Personal offer. Varieties of articulated one-part sentences (verb and nominal types)

§ 264. Types of one-part sentences

The grammatical basis of one-part sentences is one main member, with the help of which predicativity is expressed. Differences in the shape of the main member serve as the basis for distinguishing types one-part sentences.
In modern Russian there are two main types of one-part sentences - verbal and nominal. In verbal one-part sentences, an independent attribute (action) is asserted: They sang in the garden; You'll have to wait; To be a great storm and so on. In nominal (substantive) one-part sentences, the existence of an object is affirmed or denied: Midnight; It's winter again; Snow!; Not a tree.
Verb forms, by their morphological nature, gravitate towards a dependent position, towards the expression of a characteristic attributed to the subject. Therefore, placing them in an independent position requires special design conditions: The structure of the sentence itself determines the independent position of the verb form. Yes, word form slept, taken separately, seems dependent and, as it were, predetermines agreement with the dominant nominal word form, however, in the sentence They were already sleeping in the house the verb takes an independent position.
In verbal one-part sentences, all basic conjugated forms and the infinitive can act as the main member. In nominal sentences, only a noun (or a substantivized word) in the nominative or genitive case is used in the position of the main member.
Chief member in verb sentences their morphological forms expresses grammatical categories of modality and tense, as well as person. In nominal one-part sentences there is no possibility morphological expression predicative categories, and they are revealed with the help of constructive and intonation indicators.

§ 265. One-part verb sentences

In verbal one-part sentences, different verb forms are used as independent ones. General property all verbal one-part sentences are subjectless. The correlation between the subject and the attribute is not presented; the action indicated in the main member is formalized as independent (cf.: Everyone in the house was already asleep. - They were already sleeping in the house).
In the main member of a verbal one-part sentence through formal indicators of the verb (including the zero form of the connective be) are expressed modal values reality – unreality, syntactic time and person.

§ 266. Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal sentences express an action (attribute) correlated with a specific agent (the bearer of the attribute), who, however, is not verbally designated. An indication of a specific figure is contained in the forms of verbs of the 1st-2nd person, as well as the imperative mood, which act as the main member of the sentence (or are part of the main member as an auxiliary component): Old, terribly old Paris. I especially love it on damp days.(A. Tolstoy); Farewell. Don't be angry with me(K. Paustovsky); Leisya, ringing song, pour out a sad trill(S. Yesenin).
The possibility of independent use of the indicated verbal forms is due to the ability of their formal indicators to designate a specific figure. Verb forms that do not have such unambiguous indicators cannot be used in definite personal sentences - these are forms of the 3rd person singular. and many more h., past tense and subjunctive mood, infinitive. If these forms denote the action of a specific agent, then the latter must be named in the subject; the sentence in this case has a two-part structure, including in an incomplete version - when the subject is omitted: I heard your shot, got up and got dressed. I wanted to run there, but I see you coming(M. Sholokhov) – in the second two-part incomplete sentence the subject is missing I; third (I see) definitely-personal one-part sentence complete.
The forms of the main member of definite-personal sentences have a large grammatical load: in addition to indicating the syntactic person, they express modality and tense.

§ 267. Vaguely personal proposals

The main meaning of indefinite-personal sentences is the expression of an independent action; the actor is not verbally indicated and is grammatically presented as indefinite.
The main member of indefinite-personal sentences expresses the action, its relation to the indefinite figure and to the moment of speech through verb forms of the 3rd person singular. or more h. past tense: They stop ahead again(A. Kuprin); I lied, and I lied pretty badly. I was taken out into the open, caught, shamed(I. Turgenev); It’s as if the city and people have been replaced(K. Paustovsky).
One of the indicators of the independence of a verb in indefinite sentences is its position relative to the secondary members, the preposition of the secondary members in relation to the main one: The hare was cured(K. Paustovsky); The lamps haven't been lit yet(A. Tolstoy).
If a sentence has a circumstance and an object, then the first takes preposition and emphasizes the independence of the main member, and the object can be placed either before or after the verb: A large frozen Christmas tree was dragged into the living room(A. Tolstoy); In the town of Torzhok, the regiment was divided into hundreds(M. Sholokhov).
In all cases, indefinite personal sentences are represented by a construction in which the position of the subject is occupied.
Some minor members with their content can indirectly “hint” at the subject ( IN family he was spoiled - compare: His family spoiled him), however, this not only does not weaken the vaguely personal meaning, but, on the contrary, strengthens and emphasizes it. Such a member of the sentence names only the “sphere of the subject”, and not the subject itself, so that the general grammatical meaning of the uncertainty of the actor, expressed by the main member, is emphasized by lexical and grammatical means.

