How particles are formed. Demonstrative particles: examples

Among the particles should be distinguished. There are quite numerous examples of them in the Russian language. The difficulty is that they can perform several functions, and particles often go into Let's look at how these particles are represented in Russian, examples will help with this.

Concept

What is a particle? This is a special auxiliary part of speech, which is designed to convey additional semantic or emotional shades both to the entire sentence as a whole and to a specific word. They also have another important function: they participate in the formation of word forms.

Let's look at two sentences that use particles. Examples are as follows:

• Only she can help me do this hard work.
• Let them finish this task quickly and move on to the next one.

If in the first sentence the particle only strengthens the pronoun she, gives the word the meaning of isolation, exclusivity, then in the second particle let performs a completely different function - it participates in the formation of the imperative mood: let them finish, let them move on.

Syntactic role

Just like other function words (prepositions and conjunctions), particles do not carry a syntactic load; it is wrong to single them out as a part of a sentence. The only exception is their formative role. In this case, the particle is indicated with the member of the sentence to which it adjoins.

• Wasn't it you and me we met on the bus yesterday? (The addition not with you includes the particle Not.)
• Let the lights sparkle brighter. (The predicate in the imperative mood let them sparkle includes the particle let him.)

Let's compare with sentences where there are no examples:

• Should you be on class duty today? (Interrogative particle isn't it does not carry any syntactic load.)
• How beautiful the sea is at dawn! (Exclamation particle how come is not part of the sentence.)

Main functions

Let's figure out what forms this part of speech (particle) is used to form. Examples will help with this.

1. The imperative mood of the verb. These are the particles: let (let), come on, yeah. (Let's start your duties as soon as possible . Yes the celebration will begin! )
2. Conditional mood of the verb. The particle used here is would (b). (If would just return everything back. Came b you came to me, you got it done would much faster.)
3. Particles are also used to form the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb. Examples: taller, less deep, most beautiful; more interesting, less broad.
4. A number of linguists identify some (we will give examples of them in this paragraph) as participating in the formation of indefinite pronouns: either, either, something(someone, somewhere, anyone, some). However, classical science still identifies them as suffixes and prefixes (some-).

Transmitted values

Much more diverse Examples will help prove that with the help of these function words you can convey various emotional and semantic shades.

There are several groups of such particles:

1. Interrogative. Really, really, really) indicate a question. ( Really Is it so difficult to complete a simple task? Isn't it Did I say I'll come after lunch? You whether stood behind that tree?)
2. Exclamation marks. How, what the talk about admiration or indignation. ( How It's great to come home after a day of work! What the beautiful morning! What the disobedient child! How You can make such a terrible soup!)
3. Index marks. Here, there are used when it is necessary to attract the listener's attention to a specific subject. ( Here this house. It is over a thousand years old. There, look, a wedge of cranes.)
4. Amplifiers: even, after all, after all, then. They are used to emotionally enhance a specific word. ( Even a small child knows that he needs to wash his hands after going outside. After all I warned you that you could make a mistake here. Still you are an incorrigible romantic. Anya same I went into the forest through the thicket. To me -That Don’t you know how hard it is to study and work!)
5. Clarifying: exactly, exactly, exactly- used to designate specific objects and phenomena. (It was exactly that dress that was hanging in the window just yesterday. Exactly This is what I'm trying to convey to you. Just Pavel should know this.)
6. Conveying doubt: hardly, hardly.(Hardly there will be someone who can help us. Hardly he will cope with such a difficult test.)
7. Negative particles: no, neither. We will look at examples of their use in more detail below. Here we will only say that they convey negation in different ways.

Denial with no and no

It is the negative particles that cause the most difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that they are used in different speech situations. Yes, particle Not used when it is necessary to convey the negation of a sentence as a whole. ( Not talk to me in that tone! I Not Can Not go to this meeting . )

Another thing is the particle neither. It is designed to strengthen the already existing denial. In other words, it is always used in conjunction with Not, giving it additional meaning. By the way, instead of a particle Not there may be an equivalent word no. (In heaven there is no neither clouds, neither clouds. I will not go neither to the store, neither to visit - I want to stay at home.) Word No, which is a predicate, can be omitted, it can be easily restored from the context. (In the house neither souls. Wed: Not in the house neither souls.)

Particle neither can also take on an intensifying meaning. (Where neither I’ll look - everyone is enjoying the first sun.) In such cases, the function word is used in subordinate clauses together with, for example, who, what, where, where.

