzbek language, could not pronounce the letter “Z”, but instead pronounced “Zh”, were called Tozhiks, from which the modern official Russian pronunciation of this people in uniform Tajiks.
So, your ancestor, Mr. Mirsaid Saidov, is, as I believe, himself great prophet Muhammad(s.a.v.). And to put it more down to earth, then by your origin you, too, are not an Aryan (which modern Tajiks like to classify themselves as, although they have absolutely nothing to do with them), but a real nobleman or samurai, whose ancestors belonged to the military aristocracy Arab caliphates. Or have you sunk to the level of Tajik historians and, having abandoned your great ancestors, do not agree with this statement of mine and think that I am mistaken? Then you are not a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.), but just a simple Tajik, and your last name and your first name accidentally coincided with the name of the upper Arab class SAIDOV? If I am wrong and you are not from Said and you prove it, then I am not against it. So, act as you please...
However, I must note that you, like the Tajik historians, apparently did not know about your origin, as I just told you on the basis of your “details”. That is why you, apparently, decided to ask me those, to put it mildly, not very appropriate and absolutely incorrect questions, which you put in the title of your article, thereby hoping to discredit my theory about the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks in the eyes of scientific community and readers. You have not paid attention to the fact that the answers to all your questions are contained in my articles, which you allegedly analyzed. The inability to respect, carefully read and analyze their Uzbek opponents, despite the fact that they are presented in writing and published, is a characteristic feature and shortcoming of all Tajik historians, and now, as I see, economists.
To avoid confusion when analyzing the issue under consideration, I must draw the readers’ attention to two Arab classes, which, based on the historical fact of their participation in the seizure of our lands, can also be classified as the Arab military aristocracy. These are KHUDZHI (KHJALAR or HO’JAlar) and VASII.
Remember, the famous wit of the East and the hero of the films of the same name [whom the Tajiks, due to their incompetence, count among their ethnic group] Khoja Nasreddin Efendi? But proletarian playwrights, directors and critics of Soviet times, not knowing why they could not destroy him negative characters- the rulers and judges (qazis) of those times, and when they managed to arrest him, they still didn’t execute him? — came up with various funny stories. However, weight is the secret of such power Khoja Nasreddin Efendi, passed from mouth to mouth by many generations of our peoples, was that those Muslim rulers and judges were forced to do this because the KHUJI, according to the Sharia laws of Islam, were inviolable, as well as the SAIDS. On the contrary, SAIDS and KHUJIs themselves had the right to pardon those convicted by rulers or Sharia courts and, using such rights, they gained great respect and fame among the people, as Khoja Nasreddin Efendi.
You see, Mr. Mirsaid Saidov, when analyzing the origin of the root part of your surname, which fully corresponds to your name, I was dispassionate. Therefore, you can rest assured that if the ancestors of modern Tajiks, named so “in honor” of your great ancestors who once conquered our lands, were indeed Aryans, then I would not argue with this. And I would state the possibility of the existence of such a phenomenon with historical facts, which is the duty and calling of any scientist, no matter what field of knowledge he belongs to.
However, as I have argued in my articles, the Tajiks were never Aryans, just like the Romanian fascist converts in the German forces during World War II. Although Romanian fascists, together with German fascists, took part in the seizure of such republics Soviet Union, like Moldova and Ukraine.
So, almost all the peoples of the world have their own privileged military and other classes, which, for example, in Russia until the 17th century were called not nobles, but boyars (from the Turkic and Uzbek word “boy” - rich). Other nations have other similar classes, which are called counts, knights, musketeers, samurai, etc.
Therefore I have given the following clarifications:
“When I spoke in my article about the Uzbeks, who were called by this term in the period from 1312 to 1428, I meant precisely those Uzbeks who were not yet an ethnic group, but a military class. This class was called the Uzbeks, it arose under Uzbek Khan and in its meaning fully corresponds to such concepts as the samurai of Japan and the nobility of Russia.”
Speaking about the Uzbeks of this period and taking into account that the nobility in Russia arose much later - only in the 17th century, we can say that the Russian nobles are just as privileged military class, like the Uzbeks of the Golden Horde (1312-1428). But speaking about the Uzbeks as an ethnic group, I gave following definition the concept of "UZBEKS".
1.3. The definition of the concept “UZBEKS” is an ETHNOSIS . « In 1428, when the first centralized Uzbek state was created, created by 24 UZBEK tribes, i.e. peoples whose male population considered themselves to be members of the privileged military class of the Golden Horde, introduced into it during the time of Uzbek Khan, who were also subjects of this state, became an independent ETHNOSIS. And the term “UZBEK” turned into an ethnonym for Turkic tribes united under the flag of a state that went down in history under the name UZBEK KHANATE.
The composition of this ethnic group, which initially included only 24 tribes, eventually expanded to 92 tribes (and with additional branches the number of such tribes is more than 100). Therefore, from 1428 to 1924, UZBEKs were understood as an ethnic group of tribes that lived on the territory of Turkestan and consisted of these 92 tribes. And in 1924, during the creation of the Uzbek SSR within the USSR, the Uzbek ethnic group was legally recognized as the titular nation of this republic, which itself was named after the same people.”
Now you can answer your main question, displayed in the title of your article, by formulating it as follows.
2. What other Turkic peoples are classified as nobles, that is, Uzbeks?
In order to accurately and clearly establish which Turkic peoples belong to the nobility, I will first once again give below a list of those 92 Turkic clans and tribes that I cited in my article and which are generally recognized, incl. and Tajik historians.
The Uzbeks include the following Turkic clans and tribes:
agar, alchin, argun, arlat, bagan, barlas, bakhrin, boston, budai, buyazut, buytai, buyurak, burkut, buse, garib, girey, jalair, jaljut, juyut, julaji, jurat, jusulaji, dzhiyit, dudzhir, durmen, yaj.k.r., KALMAK, kalay, kangly, kara, karluk, kary, kattagan, keneges, kerat, kilechi, kipchak, kiyat, kohat, kungrat, kur, kurlaut, heaps, KYRGYZ, kyrk, kyshlyk, kyyat, mangyt, masid, mahdi, merkit, Ming, Mitan, Naiman, Nikuz, Oglan, Oglen, Oirat, Ong, Ongachit, Ongut, Olkhonut, Puladchi, Ramadan, Sarai, Sakhtiyan, Sulduz, Symyrchik, Tabyn, Tam, Tama, Tangut, Targyl, TATAR, tuvadak, TURKMEN, tushlub, uz, UIGUR, uimaut, uishun, urmak, utarchi, hafiz, khytay, chakmak, chilkas, chimbay, shirin, shuburgan, shuran, yuz, yabu.
In this list of Uzbek clans and tribes, I highlighted in bold italic capital letters those Turkic tribes that by now have somehow turned into independent ethnic groups.
So, to the Uzbeks, except for the Uzbeks themselves and those who are part of them KARAKALPAKOV who are citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan and a number of other states include such Turkic clans and tribes as:
TATARS- inhabiting the Republic of Tatarstan of the Russian Federation (whom we refer to as Kazan Tatars), Crimean Autonomous Republic Ukraine and other regions of the CIS, as well as BASHKIRS the Republic of Bashkortostan (which we refer to as the Ufa Tatars) of the Russian Federation;
TURKMEN— citizens of the Republic of Turkmenistan and other states;
UYGURS- population of Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region China and a number of other states.
In addition, if we take into account that BEKS were the military class of the AZERBAIJANI and TURKI (Ottomans, Ottomans or Osmonli) modern Turkey, then their BEKS can be classified as nobles in those concepts about UZBEKS that were introduced in my article and as discussed above.