§ 268. Generalized personal sentences

In this type of sentence, the action is attributed to a generalized agent. Independent action is affirmed as timeless, i.e. not specifically related to the moment of speech. These meanings are expressed in personal verb forms of the 2nd person singular. h., 3rd person plural. h., 2nd person imperative mood: You can't make stew from wood chips(proverb); They don’t drive straight through the outskirts(proverb); Know how to make mistakes, know how to get better(proverb); Don't be literate, be memorized(proverb); You will not be kind to the unmerciful(proverb).
These forms also have modal meanings:
1) 2nd person verb without Not – meaning of must: You will find a cell under the spruce tree(proverb);
2) 2nd person verb with Not – meaning of impossibility: You won't die before forever(proverb); You can't put thanks in your pocket(proverb);
3) imperative verb without Not – meaning of must: Eat when you're hungry, but love when you're young(proverb);
4) imperative verb with Not – meaning of inappropriateness (with a hint of caution): Without happiness, don’t go to the forest to pick mushrooms(proverb); Don't believe every rumor(proverb);
5) 3rd person verb plural without Not – the meaning of obligation (with a hint of expediency): Elders are also revered in the Horde(proverb);
6) 3rd person plural verb with Not – meaning of inappropriateness: Oil can't put out fire(proverb); They don’t seek good from goodness(proverb); They don’t shout about family matters in taverns.(M. Gorky).

§ 269. Impersonal proposals

General meaning impersonal proposals is a statement of an independent action that is not correlated with the actor.
The content of the main member of impersonal sentences consists of: a) designation of an independent feature - action, state, b) expression of the inconsistency of the action with the agent, c) syntactic tense. The indicator of these values is a form of impersonality: 3rd person unit. numbers, past time, wed. kind.
The main term, like the predicate, has either a simple or compound (analytic) form.

1) B as a simple leading member speakers:

a) impersonal verb: Old man no luck (K. Paustovsky); To someone else can't sit at home at this time(V. Soloukhin);
b) personal verb in impersonal form: Puddles in the yard wrinkled And rippled from the rain(A. Kuprin); So I'm cold and drenched (L. Tolstoy); Happens worse, get away with it (A. Griboyedov);
c) existential verb be with a particle Not enters into the paradigm of tense forms with an impersonal verb word no – wasn’t, won’t be: All around did not have not a soul(K. Paustovsky); The owners have already did not have (L. Tolstoy).

2) At analytical way the real and grammatical meanings of the main term are expressed separately, in two components:

a) with the impersonal verbal form of the auxiliary component: Once had to go down deep down into a round clearing(A. Tolstoy); Early tomorrow morning to the professor had to go on a steamship(A. Kuprin); To me lucky repeatedly be in the Dresden gallery(K. Paustovsky); According to my position you're supposed to be smart (M. Sholokhov); Should Also kill yourself on the nose that failure in the literary field is a thousand times better than success(A. Chekhov); Arkady Ivanovich never complained, that’s true, but Nikita was always I had to keep my ears open (A. Tolstoy); Start fast dawn (K. Paustovsky); At Kartoshin's Start empty ring in my head(A. Tolstoy);

b) a word of the state category in combination with a copular component (including the zero form with the meaning of the present tense indicative mood): And in the steppe it was cold, dark And gloomy (M. Gorky); If only I could always was So quiet And important in my heart!(A. Tolstoy); Oblomov became A little awkward from my own mistake(I. Goncharov); The rooms are carefully tidied up (A. Chekhov); In a cramped house was hot flooded (M. Sholokhov);

c) the main member consists of three components: an infinitive, a copular component and a group of words of the state category with a modal meaning ( impossible, possible, necessary, hunting, must, pity, time, time, sin and etc.): In the halls it was impossible to squeeze through (A. Tolstoy); To me should have fired first(A. Pushkin); Can't live far from youth(K. Paustovsky).

Thus, the meaning of impersonal sentences receives different structural expressions. However, in all structural options there is common element- a form of impersonality with the same indicators. This is in highest degree a typed form, as evidenced by the presence in the system of its indicators of a zero element - the zero form of the copula be.

§ 270. Infinitive sentences

Infinitive sentences express an independent action that is not correlated with the actor: How would it be collect your thoughts and bring them in full clarity?(K. Paustovsky). In this they are similar to impersonal ones. However, in impersonal sentences, independent action is presented as a process occurring in time, and in infinitive sentences - only as desirable, possible, inevitable, etc., i.e. potential, it is not expressed as a process, but only named. This feature of infinitive sentences is due to the nature of the main member - the infinitive. Infinitive sentences are characterized by timelessness, the absence of tense forms; This is how they differ from impersonal ones: You can’t turn back your youth; You can't cover the naked with a net(proverb).
The main member of infinitive sentences has two structural varieties - a full-valued infinitive or an analytical combination of the infinitive of a copular verb with a name: Daughter to the city leave (A. Tvardovsky); Not all Cossacks to be in the chieftains (proverb).
The expression of modality in infinitive sentences is fundamentally different from its expression in other one-part verbal sentences by the absence of a mood form. The potentiality of action prevents the expression of “pure” reality – unreality. Both of these meanings are accompanied by partial modal meanings. Absence of a particle in the main member would tilts the modal meaning towards reality, and the use of this particle towards unreality.
In sentences without a particle would modal meanings are expressed: a) ought: - Well, here’s the bridge! - said Ognev. - Here you turn back(A. Chekhov); b) inevitability: Be on the road some trouble, not otherwise(M. Sholokhov); c) impossibility (with the participation of a particle Not ): With conscience don't miss each other (proverb); d) expressions of will: There put bed, washbasin, etc.(N. Gogol).
In sentences with a particle would are expressed: a) desirability: Well, to me I'd like to fall asleep, I'm tired on the road(M. Gorky); b) feasibility: To you would humanities teach, and not shoot from guns(K. Paustovsky); c) concerns, warnings: – As if we're in a hole don't please- said the old man(A. Tolstoy).
We can also talk about the expression of a potential agent in infinitive sentences. The dative of the potential agent is an obligatory component of the infinitive sentence model. The lack of replacement of his position is also significant. The meaning of a definite or indefinite person can be expressed: a) Is there anything from the dress? put into circulation?Pants, or what? sell? (N. Gogol); b) - Borovoe? – I asked. - No. Still to Borovoe walk and walk (K. Paustovsky). In the absence of indications in the constitution for a specific or unidentified person a generalized personal meaning is formed, the correlation of the potential action with the generalized figure is expressed: By dawn in the forest without skis don't pass (A. Belyaev); On damask steel neither write nor erase (proverb).

