There are 2 points of view on this type of construction: 1. Infinitive sentences are a type of impersonal sentences. To be a great thunderstorm. To be is a PPP of an impersonal proposal.
2. The point of view of AK and school textbooks.
Infinitive sentences are an independent type of one-part sentence. Let's prove it. An infinitive sentence is a sentence that conveys the meaning of desirability, possibility, impossibility, confidence, uncertainty of the speaker, where PPP is expressed by the form of an independent independent infinitive. You will not see such battles from Borodino. Not to be seen - PPP of the infinitive sentence. The speaker's confidence in what he is talking about. Proof:
a A special way of expressing PPP:
Either the independent infinitive To be a great thunderstorm, or the independent infinitive + nominal part To be your professor. b How to consider the paradigm in such sentences The complete paradigm of a Russian sentence is eight-membered, and the paradigm of an infinitive sentence: Includes 4 forms. You can't get through here. There was no way to get through here. There will be no way through here. It would be impossible to pass the conditional mood here.
A proposal without a paradigm. There can be only one form: an independent infinitive without copular verbs. These forms should be called impersonal infinitives.
c The special nature of the expression of the figure. If in impersonal sentences the doer is not indicated, then in infinitive sentences there is a doer. Be silent! Sit! The person being addressed must remain silent and sit. This is an appeal to the subject, the active figure. Do not touch. d Special Civil Code of Infinitive Sentences.
The meaning of the fact of the unreal, occurring in an indefinite syntactic time. Always avoid walking on lawns. Because The infinitive has no indicators of mood or tense.
e Objective modality in such sentences is always unreal and is conveyed by the form of the infinitive, but there can be many shades of subjective modality. These shades are created, as Vinogradov said, by particles in combination with the infinitive and, if oral speech, then also intonation.
f Consequently, the semantic types of infinitive sentences rely on different meanings of subjective modality: The speaker’s confidence. Be you a professor. Desirability of action. If only I could make it in time. The meaning of motivation. Do not touch. Estimated value. You can't be fooled.
The meaning of reflection. The sentence reflects the thinking process. Winter. What should we do in the village of Beda? Where to go for help What to do And other meanings of doubt, fear. Fear: Just not to be late.
In order to qualify the shade of subjective modality, you can select a syntactic synonym among impersonal sentences. I would like to go on vacation. Syntactic synonym: I want to go on vacation. This sentence conveys the meaning of desirability, only in the infinitive sentence it is more categorical. These features indicate that infinitive sentences can rationally be considered an independent type of sentence. We will adhere to the second point of view on infinitive sentences.
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More on topic 3.9. Infinitive sentences:
- 16. Classification of one-part sentences. Infinitive sentences: modality. (target rpm problem)
- 18. The concept of a complicated structure of a simple sentence. Varieties of complicated sentences. The complicated nature of the structure and semantics of sentences with a predicative definition, with an objective infinitive, with a target infinitive and an infinitive phrase.
- The concept of sentence members as its structural and semantic components. Differences between major and minor members. Semantics and ways of expressing the subject in two-part sentences (nominative and infinitive subjects, the subject is a word and a phrase).
- Classification of a simple sentence. Articulated and indivisible sentences. Two- and one-part sentences, their differences. Complete and incomplete sentences. Question about elliptic sentences. Punctuation marks in incomplete and elliptical sentences.
- Structural-semantic classification of sentences. Simple and complex sentences, their distinctive features. Classification of sentences by function and emotional coloring. Classification of sentences in relation to reality.
Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings: obligation, motivation, necessity, possibility and impossibility, inevitability of action, etc. Face to face you can't see the face(Ec.); We have countless friends(Pinch.); ...And the fire will rage until dawn(Pinch.); We are now facing repairs(Tward.); You can’t listen... You can’t see it in an X-ray... But in a foreign land there are interruptions in the heart. If you don’t take it out, you always carry death with you, but if you take it out, you die immediately(Sim.); How do you know about him that he is my best friend?(Sim.).
Infinitive sentences with a particle would acquire the meaning of desirability: You should live here until autumn(Ch.); Now I would like to turn the squadron sixteen points(New-Pr.); Now I wish I could shake off the old days, having drawn water from the Neva, suddenly be drenched in the unbearable ice from head to toe(Sim.).
Infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences with modal impersonal predicative words necessary, impossible, necessary, must etc., but are distinguished by greater expression, brevity, and tension. Therefore, they are especially characteristic of colloquial speech and are often used in fiction. Sentences with modal words of obligation, necessity in combination with the infinitive are more typical for the official business style. Wed: -...Be a great thunderstorm!(P.); Hey, Azamat, don't blow your head off!(L.); - I need to spend two months in complete solitude(P.); You have to live in a village to be able to read the vaunted Clarissa(P.).