Based on all this, we can safely say that out of more than 100 Turkic clans and tribes or peoples, only ten of them, which have now become independent ethnic groups, like the UZBEKS themselves, incl. KARAKALPAKS, as well as BASHKIRS, KALMYKS, KYRGYZ, KAZAKHS, CRIMEAN TATARS, KAZAN TATARS, TURKMEN and UYGURS, belong to the Uzbeks, i.e. nobles (samurai).
In answer to your question, Mr. Mirsaid Saidov, which you put in the title of your article, we could limit ourselves to only what is stated above. However, you ended your article with the following seemingly kind words: “ Tajiks and Uzbeks in mentality, culture and many other characteristics are the closest peoples in Central Asia, this is the result of a long coexistence in this region. Just 20 years ago, both Tajikistan and Uzbekistan became independent states. There's a lot of time ahead. You can calmly and fundamentally, without haste and emotions, explore your history. We are neighbors and should only look for ways and opportunities for cooperation and good neighborly relations».
The entire debate about the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks with territorial claims our majestic cities like Samarkand and Bukhara were started not by Uzbek, but by Tajik historians, led by full member Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan Rakhim Masov since 1992. Moreover, he, like all other Tajik authors, always wrote his polemical articles in a very rude and Nazi form, insulting the honor and dignity of not only his Uzbek opponents, but also the entire Uzbek people.
But for some reason you behave as if you know absolutely nothing about this and as if all this was started not by the Tajik side, but by the Uzbek side. Your goal is to discredit my new theory of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks. However, neither you nor other amateurs in matters of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks will succeed! Because unlike me, an ethnic Uzbek, Tajik authors like you did not have to study these issues in depth, with great interest and love for the subject of study. This follows from your article, in which you did not bother to make at least one reference to authoritative literary sources recognized throughout the world. This also follows from the works of Tajik historians, who claim that the Uzbeks are “an artificially created people in Soviet times.” But this is the people who gave birth to your Tajik people in 1929, creating the Tajik SSR from their autonomy of the same name, whose representatives turned out to be ungrateful. In this regard, the following pertinent question arises.
3. What is the essence of the inconsistency of M. Saidov’s review of R. Abdullaev’s articles on the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks?
I will begin my answer to this question with an analysis of the following, Mr. Mirsaid Saidov, your statements set out in the article, in which you, having distorted the content of my conclusions, state the following: “ Mr. R. Abdullayev in his articles puts forward new approach to the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks, based on the assumption that Jochi was not the son of Genghis Khan, but the son of a Turk; therefore, all his descendants (Uzbek Khan and other kings of the Golden Horde) and the Uzbek people are Turks.”
I am stating a completely different truth. Not only those Uzbeks of the Golden Horde of the time of Uzbek Khan, who were the military class, consisted of ethnic Turks mobilized into the Jochi Guard from the Turkic tribes of Turkestan, but the founder of the Golden Horde himself, Jochi, was by his origin an ethnic Turk, to whom Genghis Khan was forced to admit This fact is your historian Hamza Kamol, was a stepfather. It was for this reason and for security purposes that Jochi formed 80% of his personal guard from among the warriors of the Turkic KUNGRAT tribe, which lived at that time on the territory of Khorezm, and Khorezm itself was part of the Golden Horde.
Thus, Jochi (Yulchi - traveler) formed his guard from among the warriors of the KUNGRAT tribe, who were close relatives for him both through his mother Borte and Sartak’s eldest wife, and through his biological father, who was a representative of the Turkic tribe MERKIT.
Moreover, the author of this version of the origin of Jochi is not your humble servant, but the great Persian historian Rashid Ad-Din himself, which was emphasized in the corresponding book by the brilliant scientist of the East, the ruler of Turkestan and our ancestor Mirzo Ulugbek. Therefore, in my article I specifically emphasized: “ However, the article’s references to the works of European scientists and even to ancient Hindu epics, and even more so to commentaries modern historians from countries former USSR, my opponents, especially those who belong to the ethnic Tajiks, may not be satisfied. Therefore, in this section of the article and further, I will, first of all, rely on and make reference to the majestic historical works of Persian historians, such asRashid al-Din Fazlullah, which almost all historians of Europe and the former USSR refer to in their works, Russian Federation and other countries».
I just proved the validity of the hypothesis about the origin of Jochi on the basis of the majestic Persian primary sources, recognized throughout the world, from three sides corresponding to the statements of Rashid Ad-Din. And they consist of my following theses: 1) all Mongols were originally Turks, 2) Genghis Khan himself was a Turk and 3) Jochi was not Genghis Khan’s natural son and his biological father was an ethnic Turk.
At the same time, I did not take into account the theory at all " New chronology» academician Russian Academy Sciences A.T. Fomenko, about whom you and Tajik historians, apparently, did not have and do not have any idea. About the theory of the “New Chronology”, according to which historians of the Romanov dynasty, consisting almost entirely of foreign scientists, falsified or completely rewrote the world history, incl. Russian history in the interests of the Romanov dynasty. Therefore, such facts have disappeared from Russian history that all Russian states were called the Great State, i.e. Golden Horde or simply Horde. According to this theory, the Tsar of the Russian Empire Georgy Danilovich, also known as George the Victorious, was called Genghis Khan, and Alexander Nevsky himself was called his grandson Butu Khan (Batu).
Similar crimes of falsification have been and are being committed in relation to the history of the great Uzbek people by such Tajik historians as Rakhim Masov and his mentor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR A.A. Semenov, as well as colleagues and like-minded people V. Andreeva and others. And you, Mr. Mirsaid Saidov, decided to become an accomplice in this crime...
Further in your article you assert unfoundedly and without any evidence: “But God be with you, prove it, but instead, Mr. R. Abdullayev devotes about 50% of his article to attacks on the history of Tajiks. And here the Tajiks or you, Mr. R. Abdullaev, are haunted by the fact that before the arrival of Jochi’s descendants in Central Asia, other peoples lived here, mostly Tajiks. This fact has been proven long ago by history, and by historians mostly not Tajiks(highlighted - A.R.)."
Which “mostly non-Tajiks” proved that before the arrival of Jochi, Tajiks lived in Turkestan, which was named by the Persians themselves (Land of the Turks), supposedly making up the majority of its population?
If the majority of the population of Turkestan had consisted of Tajiks before, during and after Jochi, then this fact would have been recorded by the same great Persian historians, such as Rashi Ad-Din in his majestic historical works. And they would call that territory geographical map which I cited in my article, not Turkestan, but Tajikistan. But not before Persian historians, nor after them, until the conquest of our territory by the Russian Empire in the 19th century, did anyone call Turkestan Tajikistan. Therefore, questions arise:
a) Why didn’t the Russian Empire, which conquered our lands, call them Russian Turkestan, call at least one of its regions Tajikistan?
b) Do you think that Russian scientists and officials of that great Russian Empire, which at that time conquered our lands, were so incompetent that they did not know Which people exactly made up the majority of the population of the territory that they officially called Russian Turkestan?
They knew very well which ethnic group was the dominant people of Turkestan in terms of their numerical composition. These people, of course, were the Uzbeks, consisting of Turkic clans and tribes. And the Uzbek people, as we already know, appeared on the ethnic map of the world as an independent ethnic group in 1428 as a result of the birth of the first centralized state nomadic Uzbeks in the form of the Uzbek Khanate. The Uzbek ethnic group then consisted of 24 Turkic clans and tribes. But the number of clans and tribes of this Uzbek ethnic group expanded during the colonization of Turkestan by the Russian Empire, led by the Romanov dynasty, reaching 92 Turkic clans and tribes.