§ 271. Nominal (substantive) one-part sentences

Substantive sentences are fundamentally verbless, i.e. not only do they not contain either “physical” verb forms or zero forms, but they also do not involve the omission of a verb. In their semantics there is no action values, process, sign. They have an existential meaning, which is expressed not lexically, but syntactically (cf.: It was winter; There are books). Existential meaning is characteristic of the main member of the sentence - the nominative (a noun in the form of the nominative case): Winter - or genitive (a noun in the independent genitive case, with quantitative value): Books! These forms of the noun correspond to two structural-semantic types of sentences - nominative and genitive.

Nominative sentences

Nominative sentences express the existence of an object in the present tense. Both the existential meaning and the indication of the coincidence of being with the moment of speech are manifested in the main member, regardless of the presence or absence of other members in the sentence. The indicator of tense is the significant absence of a verb, morphological indicator It also does not have a modality - it is expressed by intonation: Winter; Winter!– the meaning of reality; Winter?– meaning of unreality. Particle would the unreal meaning of desirability is expressed: Quicker would winter! The main member does not contain an indication of a person, but according to semantics the sentence is correlated with the 3rd person (the existence of an object that is not a participant in communication).
In addition to the indicated basic meanings, the main member of nominative sentences may contain additional shades expressed by intonation and particles - in other words, it may have structural variants. For example: Pine. Two birch trees– the basic form of the main member with a general existential meaning and an extended present tense; Pine! Two birch trees!– a variant with an additional shade of direct perception of existence, coinciding with the moment of speech; Here's a pine tree. There are two birch trees– a variant with an indicative-restrictive connotation and with a specific present tense that does not go “beyond” the moment of speech; Here is the pine tree. Here are two birch trees– a variant with an additional connotation of discovery, achievement and with an indication of the time limit - the coincidence of the discovered being with the moment of speech; What a pine! What two birch trees!(and also with particles like this, like this, well, oh yeah etc.) – a variant with an emotionally expressive assessment of the subject. Thus, in speech, nominative sentences are used either with the basic form of the main member, or in one of the variants: Small forest. The steppe and the distance. Moonlight all the way (S. Yesenin); What a night! I can't. I can't sleep. Such lunarness (S. Yesenin); « This is the cross. Here's the road", the coachman said loudly(A. Tolstoy).
The main member of a nominative sentence can be extended by secondary ones, which together with it form a phrase: Early July. Full moon (V. Veresaev); Light flashes across the windows. The hour is peaceful. Nice evening(A. Tvardovsky). From the common nominative sentence with a definition, it is necessary to distinguish the two-part one with the zero form of the copula be when the predicate usually comes after the subject: The air is clear and blue(S. Yesenin).
The question remains controversial about the presence in a nominative sentence of such secondary members that have adverbial or objective meaning and do not form a phrase with the main member: There is silence in the house; Today is the exam; I'm happy and so on. The form of these members of the sentence is not motivated, is not controlled by the main member - the nominative. This served as a reason to see in such sentences the omission of the predicate to which these members supposedly refer. However, the characterization of these sentences as two-part incomplete is based on the “implied” predicate. In reality, the meaning of being, presence is expressed in them by the nominative. These sentences are nominative one-part ones with secondary members of the primary type, which have independent meaning (spatial, temporal, subjective, etc.). These members, both in two-part and one-part sentences, are not dependent components of the phrase; they explain the predicative basis as a whole (cf.: The stoves were burning in the house; The house became warm; Today I am cheerful; My son is a student).

Genitive sentences

According to the basic meanings of beingness and the present tense, expressed in the main member, genitive sentences are similar to nominative ones. However, the genitive quantitative (quantitative) introduces into them the additional meaning of excess, and the exclamatory intonation adds an expressive-emotional assessment: “Good, good!”- Yakov said(A. Chekhov).
It can be assumed that these constructions were formed under the influence of quantitative-nominal type A lot of goodness; How much goodness!, however in modern language they represent an independent productive model on which specific sentences with unlimited lexical content can be constructed. Any noun that correlates with the concept of quantity or measure can be used. To emphasize the meaning of excess, large quantity or measure, a particle can be used -That , and also repeat: Laughter, laughter!(A. Chekhov); compare: What a laugh!(A. Ostrovsky). Genitive sentences can be common: Various books!(colloquial); You're crazy, you're crazy, uncle!(A. Ostrovsky).