Among infinitive sentences, the following stand out: impersonal infinitives, with the main member expressed by the infinitives see, hear, which act in the same function as impersonal predicative words with the meaning of perception audible, visible. Such sentences are usually extended with an object meaning and are characteristic of colloquial speech. Wed: Heard nothing - Hear nothing. Examples: Lukashka sat alone, looked at the sandbank and listened to see if he could hear the Cossacks.(L. T.); I looked at the sky to see if I could see migratory birds(Aramilev).
Nominative sentences are those one-part sentences whose main member is expressed by a noun or a substantivized part of speech in the nominative case. The main member can also be expressed by a phrase, but the dominant word in it must necessarily have the form of the nominative case. Nominative sentences assert the presence, existence of a phenomenon or object, called the main member.
Nominative sentences, denoting the presence of a phenomenon in the present, are only affirmative; they cannot be used in the future or past tense. Predicative meanings are expressed with a special intonation. Nominative sentences differ in meaning: existential and demonstrative.
Existential sentences express the presence of a named object, phenomenon: Ruins of the burned quarter(Pinch.).
Demonstrative sentences contain an indication of the objects available: Here is the forest. Shadow and silence(T.).
Nominative sentences can be uncommon or common. Uncommon nominatives sentences consist only of the main member. As the main member, the nominative case of the noun: 1916 Trenches... Dirt...(Shol.); War! And the young men lacked masculine severity in their voices(Sim.); Noon. It's a stuffy summer outside(Sim.); The wreckage was smoldering. Silence(Sim.); Night. The pilot sleeps on the bed(Sim.); Grace. Warmth. Finally we have waited for it in the north - real summer(Rec.).
A noun can be used in combination with particles. Such sentences acquire different shades of meaning (confidence, uncertainty, emotional enhancement, etc.) and express emotions: And boredom, my brother(Cupr.); “It’s not a mess, your honor...” says the policeman.(Ch.).
In the role of the main member, a personal pronoun: Here it is, the Fatherland! Look back at the five-year plan in everyday life(Pinch.); - And here I am, - Here she is(Sim.). As the main member, the numeral: - Thirty two! - Grisha shouts, pulling out yellow cylinders from his father’s hat. - Seventeen!(Ch.); Twelve... By now he has probably passed through the checkpoints. An hour... Now he has reached the foot of the height. Two... He must now be crawling to the very ridge. Three... Hurry up so that dawn doesn't catch him(Sim.).
As the main member, the quantitative-nominal combination: - Twelve o'clock! - Chichikov finally said, looking at his watch.(G.); It's past five, but I can't sleep(Pinch.); Floor... Four legs. Boots(Sim.); Ten o'clock. Twenty minutes past ten. Ten minutes to eleven. A quarter past eleven. Twenty-five... Three hours have already flown by, but I didn’t notice them(S. Bar.).
Common nominatives sentences will be made from the main member and the definition related to it, agreed or inconsistent (one or more).
A common nominative sentence with an agreed definition expressed by an adjective, participle and pronoun: Quiet, starry night, the moon is shining tremblingly(Fet); Frosty day, end of December(Shol.); Twenty pictures of you. I'm sorting you out over the years(Sim.); Predawn blue silence(Shol.); Spicy evening. The dawns are fading(Ec.); Spring evening. Blue hour(Ec.); Cold, icy fog, you can’t tell where is far and where is near(Ec.); Path. Wilderness forest. Centenary ridges. How does the old one know where the second son lies?(Pinch.).
An agreed upon definition can be expressed by a participial phrase, both isolated and non-isolated: Here is this caterpillar beast, fed in the abyss of the factory, now frozen harmlessly on the vertebrae of its iron(Sim.); Foreign stones and salt marshes, sun-rusted cypresses(Sim.); Painted floor peeling from constant washing(Cat.).
Nominative sentence with inconsistent definition: A chain of wolf pits with oak bristles(Sim.); There is an instant crack of the door locks, the noise of the curtains being pulled apart, and a courier crawls through the door, one and a half deep, covered in snow.(Sim.); The smell of the sea with a smoky-bitter taste(Es.).
Agreed and non-agreed definitions can be combined: And here is the port, filled with a crowd of ships, and the local market, glorified to the skies, with its bales of Egyptian cotton, with the clinking of money, with screams and sobs, with its traders’ tongues hanging madly like a bell over the city(Sim.); Midnight Volga sands, all in thickets, all in secluded corners, built in the middle of the river, a night shelter for lovers and homeless people(Sim.).