The fact that indigenous people Turkestan was called Uzbeks not only during the time of the Uzbek Khanate, but also in the 70-80s years XIX century, the book by V. Nalivkin and M. Nalivkina “Essay on the life of a woman of the settled native population of Fergana” can prove. On pages 15 and 16 of this book, the authors stated the following real facts, which took place by the date of publication of his work in Kazan, i.e. by 1886:
« Racially or tribally, the settled population of Fergana, collectively called Sarts, consists of Uzbeks (or Turks) and Tajiks (besides these two main nationalities there are also a small number of Jews, Gypsies and Hindus).
Sart-Uzbeks, speaking the Turkic language, are the former nomads of the Uzbek clans Kyrgyz, Bagysh, Kipchak, Karakalpak, Kurama, Ming, Yuz, etc., who settled here at different times … Within Fergana, numerically, the Sart-Uzbeks significantly prevail over the Tajiks (highlighted - A.R.). Relatively few settlements of the latter(Tajiks - A.R.) speaking the dialect Persian language(Kasan, Chust, Kamysh-Kurgan, Kanibadam, Isfara, Varukh, Sokh, etc.), lie along the foot of the ridges surrounding the valley...
At the same time, at present, the whole difference between settled Uzbeks and Tajiks lies, strictly speaking, in only one language. Religion, lifestyle, habits and customs, all this is so the same that further we will mainly mean a sedentary woman - an Uzbek, calling her common name Sartyan women, i.e. as is customary among Russians living in Central Asia(highlighted - A.R.)…
At the same time, no less number of Persian words were introduced into the modern Sartov (Turkic) language and the Persian literature adopted by it (...), and the adoption of Islam introduced a mousse of Arabic words (...).
Thus, in our modern Sartov (Turkic) language, almost half of the words are Persian and Arabic» .
But here another question arises: why then did Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR A.A. Semenov, in his article “On the question of the origin and composition of the Uzbeks of Sheibani Khan,” ignore the fact, talk nonsense about the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks, which I spoke about earlier?
I believe that A.A. Semenov tried to distort the history of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks beyond recognition, just as foreign academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences distorted the history of the Russian people in the interests of the Romanov dynasty. But unlike them, he did this by specially conspiring with some other Russian “historian scientists” who connected the origin of the Russian people with the Iranian people. Therefore, refuting this point of view of Russian historians about the ethnogenesis of Russians, I said the following in my article:
« ...unlike other authors and many Russian and other historians who connect the origin of Russians with the Iranian people…, I CONSIDER THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE AS AN INDEPENDENT RACE. And not just like that, but based on the point of view of the great Uzbek scientist and thinker Mirzo Ulugbek, set out in his book “Turt Ulus Tarihi”. It was with reference to this book by Mirzo Ulugbek that I wrote in section 7 of the second part of my article “Uzbekistan: challenges, threats, problems and solutions” that if the Uzbeks descended from a person named Turk, i.e. Turkic clans and tribes, then RUSSIANS CAME FROM A MAN NAMED RUS. And the fathers of Turk and Rus were the same person - Yafes (Yafas), whom the Turkic peoples call Oljai Khan[…]».
A.A. Semenv distorted our history for another reason. Firstly, because he was criminally prosecuted for such falsification, and Secondly, for the fact that he, one of the founders of Tosh State University, was not elected to the ranks of full members of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, while in Tajikistan he was not only elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR, but in 1954 he was appointed director of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. That is why his student, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR Rakhim Masov, in his article “ There are many conflicting opinions about the term “Uzbek” (“ozbak”). On the issue of the formation of the Uzbek SSR" wrote the following:
« The then leadership of Uzbekistan demanded from A.A. Semenov, who worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of this republic, that he present the history of the Uzbeks in connection with the guidelines of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR, which sought to present its past origins as more ancient than it actually was - from his primate, the ancestor of Ozbakhan (Uzbekhan)» .
“If you, Mr. Abdullaev, are a scientist, and a doctor of economic sciences, then you should know that if the basis of one or another approach (plan, calculation, etc.) is an assumption (not a proven fact), then the entire approach becomes unfaithful».
2. Abdullaev R. Uzbeks are nobles of the Turkic peoples, and Sarts are entrepreneurs of Central Asia (http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1319014200).
3. Abdullaev R. I am proud that I am a barlas and a descendant of Temur (http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1319619120).
4. Kamol H. Stepfather cannot become a father (http://www.centrasia.ru/news.php?st=1319175420).
6. Nosovsky G.V., Fomenko A.T. RECONSTRUCTION. Reconstruction of universal history. Khans of Novgorod - Habsburgs. Heritage Great Empire in the history and culture of Eurasia and America (http://chronologia.org/xpon7/index.html).
10. I propose to create the Russian Republic and call the Eurasian Union Uzbekistan (www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1320333300).
11. Masov R. There are many contradictory opinions about the term “Uzbek” (“ozbak”). On the issue of the formation of the Uzbek SSR (http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1265962380).
12. Mareev S.N. Logics. M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009.
13. Asanov E. The caravan has left... From the series “Main misconceptions about Uzbek history" (response to G. Shatkin)
Ismail Samani - founder of the Tajik nation
اسماعیل سامانی
Ismail Samani is the great Persian-Tajik emir, known to the world as “Amir Adil” (Fair Commander), founder of the state in Central Asia, ruler of Transoxiana.
Ismail Samani is considered the father of the Tajik nation and the pride of the entire Persian-speaking people.
BIOGRAPHY
Abu Ibrahim Isma'il ibn Ahmad Samani (ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد سامانی) was born in April 849 in the family of Emir Ahmad ibn Assad, a descendant of Samani Khudo, the founder of the Samanid dynasty.
Ismail entered world history a good-natured and devout Muslim. From childhood, he accepted Islam with his mind and heart and at the same time idolized the history of his people, belonging to the Aryan race.
It was during the reign of the Samanids that Islam came to replace Zoroastrianism in Central and Central Asia.
The most important dogma of Zoroastrianism is the postulate: “good thoughts, good speeches, good deeds.”
This life principle Emir Ismail was guided in his life. The famous scientist Nizam-al-Mulk in his work “Siyasatnoma”, speaking about the dignity of the ruler of Transoxiana, wrote that the emir “had pure faith in God, and he was generous to the poor.”
Ismail’s contemporaries said that in winter the ruler often mounted a horse and rode around towns and villages to find out how the common people lived. This suggests that Abu Ibrahim Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani did not dominate, but served his people honestly and sacrificially.
Samanid state in Central and Central Asia
Emir of Bukhara Ismail ibn Ahmad was a talented, energetic and very insightful ruler.
In the 9th – 10th centuries, the territory of modern Tajikistan was part of the vast and powerful Samanid state, which included large historical areas Maverannahr (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers), as well as Kharasan (the territory south-west of the Amu Darya).
The capital of the Samanid state was the oldest city in Central Asia - Bukhara.
The cities of Bukhara and Samarkand during the reign of Ismail ibn Ahmad turned into largest centers culture, development of crafts and trade, science, literature and art.
Within the framework of the Samanid state, the process of formation of the Tajik nation was completed. Main role in this process, the Western Iranian language was assigned, which replaced the Eastern European languages. During the Samanid era, Dari (Farsi) became the state language. Perso-Tajik culture, science, literature, and art developed on the basis of the Western Iranian language.
It was during the reign of Ismail ibn Ahmad that Bukhara became one of the centers of Islam in the East.