§ 272. Indivisible sentences

Main structural types simple sentence - two-part and one-part - in the Russian language the so-called indivisible sentences are opposed: - Still won't give up tea? – I think, yes (A. Ostrovsky); Samghin said: “You seemed to sympathize with this reform?” – No (M. Gorky). These proposals are deprived grammatical form; they do not highlight the members of the sentence - neither main nor secondary. Indivisible sentences do not contain and do not allow conjugated forms of the verb in their composition and therefore do not have specific modal-temporal meanings.
By function, indivisible sentences correlate with narrative, interrogative, and imperative sentences: - I'll take you with me. – Good with (A. Ostrovsky); “Then you will go and bring her to your place.” OK? – Fine (A. Chekhov); Tsyts, You! She is no longer your servant(M. Gorky). In this case, indivisible sentences that are interrogative in form can have a narrative-affirmative meaning: - Are you lost? – asked Grigory. – How about that?– Kudinov answered with sincere surprise.(M. Sholokhov).
However, indivisible sentences do not contain a specific statement. Their content boils down to the expression of agreement/disagreement with any statement (most often of another person) or an emotional reaction to it, as well as expression of will. Therefore, the communicative significance of indivisible sentences manifests itself, as a rule, only against the background of the corresponding sentences that make up the speech context: – Is this a lilac branch? – Seems to be yes,- she answered casually(I. Goncharov).
The abstract semantics of indivisible sentences and their indefinite modal-temporal plan are determined by the lexical and grammatical nature of the words used. In unsegmented sentences the following are used:

1) particles Not really , expressing agreement/disagreement in the clearest form (this is their only function): - So, are you staying with us for a long time? – No (A. Ostrovsky);

2) modal words And modal particles of course, probably, perhaps and etc.: – But can you imagine how much it costs to organize a business? – Oh, of course (A. Tolstoy);

3) interjections well!, chick!, fathers! and etc.: - Do people really live around us? – Fathers! Who do you think?(A. Ostrovsky);

4) phraseological units with the meaning of agreement/disagreement, expression of will, modal or emotional assessment (no matter how!, of course!, keep your pocket wider!, that’s it! and etc.): - Would you really sit still forever? Wouldn't you go anywhere? – Never! (I. Goncharov); – Would you like to chop my wood? – If you please, generation(A. Chekhov); - I feel sorry for my sister! It’s scary to imagine what life would be like for her here. – Of course (A. Ostrovsky); – But I will have to answer for him! – That's it! (A. Chekhov).

Words of all listed categories are characterized by immutability. They cannot be included in phrases. Therefore, indivisible sentences cannot be extended: the volume of the sentence coincides with the word or phraseological unit. This feature of indivisible sentences is emphasized by their other name - word-sentences. The volume of a word-sentence can only be increased by particles, usually with an intensifying meaning: - Gregory! How are you? Have you changed your mind? Maybe we can go? – No really (M. Sholokhov).
Indivisible sentences are very common in speech. Expressing agreement (confirmation) or disagreement (denial) is one of the most important moments communication. These meanings are expressed in their pure form by words-sentences Yes And No.
In addition, agreement is expressed by modal words-sentences, including the meaning of certainty or conjecture: - Are you bored? – she asked, looking at her daughter. – Certainly (A. Chekhov); “And I’m coming to you,” said Laptev. - I’m going to talk to your father. He is at home? – Probably, she answered(A. Chekhov); – I’ll go abroad in two weeks. Go and you... - Okay, I guess, Oblomov decided(I. Goncharov). The expression of agreement/disagreement using phraseological units is complemented by emotionally expressive shades: - Do you admire the sea? – Still would!- Lavrov replied(K. Paustovsky).

Nominal one-part sentences combine impersonal nominal (I'm cold), nominative (nominal) and vocative sentences. Nominal sentences like I are coldly close in semantics to impersonal verbal ones, which is why they are included in the impersonal ones.

Nominative sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by the idiom of a noun (sometimes a pronoun) or by a quantitative-nominal combination. Together with intonation, nominative sentences express the idea of being, the existence of named objects and phenomena.

Etc. : Evening. Night. Autumn. Silence.

Nominative sentences, in principle, do not depend on the context, are not constrained, are not connected, but the existential meaning is often clarified by the context. The main meaning is the affirmation of being, on which demonstratives are layered, emotional meanings and expression of will. Important role In nominative sentences, intonation plays a role.

In terms of composition, nominative sentences can be uncommon and widespread (even widespread):

Etc. : 1916 Trenches...Mud. (unexpanded proposals).

Cold government paper, absurd beloved land.

(common suggestion)

According to their function, nominative sentences are:

1) descriptive (being, existential):

Etc. : Fog. River.

2) demonstrative (particles here, there, indicate the proximity and distance of an object):

Etc. : Here comes the forest. Here is the school, etc.

3) predicative nominatives or message nominative (evaluative-existential):

Etc. : Warm. Sunny. Joyfully - beauty!

4) incentive offers, which are divided into 2 groups:

· incentives and wishes:

Etc. : Attention. Hello. Good afternoon.

· incentive-imperative, conditioned by a situation requiring a quick response from the addressee.

Etc. : Scalpel (operation in progress). Fire (fight in progress).

proper names (these include names of books, magazines, paintings, inscriptions on signs, etc.)

Not all linguists consider them to be sentences.

Vocative sentences (“sentences-addresses”) are evaluated differently. Some scientists identify them as special type one-part sentences, while others include them among the nominative ones, while others consider them as indivisible.