Definitions with the main member of a nominative sentence may contain additional objective and even adverbial meaning. Thus, object and spatial relationships are seen in the following examples: Here's a gift to you that I've been promising for a long time(Ring); Excitement among the public, scandal! But how to confess?(Sim.); Visiting circus. Addiction to horses, to the salty, sweaty smells of the arena(Sim.); A chase in the Western Desert, a Californian thunderstorm, and the dying heroine's incredible eyes(Sim.). Objective and adverbial shades of meaning are usually possible when the main member of the nominative sentence is expressed by a noun, its semantics or formation associated with the verb ( Trip to Leningrad; Returning from the village), although there may be, much less frequently, names with a clearly objective meaning: Thirteen years. Cinema in Ryazan, a performer with a cruel soul, and on the patched screen the suffering of a stranger’s woman(Sim.).
In the modern Russian literary language, nominative sentences are used in a wide variety of genres of fiction. They are especially typical for dramatic works, where they usually act as stage directions. They are also quite widespread in lyrics. Nominative sentences allow you to present individual details of the described situation in the form of bright strokes; they focus attention on these details.
Monotonous picture
The three miles that we walked yesterday,
Roaring cars in the mud
Sobbing tractors.
Funnel black sores.
Mud and water, death and water.
Broken wires
And the horses are racing in dead positions.
(K. Simonov)
Forty difficult years.
Omsk hospital...
The corridors are dry and dirty.
The old nanny whispers:
"God!.."
What are the artists up to?
small..."
(R. Rozhdestvensky)
Nominative constructions are used as remarks to indicate the place and time of action, to describe the scenery: Kremlin Chamber. Moscow. Shuisky's house. Night. Garden. Fountain(P.).
Nominative sentences have become widespread not only in poetry and drama, but also in works of epic genres. In modern prose they are so common that they sometimes serve as the only means of broad descriptions of a generalizing nature, since they make it possible to do this in an extremely brief and dynamic form.
Berlin suburbs. Neat houses and lawns. Asphalt paths and paths sprinkled with yellow sand. Garages for one or two cars and dog shelters for one or two persons. Fountains with and without fish, with and without floating plants. Pubs and shops with evenly arranged mugs, bottles and goods in named packages. Tennis courts and bus stops that look like advertisements. Gas stations in the American style, gardens in the French style, flower beds in the Dutch style... And everything shines, turns green, turns yellow, blushes - it frightens with its pedantic neatness(S. Bar.).
Infinitives are one-part sentences with a main member - a predicate, an expressed independent infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action. For example: Do not turn a stone from the path with your thoughts
(Bitter); Be a great storm! (Pushkin); There are no clouds of sun
hide, peace cannot be won by war (Proverb)
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative basis. In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate must include a verb or word of the state category to which the infinitive is attached: Yes, you can
survive in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in frosts, yes, you can starve and get cold, go to death, but these three birches cannot be given to anyone during your lifetime (Simonov) In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words obey him in semantic and grammatical terms: You can’t catch up with the crazy three! (Nekrasov). Wed. also: Not
you should (should not, should not, cannot) rush to answer! - Don't rush to answer!
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in general meaning. If the main (typical) mass of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor, then in infinitive sentences the actor is encouraged to take active action, the desirability and necessity of active action are noted. The character of the actor (definite, indefinite or generalized person) in infinitive sentences has a semantic-stylistic meaning, and in impersonal sentences the uncertainty of the producer of the action has a structural-syntactic meaning.
Infinitive sentences are one of the syntactic means of expressing modal meanings. In infinitive sentences, modality is expressed “by the very form of the infinitive and intonation, and is intensified and differentiated by particles”1
Infinitive sentences without a particle would express the modal meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability, etc.: Shine always, shine everywhere, until the last days, shine - and no nails! This is my slogan - and the sun! (Mayakovsky); No end in sight for the night! (Tvardovsky); Don't let the grass grow after autumn (Koltsov).
Infinitive sentences without indicating the person-actor are often used in the titles of articles that have the nature of an appeal, in slogans, etc.: Grow a high harvest! Harvest without loss! Create an abundance of food for the population and raw materials for industry! Wed. See also: Don't be late for class! Do not talk during class! No smoking at the institute!
Often infinitive sentences of this structure have the meaning of rhetorical questions: Well, how can you not please your loved one! (Griboyedov).
Infinitive sentences with a particle would express the desirability of an action, fear about its completion or a warning, an unfulfilled action, etc.: I would pick a big, big bouquet here and quietly bring it to the bedside (Surkov); Oh, if rain were to fall on my life, I would not consider my life lived aimlessly! (Soloukhin); Don't miss the train! (Serebrovskaya).
Infinitive sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are often “fitted” into the semantics of the following sentence with the subject pronoun this: Wait? This was not in his rules (Kataev); Wandering through the mountains with a hammer and a bag on your back, riding a horse, living in a tent, seeing peaks blazing under the sun... Will this really happen? (Volynsky). In their semantic-functional role, such sentences are close to “nominative representations”, the structural core of which is formed by nouns.