Spelling no and no

When to write Not, and when neither? The answer is simple: try to “eliminate” the controversial particle from the sentence. If the meaning does not change, you need to use neither, otherwise - Not. ( Whichever book I neither I read, everywhere I meet characters who are similar to my loved ones.) If you remove the sentences, it will remain the same, it will not suffer grammatically.

(Who Not I was preparing for exams and passed them very poorly.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the sentence will change to the opposite. Must be consumed Not.

It should also be remembered that in exclamatory sentences, together with the particle only always written Not.(Where is he? Not I looked for the loss - everything is useless!)

There is no meaning in the linguistic literature.

Vinogradov V.V. identified 8 categories of particles:

1. Reinforcing-restrictive, or excretory particles: only, only, at least.
2. Connecting particles: also, also.
3. Determinative particles: exactly, truly, just.
4. Demonstrative particles: here, over there, this.
5. Indefinite particles: -this, -either, -something, something-.
6. Quantitative particles: almost, exactly, exactly.
7. Negative particles: not and neither.
8. Modal verb particles: would, yes, even if, if only.

Shansky N.M. and Tikhonov A.N. distinguish four categories of particles according to meaning: semantic, modal, emotionally expressive, formative.

Semantic particles

Semantic particles express different semantic shades of meaning.

They are divided into several subgroups:

1. Demonstrative particles. They point to objects and phenomena of the external world: here, over there, this, it, in.

• Here front entrance.
• (N. A. Nekrasov)
• Who This have you come?
• It , of course, it's easy to say.

2. Definitive-clarifying, or defining particles. Individual significant words in a sentence are clarified: exactly, exactly, exactly, almost, truly, just.

• To me just this is where it needs to be.
• This exactly that house?

3. Excretory-restrictive particles. With their help, a logical selection of words or phrases occurs: only, only, only, unless, although, at least, at least, only, exclusively, solely.

• This only Start.
• You at least call.

Semantic particles, according to N. M. Shansky and A. N. Tikhonov, are also adjacent to amplifiers particles acting in the function of secretions: even, (even and), after all, already (already), well, nor, yet, then, simply, directly, positively, definitely, decisively.

• All this Just little things, maybe...
• (J. Gordon Byron)
• Even do not think!

Modal particles

Modal particles express an attitude towards the reliability of a statement.

There are several subgroups:

1. Affirmative particles: yes, yes, exactly, yeah, yeah, definitely, of course.

• To me definitely I like his way of thinking.

2. Negative particles: not, nor, no, not at all, not at all.

• In the sky neither clouds.

3. Interrogative particles: whether, perhaps, really, how, what, or what, but, yes.

• Isn't it can this be done?
• Really is everything behind?

4. Comparative particles: as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if, as if.

• She like has changed.
• Exactly you didn't know.

5. Particles used to convey someone else’s speech: they say (Old Russian deet “says” + skazati), they say (said), -de, supposedly.

• And if I see- de that the punishment is too small for him,
• I will immediately hang all the judges around the table.
• (I. A. Krylov)
• Allow me to leave,
• They say , dear case,
• Like, since I’m a local resident,
• The yard is just a stone's throw away.
• (A. T. Tvardovsky)
• So tell me: Arkady, they say , Ivanovich Svidrigailov bows.
• (F. M. Dostoevsky)

Emotionally expressive particles

Emotionally expressive particles enhance the expressiveness of an emotional statement: what the, well, where there, how, like this, where, where there, what’s there, this and that, that’s it.

• Well what the neck, what the little eyes!
• (I. A. Krylov)
• Where you have to compete with me,
• With me, with Balda himself?
• (A.S. Pushkin)

Shaping particles

Shaping particles are used to form surreal(particle would) and: yes, let, let, yes, let's.

• Let's compliment each other.
• (B. Okudzhava)
• I wanted would live and die in Paris,
• If b there was no such land - Moscow.
• (V.V. Mayakovsky)

Babaytseva V.V. and Chesnokova L.D. include here the words most, more and less, which are used to form analytical forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. In addition, following V.V. Vinogradov, they classify formative particles as something, -or, -something, something-.

Instructions

If you need to learn how to find particles in a text, then first of all remember that this is a service part of speech. Therefore, you will not be able to pose a question to this word, as, for example, to independent parts of speech (noun, verb, adverb, etc.).

Learn to distinguish a particle from other auxiliary parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions). It is also impossible to pose a question to them, as well as to particles. But conjunctions also perform other work in a sentence. If prepositions connect words in syntactic constructions, and conjunctions - or simple sentences as part of a complex one, then we need particles, for example, in order to form the mood of a verb.

Use the verb "to be friends" in the imperative and in the conditional. You need to use shaping particles for this. Thus, the particles “would”, “b” form the conditional mood “would be friends”. But particles such as “let”, “let”, “yes”, “come on”, “let’s” will help you express some kind of request or order, i.e. use a verb in the form: “let them be friends.”