Vocative sentences are addresses complicated by the expression of an undifferentiated thought, feeling, or expression of will. An address can be easily distinguished from a vocative sentence

Vary in meaning the following groups vocative sentences:

1) vocative sentences-appeals, in which the addressee of the speech is named in order to attract his attention:

2) vocative sentences expressing emotional reaction to the words and actions of the interlocutor:

The main member of a vocative sentence cannot be considered either a predicate or a subject, however, it can be determined by other members, for example, an application, which is the case with the main member - a pronoun.

Vocative sentences stand on the border between monocomponent and indivisible sentences. Conditionally including vocative sentences into one-part sentences (following A. A. Shakhmatov), it should be said that they are not typical one-part sentences, and this determines the ability of vocative sentences to pass into the category of indivisible sentences with the loss of the lexical significance of nouns.

The last type (genitive sentences) is represented by colloquial and everyday constructions, in which the independent genitive case of a name not only conveys the meaning of the presence, existence of an object (beingness), like the nominative case in nominative sentences, but also characterizes it from a quantitative point of view (the redundancy of something is asserted). or: A quantitative value can be expressed by a numeral or a noun in an indefinite quantitative value.

You can also find the information you are interested in in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

More on topic 21. One-part sentences of nominal type:

19. Structural and semantic properties of one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences.
38. One-part sentences as a special type of syntactic units, their typology and features of expression of the main member.
Complex syntactic structures (complex sentences of mixed type)
Designs like first to come; the last ones to sign up (with a substantivized subject adjective in the main clause) are colloquial.
38. Semantic page of the C type. The main levels of the C-type hierarchical organization as a semantic microsystem.
21. System properties of the C type. The relationship between the concepts of regularity and productivity. Criteria for empirical and systemic productivity of the C type.
The sentence as the basic unit of syntax. Signs of an offer. Actual division of a sentence and ways of expressing it
The concept of a complex sentence. The place of a complex sentence in the system of syntactic units of language. Grammatical meaning complex sentence as its main distinguishing feature. A complex sentence as a structural-semantic union of predicative parts and as a special independent unit of syntax. Differential features complex sentence.