The specificity of infinitive sentences is created by the infinitive, which combines the properties of the verb and the noun. Bringing one side closer to impersonal sentences and the other to nominative sentences, infinitive sentences form a special type of one-part sentence.
Methodological note. Determining the place of infinitive sentences in the system of simple sentence types and in modern linguistics is debatable. Some scientists distinguish them into a special type of one-part sentences, others include them in impersonal sentences. In the school textbook, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal sentences.
Vinogradov V.V. Basic questions of sentence syntax // Questions of grammatical structure. - M., 1955. - P. 405.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of two main members (subject and predicate) are called two-part.
Sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member are called one-part sentences. One-piece sentences have a complete meaning, and therefore the second main member is not needed or even impossible.
For example: In the summer I will go to the sea. Dark. It's time to go. Magic night.
Single-part sentences, unlike incomplete ones, are understandable out of context.
There are several types of one-part sentences:
Definitely personal
vaguely personal,
generalized-personal,
impersonal,
nominative (nominative).
Each type of one-part sentence differs in its meaning and form of expression of the main member.
Definitely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a certain person (speaker or interlocutor).
In definitely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicative mood(present and future tense), and in the imperative mood ; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons I , You , We , You .
For example: I love thunderstorm in early May(Tyutchev); We will endure trials patiently(Chekhov); Go, bow down fish(Pushkin).
In definitely personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a 3rd person singular verb and a verb in the past tense. In such cases, the proposal does not indicate a specific person and the proposal itself is incomplete.
Compare: Do you know Greek too? - I studied a little(Ostrovsky).
Vaguely personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of an indefinite subject.
In vaguely personal sentences the main member is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood and the similar form of the conditional mood of the verb.
The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant.
For example: In the house knocked stove doors(A. Tolstoy); On the streets somewhere far away they're shooting (Bulgakov); Would you give person relax in front of the road(Sholokhov).
Generalized-personal proposals
Generalized-personal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying the actions of a generalized subject (the action is attributed to each and every individual).
The main member in a generalized personal sentence may have the same methods of expression as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences, but most often expressed by a 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense verb or a 3rd person plural verb.
For example: Good for bad don't change (proverb); Not very old these days respect (Ostrovsky); What you will sow, then you will reap (proverb).
Generalized personal sentences are usually presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, and aphorisms.
Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences containing the author’s generalization. To give a generalized meaning, the speaker uses a 2nd person verb instead of a 1st person verb.
For example: You're going out sometimes outside and you're surprised air transparency.
Impersonal offers
Impersonal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member of the predicate, conveying actions or states that arise regardless of the producer of the action.
In such sentences it is impossible to substitute the subject .
The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to a simple verbal predicate and is expressed:
1) an impersonal verb, the only syntactic function of which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:
For example: It's getting colder / it was getting cold /it will get colder .
2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:
For example: It's getting dark .
3) the verb to be and the word not in negative sentences:
For example: Winds did not have / No .
Main member, similar in structure to the compound verbal predicate , may have the following expression:
1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:
For example: Outside the window it started getting dark
.
2) linking verb to be in impersonal form (in the present tense in the zero form) + adverb + infinitive:
For example: It's a pity
/ it was a pity to leave with friends.
It's time to get ready on the road.
Main member, similar in structure to the compound nominal predicate , is expressed:
1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:
For example: It was a pity
old man.
On the street. it was becoming freshly.
2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:
For example: In the room it was smoky .
A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitive sentences .
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable. Such sentences are called infinitive.
For example: Him tomorrow be on duty. Everyone stand up! I'd like to go to Moscow!
Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings: obligation, necessity, possibility or impossibility, inevitability of action; as well as inducement to action, command, order.
Infinitive sentences are divided into unconditional (Be silent!) And conditionally desirable (I'd like to read).
Nominative (nominative) sentences- these are one-part sentences that convey the meaning of being (existence, presence) of the subject of speech (thought).
The main member in a nominative sentence can be expressed by a noun in the nominative case and a quantitative-nominal combination .
For example: Night, Street, flashlight, pharmacy .Pointless and dull light (Block); Three wars, three hungry pores, what the century has awarded(Soloukhin).
Denominative sentences may include demonstrative particles over there , Here , and to introduce an emotional assessment - exclamation particles WellAnd , Which , like this :
For example: Which weather! Well rain! Like this storm!
Distributors of a noun sentence can be agreed upon and inconsistent definitions:
For example: Late autumn
.
If the disseminator is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:
For example: Soon autumn
. (Compare: Soon autumn will come
.)
On the street rain
. (Compare: On the street it's raining
.)
Denominative (nominative) sentences can have the following subtypes:
1) Proper existential sentences expressing the idea of the existence of a phenomenon, object, time.