Ismail ibn Ahmad attached great importance to the ideology of Islam. He left valuable things for the world and Muslims historical heritage. These were built during his reign big cities in Central Asia, such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Merv, Afshana, Khujand, Herat, Balkh, Ghisar, Tirmiz. As well as a number of cities on the territory of modern Iran. He erected the Great Cathedral Mosque, a special mosque for visitors, built madrassas, libraries, khanqahs - shelters for wandering Sufis, prayers, emir baths, patronized the arts, and encouraged the development of architecture.
The main architectural structures that have survived to this day were erected during the heyday of Tajik science and culture during the era of the Samanid Empire. .
The best lands were allocated and large sums of money were allocated for the construction of mosques and temples of science and art. A skillful and wise ruler encouraged his people to knowledge and literacy. Muslims, following the Islamic tradition, began to search for knowledge around the world. Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani issued a decree on free training, creating educational centers in Bukhara and Samarkand.
Another task that Emir Ismail Samani accomplished was strengthening the foundations of the national Tajik language. We Tajiks have always strived to understand the world. And this experience was transferred to science, literature, and art. Tajiks are especially sensitive to their native language. For thousands of years we have carefully preserved it, passing it on from generation to generation, like a relic, without distorting it or introducing anything foreign.
The Arab conquerors practically destroyed the original language of the Tajiks - Dari. However, thanks to Ismail Samani, the Tajiks managed to return the language to its originality and former splendor.
The language was originally called “Porsi”. Great Emir Ismail Samani ordered to clear “Porsi” from street slang, Arabic dialects that have nothing in common with the literary language, and called the Tajik literary language “Farsi-Dari” (state Persian language).
Thanks to Ismail Samani, from Khurasan to Iran, the Persian-speaking people began to write, read, and speak in literary language“Farsi-Dari”.
Currently, “Farsi-Dari” is the official language in Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Iran.
A distinctive feature of the Persian language from many languages modern world- is that “Farsidari” has retained its originality. To date, “Persian Dari” has remained in its pure form only among Tajiks: Today, the Persian-speaking peoples of Iran and Afghanistan recognize that Tajik, Farsi - Dari, preserves the purity of the language of our common ancestors (“Aritsi”).
Modern Iranians use 30% of their speech in Arabic and Turkish. Residents of Afghanistan speak up to 15% of the Shtun language. And the residents of Samarkand and Bukhara in colloquial speech mix their native language with Turkish, Uzbek language up to 25%.
And only the residents of Tajikistan, speaking the Farsi-Dari language, use the language in its pure ancient form.
Residents of Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Bukhara and Samarkand are considered Persian-speaking peoples.
Another global project carried out during the reign of the Samanid dynasty was the attraction of scientists, people of science and art to the court. The doors of the Emir's palace were always open to guests talking about the news of the development of world culture.
The best scientists, writers, philosophers, poets, astronomers, painters, and alchemists were gathered at the court of Ismail Samani. The names of such nuggets as Ibn-Sino, Abu-Raikhan, Beruni, Al-Khorezmi, Imam Termezi, Farabi, Rudaki, Ferdowsi, Saadi, Omar Khayyam are known throughout the world today. But they lived and worked on the territory of the capital of the Tajik Samanid Empire, and the Tajik land gave birth to these geniuses.
Therefore, Tajiks should treat with great reverence and respect the ancient historical era of the reign of the Samanid dynasty, the time when the Tajik nation was formed with a common language, territory and culture.
Tajikistan is the heir to the Samanid state,
and the Tajiks themselves are direct descendants of the Aryans.
History says that Tajiks are a very ancient nation. Consequently, the culture of the Tajik people is truly original and goes back to ancient times. Tajiks managed to preserve the traditions and customs of their people, on which, in turn, the entire cultural life of the nation is built. Tajiks lived in Central Asia at a time when most modern nations did not exist.
Tajikistan is the only direct successor of the Samanid state, and evidence of this is the monument to Emir Samani, erected in the capital, and the state banknote - “somoni”.
Tajiks are the direct heirs of the wise and noble Aryans, information about which is contained in the “Avesta” - a collection of religious texts of the Zoroastrians, the oldest parts of which date back to the 1st half of the First millennium BC.
The ancestors of modern Tajiks, Bactrians and Sogdians, were the main population of the ancient states of Central Asia - Bactria and Sogd. Bactria included the central, southern and eastern parts of modern Tajikistan (south and southeast of the Gissar ridge), and Sogd included the Zeravshan Kashkadarya basin, and the areas lying north of the Gissar ridge.
The ancestors of the Tajiks are the ancient inhabitants of the Fergana Valley (Davan region), as well as the Saka tribes who lived in the Pamirs, Tien Shan, and Syr Darya.
The name “Tajik” and the name “Iran” appeared almost at the same time. This happened during the reign of the Somonid dynasty (the Persians before that called themselves “Persians”, the Tajiks - Sogdians, Bactrians, Khorasmians). Persians are Tajiks. Tajiks are the name of a nation, synonymous with “Aryans”. Persians is the name of the people of “Aritsa”.
The naming of Sogdians, Bactrians, Khorazmians by the name “Tajik” belongs to Emir Samani in order to unite the Aryan peoples. “Tajik” means the bearer of the “crown”.
DATE OF DEATH
In November 907, after a long illness, the great and just Ismail Samani left this world, having gained eternal life. But love for the Emir continues to live in the hearts of Muslims throughout the Islamic world.
After the death of Ismail Samani, his son became the next emir.
The mausoleum of Ismail Samani is located in the Samanid Park in Bukhara. It is considered one of the most elegant monuments in Central Asia. Despite the invasions of Turkic-speaking tribes and attempts to destroy the Samanid family tomb, Allah preserved the symbol of Islamic culture. Enemies destroyed the cities built by the emir: Bukhara, Samarkand, Marv, Kharezm, burned libraries, but the people always defended the Mausoleum.
Currently, the Samanid family tomb is a place of pilgrimage for Persian-speaking peoples around the world. The government of Tajikistan, as part of the celebrations dedicated to the 1100th anniversary of the founding of the Samanid state, renamed the peak of Communism to the peak of Ismail Somoni, the founder and first ruler of the Samanid state. And in the center of Dushanbe, on the site of the monument to V.I. Lenin, today stands a monument to Ismail Samani, the founder of the Tajik nation.
With his noble and godly deeds, Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani gave and continues to give Tajik society a high moral spirit and unity, which served and continue to serve as a source of creative energy for the Tajik people
Hayreddini Abdullo – head of the department for culture and spiritual education of OOD “TTM”
2006 was declared the Year of Aryan civilization. On this occasion, numerous events took place in this republic throughout the year, designed to bring to the people of the country and the whole world the truth about the deep roots of Tajik culture and its continuity from the ancient Aryans.
Back to the roots
A return to national origins is declared the basis state ideology Tajikistan under President Emomali Rahmon (he himself was called Rakhmonov until 2007, but renamed himself and ordered all his subjects, whose last names also had Russified endings, to rewrite them in the Iranian manner). At the same time, Rahmon syncretically combines Islam and respect for ancient religion Iranians - Zoroastrianism.
“During the Arab yoke,” Rahmon writes in his book “Tajiks in the Mirror of History,” “the conquerors made a lot of efforts to destroy the language of the conquered people. Avestan manuscripts, book depositories, temples were burned, ... by force of the sword they supplanted the religion of our ancestors and implanted their own... The Turks in the 11th century, trying to conquer the Tajik state, ... adopted the principles of the Tajiks government controlled, traditions, etiquette, the Tajik language remained the state language... Even after their conquest by nomads, the Tajiks continued to play the role of civilizers in relation to their conquerors.”