One-part sentences are contrasted with two-part sentences as an independent structural-semantic type of simple sentences. The predicative basis is presented in them one main member. The main member expresses the main elements of predicativity - modality and syntactic tense.
The way of expressing the main member determines the division of one-part sentences into verbal And personalized. Verbal sentences talk about an action, the subject of which is not named. The main member in such sentences is expressed in verbal forms - single or in combination with other words: We are building house. Me chills. Already need to leave. In nominal sentences the being, existence, existence of an object is expressed: Late autumn. That's holiday. Laughter-That, laughter!
Verbal one-part sentences are heterogeneous in semantics and structure. They use different verb forms and express predicative relations in different ways. On these grounds, 5 types of one-part verbal sentences are distinguished.
Definitely personal one-part sentences are sentences in which the main member is expressed by a verb indicating a personal ending to a certain (specific) person, which can be the speaker (speakers) or his interlocutor (interlocutors): Let's go at off to the library now. Let's go eat with me? That is, the main member in such sentences can be expressed: 1) by a verb in the indicative form of the first person singular: Py Yu Birch juice. Oh, birch sap! One hundred Yu at a stop in a colorful half-shawl. 2) a verb in the indicative form of the second person singular or plural: Every day answering eat deeper, / Every day disappearance eat deeper... Everything old yeah be witty? 3) a verb in the imperative mood singular or plural: Beloved, joint venture And ...What is the cause of insomnia? Not angry ite sya on me! (in this case the formal indicator is the suffix –i- and the ending –te); 4) a verb in the indicative form of the first person plural. With this form, the main member allows you to include an indefinite number of persons among the figures, therefore, in these sentences, the figure has a less specific character than in other types of definite-personal sentences: Cf: Coop them tomorrow this toy. New store tomorrow opening eat .
It is very important to note that the main members of definite personal sentences CANNOT BE verbs in the third person singular and plural form, as well as verbs in the past tense form, since these forms do not indicate a specific character. Sings (he, she, it, singer, heart, joint choir, student, etc.). Read (I, you, he, teacher, reader, someone, boy, student, etc.). Sentences with such verb forms are incomplete two-part sentences, the subject of which is restored from the context: And We let's go to work. They pricked firewood for the kitchen, dragged coal... In these sentences, the second main member must be restored to understand the meaning of the sentence, while in definite-personal sentences the verb indicates with its ending a specific person.
Vaguely personal single-part sentences appeared in Russian to focus attention on an action, the subject of which is unknown or unimportant for the situation being described: In the classroom put parquet. It's a long time at the door pounded. The attention of the speaker and listener is focused on the action itself, and the actor remains in the shadows. Acting person there may be one person or several persons. But the main member of indefinitely personal sentences is always expressed by the form plural verb: 1) verb in the form of the present or future tense of the 3rd person plural; 2) with a verb in the past tense plural form: Outside the window shouting. Over the summer school repaired.
The character may be unknown to the speaker, but this is not important for of this message: Paths in the village sprinkled pebbles. The character may be known to all participants in the communication, so there is no need to name him: - Why don’t you go outside? – They don't let me in. The speaker himself may be the character, but he does not consider it necessary to emphasize this: - Move over! To you They say! And you know: as long as I'm alive, you have a place where you are waiting, Always are waiting, all kinds are waiting.
Generalized-personal sentences report actions that apply to any person or - at least - to a wide range of people: In youth, often strive someone imitate. What we have – we don't store, having lost - we're crying.
Generalized personal sentences 1) express general provisions, conclusion related to big circle persons regardless of place and time: But wine don't mix it up with fire, / And fire you can't replace wine! Late autumn days scold usually. What sow, then you will reap. Century live– century study.
2) promote the expression of intimate thoughts, experiences, moods specific person under the generalized form. With this use of the 2nd person form, the interlocutor seems to become an emotional participant in the speaker’s actions, the action in in this case is presented as typical for certain circumstances and the construction acquires a generalized character: How quickly you pass at night along a long, seemingly daytime path. Huge steps you're coming in the middle of the street, and your chiropteran shadow lies somewhere on the side...
Foggy morning, gray morning...
The fields are sad, covered with snow.
Reluctantly remember and the time of the past
Will you remember and faces long forgotten.
The main member in generalized personal sentences can be expressed by a verb in various forms:
1) 2nd person singular present or future tense. This is the most frequent way of expressing the main member in this type of sentence: Without difficulty you can't take it out and fish from the pond. A loved one only then you'll understand when with him you'll break up.
2) 2nd person singular or plural imperative: For the native land go fearlessly into battle. Never about anything don't be sorry after, / If what happened cannot be changed...
3) 1st person plural present or future tense: Fatherland let's serve in battle / For your honor and freedom.
4) 3rd person plural present or future tense: Nightingale with fables they don't feed. Chicks in the fall consider.
5) 1st person singular present or future tense. This form is rarely used in these sentences: With someone else’s misfortune I'll scout.
These examples demonstrate the fact that generalized personal sentences do not have their own own way expressions of the main member: these are the same methods as those of definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences. And since it is impossible to distinguish generalized-personal sentences from definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences based on the form of the verb, the decisive factor in these cases is the semantic factor: context or speech situation determine which person (definite or generalized, indefinite or generalized) the action relates to. This gives a number of researchers the basis not to distinguish generalized personal sentences into an independent type of one-part personal sentences, but to distribute them between two other types. However formal features generalized-personal sentences also provide grounds for distinguishing them into an independent type: they do not have a non-extended variant, the secondary members in them are required precisely to create the meaning of generality.
Definitely personal, indefinitely personal and generalized personal sentences belong to the group personal, because the main member in them has a form that allows for a noun or pronoun in the form of the nominative case: I I love the storm in early May. All do not count your chickens before they are hatched. Workers The school was renovated over the summer.
Personal one-part sentences are contrasted impersonal offers.
Impersonal sentences are those that express an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the attribute. That is, these sentences cannot contain a noun or pronoun in nominative case, because the action is thought of as occurring spontaneously: I suddenly got sad. By the evening the weather has cleared up. An indication of the producer of the action (the bearer of the state) may be present in impersonal sentences, but it is carried out in the form dative case, that is given word is not subject: To him unwell. For students didn't work.
According to the meaning and morphological nature of the main member, impersonal verbal and impersonal verbs are distinguished nominal sentences. IN verbal in sentences the main member is expressed 1) impersonal verb: His felt nauseous. In May dawn early; 2) personal verb in impersonal use: Sucks in the pit of the stomach (Wed. The child sucks a pacifier). All around rumbled, whistled, howled. Smells hay; 3) a negative word or negative construction: No bad land, there are bad plowmen. Soon there will be bread in the city gone.

IN registered in sentences the main member is expressed 1) short passive participle neuter: To me entrusted to make a presentation. Few lived, a lot of experienced; 2) a state category word: Deserted around. To me sad, because funny you. To him it was becoming All more depressing. However, the presence of the participle and SKS as part of the predicate dependent infinitive makes the sentence verbal: To us was destined to be expected trains are three hours. It's good to walk on foot, wash your face with the breeze! Samghin decided that with this guy safer to go.
A special group of one-part sentences is represented by infinitive sentences . In these sentences the main member is expressed independent an infinitive denoting a possible or impossible, necessary or inevitable action: Line up in one line! Don't turn a stone out of the way with my thoughts. The infinitive may have particles would,whether,only,only,though, expressing various shades (doubt, reflection, desirability, preference, restrictiveness of action): Shouldn't I return it? her? To me would like to live And live, rushing through the years! If only to the forest get there.

Personalized one-part sentences are divided into three groups: impersonal (see above about them), nominative And genitive.
Nominative sentences affirm the existence of an object or phenomenon, their presence, existence: Shouts steam locomotives, white smoke, frosty night.
The main member in nominative sentences is expressed by: 1) a noun in the nominative case: Evening. Seaside. Sighs wind. Stately exclamation waves; 2) quantitative-nominal combination: Two hours. What a hassle, however! 3) a pronoun in the nominative case: She! All the blood in me stopped. That's All.
Depending on the meaning and structure, there are several types of nominative sentences.
1.Existential sentences assert the presence, existence of an object or phenomenon without complicating it with any additional shades: May storm. Flashes lightning Being can be represented by the meaning of a) place: Moscow. Kremlevsky castle; b) time: Winter. Second hour; c) the situation and its details: Freezing And Sun! Day wonderful. Big room. Round table; d) objectified action: Oblique flight crow. Performance combined choir.
2. Demonstrative sentences indicate not so much the presence of an object as its appearance in front of the speaker; these include demonstrative particles Here And over there: Here my gate. Here And I! – Maya shouted. Vonsolntse, blue sky.
3. Incentive offers express wishes, expressions of will: Lights out! Climb! - she screamed. Bon voyage !
4. Emotional-evaluative sentences express the speaker’s emotions, his subjective assessment and are distinguished by exclamatory intonation: What kind of neck! What a day! Ekaya damned life!
Genitive sentences are similar to existential ones in the basic meanings of beingness and present time, but they have an additional meaning of excess, which is expressed genitive case noun with quantitative meaning, and expressive-emotional assessment: Houses, houses, and-and my God! Like mushrooms. To emphasize excess, repetitions are used, particles -That: Food, food! In modern language, genitive sentences represent a productive model on which sentences with words of different types can be constructed. lexical meaning: It's funny, laughter! Milk, milk!