For example: April 22 years old. Sineva. The snow has melted.
2) Demonstrative-existent sentences. The basic meaning of beingness is complicated by the meaning of indication.
For example: Here mill.
3) Evaluative-existential (Dominance of evaluation).
For example: Well day! Oh yes...! And character!
+ particles well, then, also for me, and also.
The main member can be an evaluative noun ( beauty . Nonsense .)
4) desirable-existential (particles only, if only).
For example: If only health. Not just death. If happiness.
5) incentive (incentive-desirable: Attention ! Good afternoon ! and incentive-imperative: Fire ! and so on.).
It is necessary to distinguish constructions that coincide in form with them from nominative sentences.
The nominative case in the role of a simple name (name, inscription). They can be called proper-nominal - there is absolutely no meaning of beingness.
For example: "War and Peace".
The nominative case as a predicate in a two-part sentence ( Who is he? Familiar.)
The nominative case of the topic can be classified as an isolated nominative, but in terms of content they do not have the meaning of existentiality, do not perform a communicative function, and form a syntactic unity only in combination with the subsequent construction.
For example: Moscow. How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart... Autumn. I especially love this time of year.
When classifying an OP, the following criteria can be used: 1) based on the similarity of the main member with the subject or predicate; 2) according to the shape (morphological expression) of the main member.
According to the first criterion, following Shakhmatov, predicate (predicate-subjectless) and subject (subject-unpredicate) sentences are distinguished. In the school tradition, these are sentences with the main member of the subject and with the main member of the predicate.
According to the second criterion, one-part sentences are divided into verbal and nominal (substantive).
The classifications on both grounds are the same: predicates are mainly verbal, and subjects are nominal. This division by structure is also a division by meaning.
In turn, verbal OPs are divided into a number of types based on the form of expression of the main member and its semantics. The most popular is the following structural-semantic classification of one-part sentences. Verbals include: 1) definitely personal, 2) indefinitely personal, 3) generalized personal, 4) impersonal, 5) infinitive. Nominative sentences correspond to nominal sentences. Vocative sentences are also distinguished (although inconsistently). Let's take a closer look at each type.
Definitely personal proposals . These are constructions in which the main member is expressed in the indicative verb forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural and denotes the action of a specific person (speaker or interlocutor). Also, the main member of definite personal sentences is characterized by forms of the imperative mood. I love thunderstorms in early May (Tyutchev); In the depths of Siberian ores, keep proud patience (Pushkin); Why are you laughing, laughing at yourself! (Gogol). The presence in such sentences of a subject in the form of 1st or 2nd person does not add anything to the meaning of the sentence; on the contrary, they become informationally redundant. The sufficiency of one main member is explained by the fact that its very morphological form indicates a specific figure (speaker or interlocutor). Therefore, such sentences are considered one-part, and not two-part, incomplete. A verb in the 3rd person form cannot be the main member of a definite personal sentence, since this form can indicate any producer of an action - and a pronoun He and various nouns: reads - he, boy, girl, creature. A verb in the past tense singular form cannot be the main member of a definite-personal sentence, since in this form there is no indication of a person: read - me, you, him. With such predicates there must be a subject, that is, such sentences are classified as two-part incomplete.
Definitely personal sentences make our speech dynamic and economical, as they make it possible to avoid unnecessary repetition of personal pronouns.
At the same time, definitely-personal sentences are, of course, very close in meaning to two-part sentences, in which there is a subject - a personal pronoun. They easily transform into each other and replace each other in the text: You wait for me. We'll go together. - Wait for me. Let's go together.
The semantic and structural similarity of such sentences made it possible for scientists not to consider these sentences as one-component, but to classify them as two-part incomplete sentences with an unsubstituted subject position (Peshkovsky, Academic Grammar - 80). It should be noted that there is every reason for such a decision. The pronoun of the corresponding person is easily introduced into a definite personal sentence. The regular absence of subject position in such sentences is determined not by the language system (does not come from it), but by usage, generally accepted usage in society. Thus, we can say that definitely-personal sentences are a phenomenon of usage, not a system.
Vaguely personal proposals. These are sentences in which the main member is expressed by verbal forms of the 3rd person plural of the present and future tenses and past tense forms of the indicative mood, as well as plural forms of the subjunctive mood and denotes the action of an indefinite person: They talk a lot about this film - they talked about it - they will talk about it - they would talk about it.
The grammatical meaning of uncertainty arises in the following cases:
1) when the actor is unknown to the speaker: There was a knock on the window;
2) the action relates to an indefinite set of persons: Rumor has it that the session will be cancelled;
3) the subject himself acts as an actor: Leave immediately. They tell you!;
In general, indefinite personal sentences denote an action, the performer of which seems unimportant, since the speaker’s attention is focused on the action itself.