In September 2006, at a ceremonial meeting in Dushanbe dedicated to the celebration of the 15th anniversary of the independence of Tajikistan and the Year of Aryan civilization, Rahmon, in particular, said: “Aryan civilization laid the foundations for the history of our ancestors, the origin and formation of traditions of statehood, culture, and other national values , moreover, it played the role of a historical arena for the formation of self-awareness and knowledge of the world... Today in world science the term Aryan is mainly used as an ethnic name and the name of the language of the Indo-Iranian peoples... Aryan civilization has acquired world fame even before the 7th century, i.e. before the advent of the Islamic religion."
Since then, any solemn state event in Tajikistan is not complete without an appeal to Aryan origins. The entire history curriculum is structured accordingly, with Rahmon’s statements playing a leading role.
There is no smoke without fire
How justified are the claims of modern Tajikistan to the heritage of ancient Indo-Iranian culture? It must be recognized that ethnic continuity here is indeed direct. Tajiks are a people of the Iranian group. IN modern science the terms “Aryans” and “Aryans” apply only to that branch of the Indo-European family, which includes the Iranian and Indo-Aryan language groups (some also distinguish the Dardic group, which includes some small peoples of the Himalayas, Karakorum and Hindu Kush).
Iranians are the ancient inhabitants of Central Asia. At the latest, from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. they laid the foundations of an agricultural civilization in this region, based on irrigation using rivers flowing from the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alai mountains. Known in historical time under the names of Massagetae, Saks, Sogdians, etc., Iranian peoples inhabited Central Asia until the beginning of the 6th century AD, when Turkic nomadic tribes began to invade here.
The Turks, settling in the fertile valleys of Central Asia, adopted the economic skills of the Iranians, and with them much of their culture. The Arab conquest affected the region only in religious terms, bringing Islam as a compulsory religion (Muslims zealously eradicated Zoroastrianism as a pagan religion; at the same time, their attitude towards Christianity and Judaism was always much more tolerant). Many Iranians were Turkified, but even at the beginning of the twentieth century, ethnographers distinguished between Uzbeks and Sarts. The first were semi-nomadic people. The Sarts were a settled population of agricultural oases, descendants of the ancient Iranian population of Central Asia, who adopted Turkic language. In the 1920s, many Tajiks lived in the cities of what is now Uzbekistan. The formation of national Soviet republics caused a wave of resettlement of Uzbeks (Sarts) from Tajikistan and Tajiks from Uzbekistan.
Tajiks, of course, do not have a national monopoly on the historical heritage of the ancient Iranians (however, they do not talk about their exclusivity, but usually emphasize their kinship with the peoples of modern Iran and Afghanistan). But they are, of course, directly involved in their civilization and culture.
Historical and modern parallels
The Aryan ideology of modern Tajikistan carries a strong anti-Turkic orientation. When in 1996, Rakhmonov (who then still had the same surname) turned to UNESCO with a request to declare 1999 the Year of the 1100th Anniversary of Tajik statehood, this caused a protest from Uzbekistan. The fact is that this anniversary was timed to coincide with the formation of the Samanid state in Central Asia. However, the Samanid state also included the territories of modern Uzbekistan, and its capital was Bukhara. Therefore, Tashkent views all these Aryan explorations of Dushanbe as an attempt to encroach on Uzbek territories. We also saw that Rahmon places the culture of the Aryan-Tajiks incomparably higher than the culture of the Turkic peoples.
Despite this attitude of official Tashkent, Emomali Rahmon proclaimed King Ismail Samani (893-907) the founder of the first Tajik state and even named the republic’s currency, the somoni, in his honor. The paradox is that Samani pursued the same policy of eliminating Zoroastrianism and introducing Islam. However, the cult of Samani, to whom majestic monuments were erected in today’s Tajikistan on the site of the demolished monuments to Lenin, is essentially no different from the cult of Vladimir, the baptizer of Rus', in the Russian Federation - after all, his capital was also located outside of present-day Russia, and he also eradicated the religion of the ancestors of the Russian people, replacing it with monotheism.
And since the word “Aryan” has a very specific ethnographic and linguistic meaning, which is in no way connected with Nazi pseudoscience, it is also impossible to discern fundamental differences in the celebrations of the Aryan civilization in Tajikistan from, for example, annual holidays in honor of Slavic culture and writing.
In connection with the Aryan orientation of the Tajik state ideology, one cannot help but recall that a similar experiment in the 20th century was already carried out by the Shah Pahlavi dynasty that reigned in Iran. She also very actively promoted the heritage of the ancient Persian empires of the Achaemenids, Arsacids (Parthians) and Sassanids, and fell in line with Zoroastrian spiritual sources. Self official name Iran comes from Arian - the country of the Aryans. This is how Persia began to be called after its renaming, by decree of the Shah, only in 1935. All this return to Aryan origins, as is known, ended in Iran in 1979 with the Islamic revolution. The only but fundamental difference between modern Tajikistan and that Iran: Iran until 1979 was a rapidly developing and modernizing country, and Tajikistan diligently maintains its image poor country to receive assistance from international organizations.
In Central Asia, where the division into national republics has always been rather conventional; after the collapse of the USSR, all states began to look for historical reference points. For Tajikistan, this was the Persian Samanid dynasty, which ruled these and many other lands in the 11th-10th centuries and introduced Islam here.
Text: Peter Bologov photo: Oleg Nikishin
How much is Somoni?
On October 30, 2000, the Tajik ruble (more precisely, “ruble” - that’s how it was pronounced) was replaced by a new national currency - the somoni. Surprisingly, but true: some of the country’s citizens, especially people of older generations, still do not know what this word means. And if they do know, it is very superficial: they say, there was such a king.
Tajikistan, later than all other republics of the former USSR, took up own history. There was an objective reason for this - Civil War, during which the warring parties had no time for the question of the origin of the Tajik nation. But as soon as the armed confrontation ended and Emomali Rahmon was finally established as the president of the republic, one of his first decisions was to proclaim Tajikistan as the heir to the Samanid state, and the Tajiks themselves as descendants of the Aryans. Not those Aryans who blew up the world in the middle of the last century, but those who lived in Central Asia even when most modern nations did not exist at all.
“We, Tajiks, along with a number of other peoples, are the direct heirs of the wise and noble Aryans and are proud of our rich past, study it and educate the present and tomorrow’s generations as true successors of their ancestors, capable of bringing valuable pearls to the treasury of world civilization and making their contribution in the matter of enrichment and improvement future life“, Rakhmon reflected in this regard in his article “Aryan Values in World Civilization.”
Somoni has taken root in Tajikistan - well, what to do with it, currency, no matter what, is still needed. True, if you fantasize a little and imagine the same situation in Russia, for example, then, you will agree, it will be unusual if a kilogram of sausages costs, say, 22 rurik.
Sassanids, Samanids, Karakhanids
Monument to Ismail Samani in Khujand
The founder of the Samanid dynasty is considered to be a certain Saman-khudat, who represented the interests of the Arab governor in the Samarkand region and famous for, who was a champion of Islam in a country dominated by Zoroastrianism. But all the laurels in modern Tajikistan went not to him, but to Ismail Samani, who ruled in Transoxiana from 893 to 907. It was he who received the honor of acquiring a personal currency.
Ismail chose Bukhara as his capital, and during his reign this city experienced rapid prosperity. During the same period, the founder of Tajik classical poetry, Abu Abdallah Jafar ibn Muhammad, better known as Rudaki (now the main avenue of Dushanbe is named after him), worked here, and the Samanid rulers were healed by none other than Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna) - poet, doctor, scientist, philosopher - a lump of a man. Now the former Lenin Peak bears his name, while the former Communism Peak is named after Ismail Samani.