Exercise No. 17. Select one-part sentences. Determine their types and ways of expressing the main members.

1. It's quiet around. Late fall. Night autumn time. 2. This call is impossible to resist. 3. Whom to love? Who to believe? 4. What's new in the newspapers? 5. – What’s the noise? - Water. 6. Here it is, Yenisei! 7. The old woman wandered down the street again. She stopped at the gate. 8. Bell ringing does not cure illness. 9. O first lily of the valley! From under the snow you ask sun rays. 10. So many jackdaws! Wedding... 11. Emerald [the horse's name] couldn't stand it, I wanted strong movements. 12. – What are they selling? - Coat. 13. Play, beloved button accordion, ring, my comrade! 14. Working with the younger generation is a noble duty of a teacher. 15. We now have to undergo repairs. 16. Don’t forget to inform headquarters about the events of yesterday. 17. The light was turned on on the balcony of the neighboring dacha. 18. At that hour it was completely quiet - no steps, no sounds of hooves. 19. At any age, preserve the feeling of youth. 20. His mouth was dry from hatred, shame and disgust. 21. Along the road, mirror-shiny, I drive past the porch. 22. What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe. 23. Snakes are kept in nurseries and poison is taken from time to time. 24. It was decided to gather everyone at the campsite and wait until midnight. 25. Your wife’s wealth will not get you anywhere. 26. High buildings, colonnades. The bridges are filled with a wonderful crowd of Australians. What faces! What a life! 27. Forget me and the days when we were together... 28. Last night in the alder hut. In the spring flood it will be washed away without a trace. But in the summer I will build a new hut. 29. The boy was cold and scared. 30. By autumn, the forestry began to build a dam for a small hydroelectric power station. 31. The rain could not stop. It rustled in the bushes, then became silent. 32. There is no longer a diamond string and no ringing in the air. 33. He was thrown to the side by the explosion. 34. After all, shouldn’t everyone be poets and thinkers? 35. I'll be back in two days. 36. No one can do without grammar. 37. It is also painful to serve at dinner, do laundry, and sew. 38. Where I swam for fish, / Hay is rowed into the hayloft. 39. And in the world there are no such peaks / That you cannot take them.

Exercise No. 18. Determine the type of each sentence. Find a letter match for each sentence.

A. Definitely personal

B. Vaguely personal

B. Impersonal

G. Nominative

D. Two-part complete

E. Two-part incomplete

G. Generalized-personal

1) Clear winter afternoon.

2) The frost is strong.

3) Near us is a small sleigh, upholstered in bright red cloth.

4) Order a portion of sturgeon solyanka in Russian.

5) There is no strength to breathe due to the pressure.

6) Nadenka was married off.

7) Don’t go picking mushrooms in the forest without happiness.

1) Do not make yourself an idol.

2) The pike was thrown into the river.

3) It smells like willow and resin.

4) There are two misfortunes in Russia: below is the power of darkness, and above is the darkness of power.

5) Rain, rain, water our rye!

6) Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts.

7) Here are two birch trees.

©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2017-04-20

One-part sentence - type simple sentence, in which predicativity is expressed by one main member, and not two, as in a two-part one. Depending on which main member is present in a one-part sentence, two types can be distinguished: predicates and subjects.

Nominal (nominal) one-part sentences are structures in which the case of the name (Ip., Vp., Rp.) combines the meaning of the nomination of an object, fact, phenomenon with a statement of their existence => case form is used without a grammatically expressed predicate, and the sentence as a whole is correlated with the present tense.

Nominative - nominal one-part sentences that have the meaning of the existence of an object, phenomenon, expressed by the form I.p:

Noun (Winter afternoon.)

Quantitative-nominal or indivisible combination. (Two meetings. Summer holidays.)

Types of nominative proposals:

1. Existential: existential - a phenomenon in time (Thunder and noise), objective-existential - an object in space (Forest and waves.)

2. Demonstratives (with particles here, there, and here): indication (Here are the golden curls.), achievement (Here is the night.)

3. Evaluative-existential (What a life I have!)

4. Preferably – existential (grammatically – R.p, Water would.)

5. Existential - incentive (Attention!)

Actually nominative sentences– names of books, newspapers, magazines. No existential semantics! Perform a nominative function.

Hey! Stop! Fire! – communicative function of appeal.

Vocatives are a type of indivisible sentences; a structure in which the only and main component is the name of a person, an address pronounced with a certain emotional connotation to express a negative reaction.