Generalized personal proposals. These are sentences that, in the form of expression of the main member, coincide with the two above-mentioned groups and denote the action of a generally conceivable person. For example: If you like to ride, you also like to carry a sled. The sentence does not talk about a specific action of a specific listener, that is, a specific person. The action here expressed applies to more or less every person who loves pleasure and must work to obtain it. The sentence does not have a specific content, but a generalized one. From many specific and personal observations, a general conclusion is drawn, a general experience is deduced. This conclusion is mandatory, according to the speaker, for all persons, for everyone who finds themselves in a similar life situation.
Thus, the purpose of generalized personal one-part sentences is the expression of general judgments, maxims, and broad generalizations. Of course, these meanings are very clearly manifested in proverbs that have the properties of metaphor, edification, as well as in teaching sentences addressed to all people in general or a group of people: do not waste yourself in an unnecessary quarrel (Ostrovsky).
In addition, generalized personal sentences are used to convey personal, intimate experiences. This happens because the speaker seeks to put his experiences into the form of a generalization, transfers personal feelings, thoughts, conclusions to everyone: Sometimes you would get up in the morning and it would be like sliding down a mountain on a sled. Look, you’ve already rushed to the end (Tolstoy).
The main (and some scientists the only) means of expressing the main member in a generalized personal sentence is considered to be a verb in the 2nd person singular form of the present or future tense. It is this form in Russian that, in addition to a specific action, also expresses a generalized action: Tears of sorrow will not help. However, the meaning of a generalization can be expressed in other forms: Whose I eat, I listen to; What we have, we don’t keep; if we lose, we cry; He plows the arable land without waving his hands; Know more and say less.
The forms of the main member of a generalized personal sentence do not have a specific temporary meaning. They all express a timeless meaning.
Generalized personal sentences have much in common with both definite personal and indefinite personal sentences. They are united by form, but distinguished by semantics. In terms of semantics, generalized-personal sentences are closer to indefinite-personal ones, which allows some scientists to consider generality as a type of indeterminacy.
Impersonal offers. These are sentences in which the form of the main member does not indicate the producer of the action or the bearer of the state. The main member of an impersonal sentence denotes a predicative feature that exists in isolation from the subject, independently of it. Thus, the formula “there is no subject and cannot be” can be applied to impersonal sentences. If definite-personal, indefinite-personal or generalized-personal sentences can be turned into a two-part sentence by substituting a subject, then for many impersonal sentences this cannot be done: the very nature of the main member of the impersonal sentence resists this. For example: He wasn't feeling well. It's getting dark.
Since the predicative attribute expressed by the main member of an impersonal sentence is given in isolation from the subject, independently of it, the general meaning of these sentences will be the meaning of the state (nature, environment, human, animals, modal states). Impersonal sentences are the most common type of one-part sentences; they are very expressive stylistically.
Structurally (according to the method of morphological expression of the main member), impersonal sentences are very diverse. Ways to express the main member in impersonal sentences:
1. The morphological standard for the expression of the main member is impersonal verbs that are formally in the 3rd person singular present-future tense or neuter singular past tense: Dasha is not well; It's getting dark; Joy took my breath away from my throat (Krylov).
2. Personal verbs in the meaning of impersonal: A tree was scorched by a thunderstorm.(Such sentences can easily be transformed into personal two-part sentences.) significant verb be in an impersonal sense it is used in negative sentences in the past tense form: I didn't have a ticket. The present tense in similar constructions is expressed using the word no: I don't have a ticket.
3. Short passive participles combined with a copula: They had already decided about Lensky’s wedding a long time ago (Pushkin).
5. Negative pronouns and adverbs in combination with a copula or infinitive: I have nowhere else to rush, I have no one else to love.
6. Particle combination neither and a noun in the genitive case in combination with a copula meaning the negation or absence of something: There wasn't a cloud in the sky. Lekant identifies such one-part sentences as a separate type - genitive sentences.
7. Various phraseological units with the meaning of state ( not at ease, neither shaky nor rolly, neither hot nor cold, even though the grass does not grow).
Infinitives. These are sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive. You will never see such battles (Lermontov).
On the one hand, infinitive sentences are structurally and partly semantically similar to impersonal ones. This is manifested in the fact that the main member of an infinitive sentence denotes an action outside the actor-subject, and that the infinitive can be part of the main members of an impersonal sentence. This served as the basis for not distinguishing these sentences into a special type of one-component sentences, which is what some syntacticists still do. This is also reflected in the school course, where infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal sentences.
On the other hand, infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in structure, style, and especially in meaning.
1. Structural differences. In an impersonal sentence, the infinitive, which is part of the main member, is dependent, it refers to modal words: We need to work (impersonal). We should work (impersonal). – We have to work (infinitive). In an infinitive sentence, on the contrary, the infinitive does not depend on any word; on the contrary, other words depend on it. There are no modal words in the main member.