The Samanid state lasted until the end of the 10th century. An interesting historical fact that opponents of Rahmon’s historical calculations like to recall: when, before the invasion of the Karakhanid Turks, the representative of this dynasty, Abd al-Malik II, turned to the people for help, his subjects completely ignored this call, demonstrating absolute indifference to the fate of the ruling house.
In October 1996, the government of Tajikistan for the first time turned to the Samanid heritage and proposed to UNESCO to celebrate the 1100th anniversary of the creation of the mentioned state entity as the “first independent Tajik state” in 1999. UNESCO rejected this proposal, considering that such a celebration had nothing to do with the interests of the Tajik people and could lead to unwanted complications between the Uzbeks and Tajiks, relations between whom then (as, indeed, now) were far from ideal. Moreover, by associating themselves with the Samanids, the Tajik leadership unwittingly affirmed Uzbek Bukhara as its former capital (the famous mausoleum of this dynasty is located in this city). Tashkent has always perceived such insinuations with extreme irritation.
But Rakhmon persisted. In 1999, he nevertheless ordered to celebrate the 1100th anniversary of the formation of the Samanid state. In Russia, this idea was supported; units of the 201st took part in the anniversary parade in Dushanbe. motorized rifle division Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, and its armored vehicles diluted the Tajik horsemen in fake costumes of the 10th century. Subsequently, Rahmon, at the CIS summit in Dushanbe, thanked the Russian side by awarding Russian President Vladimir Putin the Order of Ismail Samani, first degree.
Simultaneously with the celebration of the 1100th anniversary of the “first Tajik state,” the Russian Nezavisimaya Gazeta published an article by Saidullo Abdullaev, a member of the republic’s parliament and rector of Khojent University, “The Samanid Phenomenon.” In it, the author, in particular, argued that “the Samanid state was one of the first states of the Middle Ages, which were based on spirituality and culture,” that “it was thanks to the initiative of the Samanids that the Islamic-Iranian renaissance began,” that “the Samanids achieved the education of a community of historical destinies of the Aryan peoples" and so on.
In general, in this article, which literally infuriated Uzbek historians (as heirs of the Turk Timur, apparently), there was a lot of pathos and little specificity. But it fit perfectly into the general outline of statements by Tajik officials. Aryans-Samanids-Tajiks - the scheme proposed by Rahmon to his fellow citizens was so simple that it still causes amazement even among the most inveterate dreamers among modern historians. This, however, does not bother the President of the Republic. Ignoring criticism, he published a four-volume work, “Tajiks in the Mirror of History: From Aryans to Samanids,” already translated into Tajik, Arabic, Russian and Hindi.
Heirs of Aryan spirituality
Portrait of a resident of Khujand
2006 was declared the “Year of Aryan Civilization” in Tajikistan. Now, in new school curricula, materials on the history of the republic begin with a mention of the ancient Aryans. Both scientists and officials at every opportunity emphasize the ancient Iranian roots of the Tajiks. The closest neighbors, the Uzbeks, are in every possible way opposed to the Tajiks as alien Turkic conquerors. In his speeches and literary works, Emomali Rahmon enjoys immersing himself in the chronicles of the Assyrian kings, ancient Greek sources, Persian legends and traditions. He throws out names of kings, leaders and others powerful of the world this, without false modesty, classifying them among his predecessors.
The president especially likes to emphasize the spirituality of the ancient Aryans. This is understandable: where the Aryans are, there is Zoroastrianism and the Avesta. "Aryans in every historical period studied science, acquired knowledge, that is, used the fruits of the wisdom of mankind. These peoples, since the times of the Avestan society, in their philosophical, literary and religious creations based on scientific knowledge about peace and knowledge of the secrets of space opposed religious fabrications,” Rakhmon shares his thoughts, ignoring the fact that the Samanids, in fact, put an end to Zoroastrianism in the lands they ruled.
Historians who do not work for official Dushanbe have long stopped paying attention to Rahmon’s scientific research. The Tajiks themselves are equally indifferent to all of the listed historical parallels. Being, for the most part, a cheerful people and inexperienced in historical and political intricacies, they perceive constant references to the Aryans, Samanids and other Avestas with a fair amount of irony. “Who is this, Somoni?” asks a merchant at the Khojent market with a laugh. “He’s got money. He was probably a king, I don’t know.” In Khujand, at the 27-meter monument to the king ( here before there was a monument to Lenin five meters lower) children are constantly huddled together, newlyweds come here to take photographs as souvenirs. But their knowledge about Ismail Samani is also not very deep: many local residents still wonder what the Samanid ruler is holding in his hands - a scraper or an umbrella. It turns out it's a coat of arms.
By the way, the monuments to Ismail Samani are beautiful beyond words. The monotonously gray Ilyich, whom they also replaced in Dushanbe (they say that the head for this monument was sculpted from a portrait of the Tajik president) and Khorog, has noticeably better new monuments. But there is nothing behind them - only mountains, only the Pamirs. Perhaps, if Rahmon had another fifty years left, he would have been able to instill in the Tajiks this amazing kinship with the semi-mythical Aryans, with the mysterious Samanids. But while all these excursions into history are wasted - ordinary people are too preoccupied with pressing problems: how to earn money, how to feed their family, what to dress their children in. Until Tajiks resolve these issues and get a lot of free time to study history, it is unlikely that they will be motivated by quotes from the Avesta.
COMMENTS (31)
Farhod Sharifov
20/Mar/2012 00:15
Farhod Sharifov
20/Mar/2012 00:06
Shodmon Shodmonov
13/Mar/2012 15:14
Maksud Askariy
13/Mar/2012 14:37
A look at the Tajiks - True Aryans. The Pamiris jokingly call themselves “ true Aryans" Outwardly, these are mostly Caucasian-looking people, light-skinned, taller and larger than other Tajiks, with fewer signs of Mongoloid admixture. But there are also dark-skinned people with a wheaten complexion and higher cheekbones, which is explained by the proximity of China and Kyrgyzstan. Among the Pamiris, there are more often quite tall, sometimes over two meters, and simply lanky men. By appearance and dialect, indigenous and established residents can quite easily determine where a particular resident of Tajikistan comes from. In almost every Pamir family, as well as among other mountain Tajiks, there are fair-haired and light-eyed people. Often Pamir children are born with blond hair, grow red and blond, and then darken. Fair-haired people are especially common in Yazgulyam and Vanj, Darvaz, and also a little lower, outside the Pamirs proper, in Garm. In the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, Avesta, it is noted that after Flood the land was divided into 7 karshvars (kishvars - in modern Tajik) - regions and about twenty countries. At the same time, the “Aryan expanse” spread from the Tigris and Euphrates to the Indian mountains and Chin from west to east and from the Volga (Rangha) and Don (Danush) from north to south. The territory of modern Tajikistan was part of the Eastern Karshvar and was called Sogd and Bakhtrish. Actually, today the Sughd region is separated from Dushanbe by two passes, Anzob and Shakhristan, and from the modern regional center of Bokhtar in the south by another one - Fakhrabad. Obviously, the Pamirs were part of eastern Bakhtrish on the border with Gandara and Hindush, mentioned in the Avesta. Researchers of the Avesta emphasize that the common name “Aryans” (“Orien”, “Arians”) is a translation of the word “Iranians” - “eron”. According to the Avesta, this name comes from the name of King Arya, the son of Traetaona (Faridun). Accordingly, the Iranian tribes who professed Zoroastrianism were called Aryans. Authentic Aryan-Zorastrian sources claim that all humanity descended from one father and one mother - Martya and Martyanak and their numerous descendants, divided into people of ten