The difference from the address is that the vocative does not complicate the sentence, it = the sentence.

Genetic - nominal one-part sentences, with the main member - a noun in R.p., stating the presence of an object in large quantities whether the intensity of the phenomenon. (To the people! Flowers!)

Genetive types:

1) affirmative:

Quantities, contents (Colors!)

Existentially motivating (Waters!)

Desirables (On vacation!)

2) negative – semantics of non-existence (Not a sound. Not a cloud.)

Since the predicate (There is not a soul.) is easily restored in such sentences, they are often classified as structurally incomplete one-component impersonal ones.

Genetic sentences are close to nominative ones, but the way of expression quantitative characteristics different. (There is a lot of controversy around the new novel. - There is controversy around the new novel!) Structural feature of the sentence of this type– use of the independent form R.p (What flies you have!)

The genitive is everyday colloquial speech, the nominative is a literary text.

Nominative representations (topics - the term was proposed by Popov) - the name speaks of the form of expression - names the topic of the subsequent statement. (Moscow... How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart.)

You can also find the information you are interested in in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

The concept of one-part sentences

Types of one-part sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration theoretical material in the “Syntax” section of the Russian language.

Syntactic constructions with a base consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I don't like fatality(V.S. Vysotsky).

Sentences that contain only one of the main members are called one-part sentences. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main member. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). IN works of art One-part sentences are very often used, examples from the literature: I melt window glass with my forehead(V.V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject here, but it is easy to restore: “I”. It got a little dark(K.K. Sluchevsky). This sentence does not and cannot have a subject.

IN colloquial speech Simple one-part sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: -Where shall we go? - To the cinema.

One-part sentences are divided into types:

1. Nominal (with a basis from the subject).

2. With a predicate at the base:

personal;
impersonal.

But they called all three daughters witches(V.S. Vysotsky) (predicate - past tense verb, plural, indicative).
And let them say, yes let them say, but no, no one dies in vain(V.S. Vysotsky) (in the role of a predicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd letter and plural).
They would give me a plot of six acres not far from the car plant(Sholokhov) (predicate verb in the form subjunctive mood plural).

Features of generalized personal proposals

Some linguists (V.V. Babaytseva, A.A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not distinguish this group of one-part sentences into separate species, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to definite- and indefinite-personal and differ only in semantic load. In them the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: If you love the tops, love the roots. Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once you lied, you became a liar forever.

When studying the topic “One-Part Personal Sentence”, examples have great value, because they clearly help to determine the type of syntactic construction with one of the main members and distinguish between them.

Impersonal offer

One-piece impersonal offer(example: It gets dark early. There's a noise in my head.) differs from personal in that it does not and cannot have a subject.

The predicate can be expressed in different ways:

Impersonal verb: It was getting dark. I'm sick.
Personal verb transformed into impersonal form: I have a tingling sensation in my side. There was a rumble in the distance. You are lucky! I can not sleep.
Predicative adverb (state category or impersonal predicative words): It was very quiet(I.A. Bunin). It's stuffy. Sad.
Infinitive: Don't bend to a changing world(A.V. Makarevich).
The negative word “no” and negative particle"neither": The sky is clear. You have no conscience!

Types of predicate

In one-part sentences

In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:

Simple verb. Expressed by one verb in any form.
Compound verb. Consists of a linking verb and an infinitive.
Compound nominal. It contains a linking verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.

All of the following are found in one-part sentences

Chilly(one-part impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with an omitted verb linkage in the present tense, but which appears in the past tense: It was cold. Nominal part expressed

In a definitely personal sentence: Let's join hands, friends(B.Sh. Okudzhava) - simple verb predicate.

In an indefinite personal sentence: I don't want to listen to any of you(O. Ermachenkova) - predicate - personal verb + infinitive.

Nominal one-part sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb connective in the present tense. Demonstrative particles are often placed side by side with the nominative: Here's your ticket, here's your carriage(V.S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, they are transformed into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your carriage.

One-part and incomplete sentences

It is necessary to distinguish incomplete two-part sentences from one-part ones. In one-part sentences, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete ones, any member of the sentence may be missing, and the meaning may not be clear out of context: Opposite is a table. Or: Today.

In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between definitely-personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this applies to predicates, expressed verb in the past tense form. For example: I thought and began to eat(A.S. Pushkin). Without basic context, it is impossible to determine whether a verb is used in the 1st or 3rd person. In order not to make a mistake, it is important to understand: in the past tense form the person of the verb is not determined, which means this is a two-part incomplete sentence.

Particular difficulty is caused by the differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a denominative one, for example: Night. Frosty night. And Night in the village. To avoid difficulties, it is important to understand: a circumstance is a minor member related to the predicate. Therefore, the proposal " Night in the village"- two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night fell in the village. Frosty night. This nominative sentence, because the definition agrees with the subject, therefore, the adjective “frosty” characterizes the main member “night”.

When learning syntax, it is important to do training exercises c, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-part sentences with examples.

The role of one-part sentences in language

In writing and oral speech one-part sentences play a significant role. Similar syntactic constructions in a laconic and succinct form they allow you to formulate a thought brightly and colorfully, help you imagine images or objects. They give statements dynamism and emotionality, allowing you to focus attention on the necessary objects or subjects. Using one-part sentences you can avoid unnecessary pronouns.