2. Semantic differences. In an impersonal sentence, the predicative attribute (action, state), expressed by the main member, is temporal, and flows in time. In the infinitive sentence, there are no forms of expressing specific tenses due to the immutability of the infinitive, i.e. the main member expresses a timeless feature. Infinitive sentences always express unreal modality.
Unlike impersonal sentences, infinitives serve to express unreal situational meanings, and the modality is expressed by the very form of the infinitive, particles, and intonation. They also convey an impulse to action, an expression of will, an order, a call: Be silent! Don't you dare! Don't be late for class! Indicate the impossibility of action: You can’t see face to face (Yesenin). Shows the desirability or undesirability of an action: Collect all the books and burn them (Griboyedov); Let's go home now! Just don't be late!, necessity: Or fly into the hut just like that, out of the cold. Either die from tuberculosis (Vysotsky), the inevitability of action: Now we have to take tests, assumptions: Shouldn't he get out of here!
Stylistically, infinitive sentences are distinguished by great expressiveness, emotionality, and conciseness, therefore they are widely used in colloquial speech and in fiction.
Nominal sentences also consist of several groups, although not all linguists are unanimous in identifying them. Substantive one-part sentences do not contain verb forms, since they do not express the meaning of an action or process, but have the meaning of being.
Nominative These are sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case and denotes the being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. The term was first used by Peshkovsky.
This type of one-part sentence is one of the most undeveloped in linguistics, so existing points of view should be cited. Today there are two diametrically opposed approaches. Traditionally, nominative sentences are recognized as an independent type of OP. This was justified by Shakhmatov and supported by Peshkovsky. This concept of nominative sentences is reflected in three academic grammars, in the university and school traditions. At school, nominative sentences are usually called nominative, since they only name an object, phenomenon or event, but do not communicate anything other than that the object exists.
Despite the prevalence of this point of view, it has a number of weaknesses, and among its supporters there is no unity regarding which structures are considered nominative sentences and which are not.
Let us first note what is considered more or less indisputable, established, recognized by the majority of scientists (including in universities and schools).
1. The general meaning of nominative sentences is the meaning of beingness.
2. The meaning of the existence of phenomena and objects manifests itself primarily in the bearer of time or in an indefinite-temporal attribute, i.e. nominative sentences do not allow changes in time (there is no complete paradigm). This is prevented by the morphological form of the main member itself. Winter– modal meaning of reality and present time. Expressed by intonation. It was winter- the meaning of reality and past tense, but this is already a two-part sentence. Here, too, the meaning of beingness is expressed, but dismembered.
3. The main member of a nominative sentence is expressed by a noun in an independent form or by a combination of a quantitative word (noun, numeral) and a noun: Six o'clock in the morning. Village. Road to the forest.
4. Nominative sentences can only be affirmative.
5. Depending on what semantics complicates the general meaning of beingness, nominative sentences are divided into three semantic types: 1) actual existential nominative sentences: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy (Block); Twenty first. Night. Monday (Akhmatova); 2) demonstrative existential sentences containing special particles here, there, there: Here is the front entrance (Nekrasov); There's a passerby; 3) emotional-evaluative existential sentences, in which the meaning of the existence of objects is combined with their emotional-qualitative assessment. These sentences are usually exclamatory. They often contain exclamation particles what, well, what: What a wonderful song! What a day! What's the weather like?!
6. The stylistic properties of nominative sentences should be considered brevity, semantic capacity, and expressiveness.
Next, we should dwell on the controversial aspects of the theory of nominative sentences. Firstly, there is no unity in determining the nature of the distribution of the main member of nominative sentences. Everyone agrees that NPs can be common and uncommon. The question is what secondary members can be used to extend the main member of a one-part nominative sentence. The traditional point of view, coming from Shakhmatov and Peshkovsky, allows distribution only by definitions (agreed and uncoordinated): Black evening. White Snow (Block); Bronze chandelier. Suggestions like It's spring outside are not one-part nominatives, but two-part incomplete or elliptical with an omitted predicate verb, to which the adverbial or complement belongs. Some linguists, in particular Lekant, object to this. He believes that these are nominative sentences with minor members of the primary type - determinants that have independent meaning. Determinants are not dependent components of the phrase; they explain the predicative basis as a whole
However, in recent years, an opinion has developed that circumstances or additions can be special members of a sentence - determinants. Then they explain not the predicate, but the entire predicative basis.
The second difficult question: should every sentence with a main member in the form of the nominative case be classified as nominative? Many transitional cases can be found.
1) Who am I? Thief. Some linguists consider the second sentence as a single-component nominative. However, one can hardly agree with this. In a sentence, a noun does not name an object, but characterizes it, that is, it is a predicate.