species and twenty-five races. And the Aryans themselves, according to the Zoroastrian priests of Persia, descended from the descendants of Martya and Martyanak - Khaoshyang Paradata and Guzak. And they inhabited the country of Arianam Vaeja, which consisted of the lands of Tur (Turan, Central Asia), Sarim (the upper reaches of the Tigris), the lands of Hindu and Chinestan (China). This is what he writes in the book “Zarathustra. In the footsteps of the Eastern Iranians Nevertheless, the language of the Tajiks and the languages of most peoples of Europe have many common “birthmarks”. Tajiks joke that all the peoples of Europe descended from them. At the same time, Tajiks recall that their ancestors, the Iranian-speaking Sakas and Scythians, lived in Siberia and supposedly it was the Scythians who gave the name to the great Siberian river Ob (translated from Tajik, as already mentioned - water). But the Scythians really lived there, as evidenced, in particular, by the Pazyryk mounds in Altai. And the Irtysh in Tajik cartography is called Shakhob - Royal Water. So the Tajik rivers have this root: Varzob, Yagnob, Tagob. Eastern Iranian and Tajik toponyms and hydronyms are scattered throughout Central Asia. This is the Murgab River in Turkmenistan, Kazakh railroad station on the border with Russia - Khazarasp (Thousand Horses), the Uzbek city of metallurgists Angren - Okhangaron (Blacksmiths), in Uzbekistan Shakhrisyabz (Zelenograd in Tajik), in Turkmenistan Chardzhou (Four Streams) and even Kushka - Gushty (Meat). Sogdian names are Samarkand and Bukhara, Merv, Khorezm, Khiva, Mary, Fergana and Namangan. Just two thousand years ago, the largest Tajik rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, flowed not into the Aral Sea, but into the Caspian Sea. The Macedonians, who came in the early 4th century BC to Sogdiana, they found these rivers navigable. This was a fairly long water part of the Great Silk Road. Along it, the Sakas, Sogdians, Bactrians, and Sarmatians transported Chinese, Persian and European goods. And Alexander the Great, having come to Sogdiana, found them navigable. If we now shift our gaze to the very southwest of Russia and the Balkans, we will find that Don (in Avesta - Danush) is also an Eastern Iranian word meaning water, river. Ethnographers note that the names of all major rivers west of the Don come from the same root: Dnieper (among the Scythians - Donapr), Dniester (Donaster), Danube. The direct descendants of the Scythians, as we know, are the Alans. There is also water in Ossetia, the river is called Don. For example, Karmadon. The fact of the close relationship between the Pamir languages and Ossetian has long been an axiom for linguists. Ancient Chinese and ancient Greek historians wrote that Scythia reached their borders. This, however, is a more or less observable history of 2-3 thousand years. Delhi Burader - Brother's Heart But if we try to look very far, we cannot do without comparing languages. There are more ancient obvious signs of kinship Indo-European languages. Examples of designating immediate relatives that are well known to linguists: brother - brother-bruder-barodar (Taj), virod (Pamir), mother - modar (Taj), mother - mutter. Or something like this rare word with the only cognate word in the Russian language “to break the fast”: beef - gov (cow in Tajik) - cow, in Proto-Indo-European it was “govenda”. Or a bull - beech (Taj.). In Russian “takhta”, in Tajik - “takht” (throne, piece of wood), “poytakht” - capital. In Tajik, “life” is “zist”, “dead” is “murda”. The relationship of this series is obvious: div - dev - deo - theo - Zeus. Such “birthmarks” knowledgeable person sees all the time. In Russian and Tajik counting: two is du, five is panj. We know that in Old Russian “five” was written and sounded like “pyant”. The Russian “tyatya” in Pamir is “tatik”, in Tajik it is “dada”. The Russian “we” in Tajik is “mo”. The similarity of languages is also evidenced by the essentially common verbal inflections “-yam”, “-am”, “-i” - “-i”, “-em” - “-em”, “-ete” - “-ed”, “-yat” - “-yand”. The Old Russian “azm” means literally the same thing in modern Pamir Shugnan - “I am, I myself.” There are plenty of examples of ancestral kinship and mutual influence. Aors, Rus and Indian cinema It is interesting for any Tajik and philologist to pay attention to the following series: Aors, Aorslan, Arus, Erzya, Urus, fair-haired, Rushan, Roxana. The first word “aors” is the name of one of the Sarmatian-Alan tribes. It translates as “light, blond.” The Greeks described the Aorsi as tall, fair-haired warriors. Aorslan is a Scythian-Alan proper name meaning - Light, blond Alan . Aorslan is transformed into the proper names Arslan, Ruslan and Aslan. Arus in Tajik and Persian is the bride, since the bride wears white and also wears white clothes after the wedding. Rushana and Roxana in Tajik and Sogdian - proper name - Svetlaya, Svetlana. Erzya is the name of the Finno-Ugric tribe with which the Sarmatians had contact and to which they gave the name - light, fair-haired. It is possible that the once glorious Aors, who then faded into the shadows from the map of history, took part in the formation of the East Slavic, and not only, tribes and their self-name was transformed into the Rus. Toponyms with the root “rus” are also found outside of Russia, Rosenborg, for example. Historians show that the Sarmatian branches gave the name to the Serbs - Servi, Croats and in general took a direct part in the formation of the Slavs. It is believed that the Slavic names Sheremet (Sarmatian) and Korbut (Croatian) have Scythian roots. Tajiks and Uzbeks have the name Shermat. Meanwhile, to the south of the Pamirs, in the territory of modern Punjab (Five Rivers, Pyatirechye), Sindh and Gujarat, the ancestors of the Pamiris, the Saki-Tigrahauds, in particular the Gujars, settled in the second century BC. Ethnographers believe that the Sakas became the ancestors of the privileged Indian castes: Jat, Rajpur and Gujar. I had the opportunity to visit the Afghan Pamirs and verify the truth of the assertions that the languages of the descendants of the Sakas and Scythians still live today in the north of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and even China. In addition, several million Persians and Persian-speaking people live in Pakistan and China. This, apparently, is where the Tajiks got their crazy love for Indian cinema; boys and girls memorized songs from Indian films. However, half of the words from Hindu are quite understandable to Tajiks. How the Tajiks discovered America In a word, the world surrounding the Tajiks is not so alien and alien. And many of them understand this. There is a joke that Garmians were avid travelers among the Tajiks. Garm is located in the Pamir region and is famous for its apples and pears. And the Garmians themselves are famous not only for their strict morals, hard work, and adherence to the canons of Islam, but also for their entrepreneurial spirit and commercial spirit. So this story says: the Garm men are traveling through Chukotka on sledges and see in Alaska other sledges approaching the shore. One shouts to the other: “Brother, buy my Garm apples!” And he answers: “You buy my pears, I’ve already sold the apples, brother.” By the way, Tajik readers of Fenimore Cooper concluded from the novel “The Last of the Mohicans” that the Dilovar tribe was Tajik in origin. Cooper translated the word “dilovar” - “brave at heart.” The Tajik male name Dilovar is also translated. “It turns out,” my fellow countrymen say, “that we discovered and settled America before the Spaniards, Portuguese, French and English.” Another literary coincidence at first glance is the names of the fabulous Tajik and Russian heroes Rustam and Ruslan, as well as their fathers Zolizar and Elizar. But Tajiks know that Rustam Zolizarovich was described in Ferdowsi’s poem “Shahname” a thousand years earlier than Ruslan Elizarovich and also fought with evil spirits, was tested by temptations, looked for his beloved and went to the Black Sea region. Good thought kind word, good deed If you ask any Tajik to list three basic rules of life, you will hear the formula bequeathed by Zarathustra: “A good thought, a good word, a good deed.” Zarathustra, of course, was not a materialist, but this sequence reminds us that thought materializes in words, and words in deeds. And, therefore, keep your mind pure, have pure thoughts, begin a noble action with yourself. Purify yourself so that there is no room left for anything else except the highest providence. Zoroastrian sources indicate that Zarathustra was distinguished by amazing magical abilities. He had