Another example is more difficult to explain. It's quiet in the forest. Clean Air. Beauty. The last sentence has a pronounced qualitative-evaluative semantics and the main member is similar to a predicate, giving a predicative characteristic of something, but it is not clear what, since the subject is not restored from the context. Such sentences characterize the situation, but the subject of speech is not named verbally as the subject, it is only a visual-sensory image of the picture ( This). Some linguists (Babaitseva) classify such sentences as evaluative-existential, while others (Peshkovsky) consider them to be incomplete two-part sentences with an omitted subject This.
2) Some linguists do not classify sentences expressing a demand, appeal, wish, greeting as nominative: Attention! Good afternoon Hello. Such sentences in their semantics differ sharply from existential ones and therefore are often distinguished into a special type of one-part sentences - incentive-desirable. Some linguists (Babaitseva) consider them to be a type of nominative sentences.
3) Constructs called nominative representation. They name an object in order to evoke an idea of it in the mind of the interlocutor, the reader. For example: Moscow!.. How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart! (Pushkin); Desires... What is the benefit of wishing in vain and forever? (Lermontov)
The specificity of such sentences is as follows: they name an object, but do not express the idea of being (existence) of the object, they are characterized by understatement, incompleteness of content. Their purpose is to give a theme to the subsequent statement, to provoke reflection on the properties and role of the named object. Although they are not syntactically related to the subsequent sentence, they cannot be used without it. Many linguists, taking into account the specifics of such sentences, do not consider them to be sentences at all, since they do not express thoughts. In this case, the nominative representation is considered a special stylistic figure, serving to create a mood of expectation, solemnity, and elation of speech. But there are some scientists (Babaytseva) who consider these sentences to be a type of nominative, defining them as proper nominative.
4) The same situation is observed with the names of institutions, enterprises, books, magazines, various signs, inscriptions, headings. They have the function of naming, but do not have the meaning of being, so most often they are not considered sentences. Peshkovsky, followed by Babaytseva, considered them as a variety of nominative sentences. It is probably inappropriate to consider them sentences, since they perform only a nominative function.
There is also another view on the problem of identifying nominative sentences. It was expressed by such linguists as Sedelnikov, Popov, it is reflected in the Czechoslovak Academic Grammar of the Russian Language, in an experimental textbook for schools edited by Panov and Ilyenko. The concept is based on the doctrine of the proposal paradigm. According to this point of view, nominative sentences are considered as special two-part sentences with the zero form of the predicate verb be(elliptized predicate). This opinion is proven based on the proposal paradigm. Compare:
Winter is coming. Winter.
Winter was coming. It was winter.
Winter will come. It will be winter.
In the first case, we are dealing with the paradigm of a two-part sentence corresponding to a certain structural scheme. In the second case, the picture seems similar: the existentiality of meaning in three time plans. In contrast to the first paradigm, the present tense indicative is represented by a zero predicate verb. With this approach, the belonging to two-part incomplete sentences of the type It's winter outside.
However, not everything is so simple here either. Pay attention, for example, to this reasoning by I.P. Raspopova (Structure of a simple sentence in modern Russian): “So, for example, a nominative sentence Winter in constructive terms, it can be subsumed under the usual scheme of sentences of the verbal structure and, therefore, can be interpreted as one of the varieties of such sentences with a zero predicate ( Winter. - It was winter. Winter came. It was winter). However, it turns out that this kind of operation is not always feasible. So, in case Zemsky hospital. In the absence of the doctor, who has left to get married, the patients are received by the paramedic Kuryatin... (Chekhov) nominative sentence Zemsky hospital clearly no longer fits into the scheme of verbal constructions.”
Vocative sentences. Such offers are superficially similar to appeals. Unlike ordinary addresses, which are not members of a sentence and do not have predicativity, vocative sentences are those that express an undivided thought, convey observations, feelings. For example: a mother has a naughty child who is going to do something bad (break a branch, pick a flower, get into the water). The mother, reacting to this, tells him prohibitively, threateningly or reproachfully: Vania! This sentence is pronounced with a special intonation.
According to their meaning, vocative sentences are divided into motivating and emotional. Incentives express the will of the speaker (call, prohibition, request). Master! – the newcomer sternly called out to the old man who was hesitating in the kitchen. Emotional expresses the speaker’s emotional reaction to the words and actions of the person he is addressing. Mother! – Katya moaned, not knowing where to go from shame and praise.
Such proposals are qualified ambiguously and contradictorily. Considering the form of expression of the main member, some classify them as nominative one-component sentences (Rudnev), others, following Shakhmatov (Babaitseva), distinguish them into an independent special type of one-component sentences, while others (Lekant, Skoblikova) consider them indivisible sentences.