the gift of foresight, predicting the coming of Alexander the Great two hundred years in advance, performed miracles, was able to revive and kill with a look and a word, punished divas and spirits of evil, and spent his entire life resisting priest-magicians, whom we would today call black magicians. The Zoroastrian beliefs of the Tajiks were layered with later Islamic ones, but even today they believe in the existence of evil spirits - Ajin, fairies - Farishta, devas, Gurias and Peris. And the mysticism of Sufi orders is rooted in Zoroastrianism. The beliefs and culture of the Iranians had a significant influence on the Arabs and Islam. All Muslim peoples of Russia, before namaz-prayer, say the obligatory prelude to prayer “niyat” - “intention” in Persian-Tajik five times a day. Having passed through the gardens of Persia, Islam began to bear fruit, becoming world religion. Zoroastrianism was the first religion of monotheism. English researcher Mary Boyce called it “the first revealed religion, which gave life to Judaism, Christianity and Islam.” For the ancestors of the Tajiks, the tenets of Zoroastrianism also could not be completely abandoned after the adoption of Islam in the eighth century. Today it is difficult to determine what in the Tajik mentality has been preserved from Zoroastrianism, what was introduced by Islam, and what existed before both. What they have in common, perhaps, is a caring attitude towards nature, a reverent attitude towards water and keeping it clean. It was forbidden to spit in the water, desecrate it with blood or the corpse of an animal, or relieve oneself. A rural boy or man will not look for a tree to sprinkle, but will sit down in the grass. You cannot do this facing the cemetery. After visiting the cemetery, a person will wash his shoes without entering the house. Zoroastrianism was (and remains in Iran and India) a religion that regulates human life in great detail. This also applies to relationships between relatives, between husband and wife, between humans and animals, relationships to food, to nature, etc. Violence was considered a grave sin. For example, engaging in sexual intercourse against the will of the spouse, especially at inopportune times, was condemned. A tolerant and respectful attitude towards animals was cultivated. But the main sin was considered to be lies and hypocrisy, the worship of false values and gods. “Very nice, Tsar” A separate book could be written about the names that the Pamirs and other Tajiks give to their children. In the Pamirs, in addition to the Tsar Grapes, you can meet my good friend Gelos - Cherry, or Kadamsho - Tread of the King, or Shaftolusho - Peach of the King. The prefix “Tsar” is a distinctive feature of male Pamir names. My friend Aslisho has a permanent status on his social media pages: “Very nice, Tsar.” It is believed that by giving strange names, parents protect the child from fate and evil spirits. In this case, children are usually given two names. One is public, the other is for family use only. And it is still unknown which name is more important. I had friends who bore the names Panchshanbe and Chorshanbe - Thursday and Wednesday (literally - the fifth and fourth days after Saturday, and Dushanbe - the second day from Saturday, Monday), or Boron - Rain, or Shamol - Wind. Often the name is given in connection with the day or time of year when the child was born. But among Tajiks you can find the most unusual names: Bakhor - Spring, Gulbahor - Spring Flower, male name Tillo - Gold, female Zarina - Golden, Tabar - Axe, Tesha - Chopper, Dosti - Scythe, Sickle (with a sickle), Khurdak - Baby , Junior, Sangak - Pebble. There are many surprisingly beautiful female names. Listing them, you find yourself in the Garden of Eden - Firdavs, where there is Gulnor - Pomegranate Flower, Gulnoz - Caprice (tenderness) of a flower, Nargis - Narcissus, Lola - Tulip, Sadbarg - Rose (literally “Hundred Petals”), Nilufar - Lotus, Water Lily; Bunafsha - Violet, Yesuman - Jasmine. There are names associated with the names of precious stones that the mountains of Tajikistan are rich in. Zumrad - Emerald, Nigina - Ring, Lali - Ruby, Gavkhar - Pearl. There are many names with the root “gul” - flower, “dil” - heart. At the same time, the Tajik “l” sounds semi-soft, almost like “l”. For example, the names Gulchehra - Lanits of a flower, Gulrukh - Face of a flower, Gulbahor - Flower of spring, Gulandom - Elegant, Graceful. Or Dilbar - Carrying away the heart, Dilorom - Peace of the heart, Dilafruz - Delightful, Beloved - they sound as if a small bell is attached to the name. There are many names preserved from ancient times and indicating Indo-Iranian roots. Manuchehr (Manushchitra) - Born on sacred mountain Manush, Khurshed - the Sun, Dariush - Darius, Bakhrom (Varahrama) - Mars. Eat female names related to titles heavenly bodies : Sitora - Star, Parvina and Suraye - Pleiades, Sirius; Zukhra - Venus. Name codes Isn't it a poetic people who give such beautiful names to their daughters? Does he really lack a sense of humor, joking with fate like this, sometimes giving such strange names to his sons? Tajiks are very creative when naming their children. Moreover, this list, which has been growing for thousands of years, contains many pre-Islamic names: Zoroastrian, Arab Muslim, Turkic. Tajik families have always traditionally had many children. Tajiks say that God has already determined his share of good for every person born. Often names are given in honor of a deceased ancestor. It is not recommended to give names of living ancestors, and there are many long-livers in the mountains and valleys. This is considered bad manners towards a living person. Since a name has its own code, its own power and its own destiny - this is what they believe here - naming a grandson after a living grandfather means taking away some of the grandfather’s power, writing him off, hastening him. In addition, it is customary for Tajiks to give children such seemingly strange names as Bobo - Grandfather, Dodo (Dada) - Father, Bibi - Grandmother. An adult father turns to his son and calls him grandfather. Moreover, such children enjoy a special position in the family and grow up with special love and respect. The fact is that among Tajiks, just like among other peoples, it is not customary to call father and mother or grandparents by name. And if the child was named after an ancestor, then by calling him Dodo, you mean that his name is, say, Bakhrom. But even if the child is officially named in honor of the deceased grandfather, at home the father and mother will still call him Bobo, adding the word “john” - “soul”, “dear”: Bobojon. Old people In general, family and family relationships are the main traditional value for Tajiks. Respect for elders is cultivated from childhood. When the elder one comes in, everyone usually stands up. This is clearly visible in public transport, where young people, without warning or request, give way to older men and women and just girls without the intention of being liked and getting to know each other. And girls, in turn, - to adult men. And if a woman comes in with a child, they will both be given a seat or she will take the child on her lap. A mother standing with her child sitting in public transport is a rarity. The child will get used to sitting when his mother is standing in front of him. The word of the grandfather in the family is indisputable. Later, when left alone, the grandmother has the right and opportunity to eat away his baldness, but it’s still the grandfather who voices the last word. Typically, Tajiks live compactly in rural areas, large families led by grandfather, in the same yard. At the birth of his sons, the father plants pyramidal poplars along the border of the plot, which will then be used to build a house for the newlyweds, on the floor beams under the roof. Maybe because the head of the family works all his life to feed, raise and put his children on their feet, and lives and works for the family, there are no abandoned lonely old people in Tajikistan. According to custom, the youngest son stays with his parents. His wife and children are obliged to take care of the elderly, and they, in turn, help raise their children to respect traditions. If a family has only daughters or the sons themselves live separately, one of the grandchildren, by agreement, lives with the elderly and helps them. Caring for the elderly is not just about your parents. It is customary for Tajiks to take care of their neighbors and lonely old people. Holiday or memorial treats are distributed to those who, in the opinion of family members, need care or are simply good neighbors.