Keep in mind that particles are also necessary to express your thoughts: to clarify something, to express an affirmation or denial, to point out some detail, to soften a requirement, etc. For example, the particles “not” and “nor” will help you communicate the absence of something, the particles “only”, “only” will help you clarify something, etc. And in the sentence “Over there, behind the mountains, the sun appeared,” the particle “over there” indicates an action.

Learn to distinguish the particle “neither” from the repeating conjunction “neither-nor.” For example, in the sentence “I can neither cry nor laugh,” the words “neither nor” are a repeating conjunction, because they connect homogeneous predicates. But in the sentence “Wherever he was, he found friends everywhere,” the word “ni” is a particle, because introduces additional meaning (statement) into a given syntactic construction.

Learn to distinguish the particle "that", which is necessary to soften a requirement, from suffixes in indefinite pronouns or adverbs. So, in the sentence “Did you manage to exercise?” the particle "that" helps to add an additional shade. But in the adverb “somewhere” or in the pronoun “someone” “that” is a suffix with the help of which new words are formed from interrogative pronouns and adverbs. Remember that the particle “that” is written with a hyphen with nouns.

Know that particles are not parts of a sentence, like all other functional parts of speech. But in some cases, for example, when using a verb with particles “not”, “would”, “b”, they will play a syntactic role simultaneously with the predicate.

Creative work on the topic:

"Particles in Russian"

Performed:

7th grade student "A"

Balashova Svetlana

Morphological characteristics

A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to express various semantic shades of any member of a sentence or a sentence as a whole, as well as to form moods. The particle introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence and serves to form word forms. Unchangeable part of speech. The particle is not a member of the sentence.

Morphological features: formative, negative, modal. Formatives serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include: yes, come on, let's, would (b), let, let. Negatives are used to express negation, strengthen negation, or give a sentence a positive meaning when double negative. These include: no, neither. Modals are used to express various shades of meaning and feelings in a sentence. These include: really, really, what for, how, here, only, only, really, etc.

Modal particles introduce the following semantic shades:

1) question: whether, really, really, for example: Have you prepared the previous material for today’s lesson? Didn't you make the right choice by continuing your education?

2) instructions: here, there, for example: Here are the necessary tools for the practical lesson;

3) clarification: exactly, just, for example: This particular specialist will be in demand to work in our company;

4) allocation, restriction: only, only, exclusively, for example: Only those who passed will be allowed to take the exams. A medical worker must be an exceptionally kind, sympathetic, merciful person;

5) exclamation: what the, like, for example: How nice it is for a teacher to see the success of his students!

6) doubt: unlikely, hardly, for example: It is unlikely that you will cope with the task if you do not make an effort;

7) strengthening: even, really, after all, after all, for example: How many times have they repeated the basic terms;

8) mitigation, requirement: - ka, for example: Repeat this topic again.

Also, particles are a class of words that express diverse relationships realized in an act of speech or text, namely: the relationship of what is being communicated to the participants in the speech act (speaker, listener), as well as the relationship between them; the relationship of what is being reported to reality (in terms of its reality, unreality; reliability, unreliability); the relationship between statements and their components. By expressing these relationships, particles realize their meanings. Some meanings of the particle contain semantic components that modify the content of what is being communicated (only, total, was, not, nor).

Particles, in addition, serve to form morphological and syntactic moods (would, let, let). In the “Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language” particles are classified on a different basis - by function. There are three main categories: syntactic (would, let, yes, come on, etc.), subjective-modal (after all, even, really, really, etc.) and negative (not, nor) particles. Among the subjective modal particles, intensifying (-that, even, after all, here, right), excretory (only, only), etc. differ in meaning. In the “Russian Grammar” the main categories of particles are also distinguished by function. Characterizing a sign (action or state) by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, by effectiveness or ineffectiveness (it was, it happened, it happens, etc.). Particles in this grammar are also classified according to their structure: they are divided into primitive and non-primitive, into simple (and, fortunately, more, etc.) and composite; composite particles are divided into dismemberable (that would be, here and, like this, etc.) and non-dividable (it would be good, if only, if only, etc.); within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished (no, no, and; which of that, etc.). Thus, the question of classes of particles and the principles of their isolation is solved in different ways. When studying particles as lexical units in their system, a large number of intersecting subclasses are discovered, interconnected by a variety of relationships.

Various classifications can be applied to particles as units of language, taking the individual meaning of a particle as a classification unit (for example, in the classification proposed below). The most adequate to linguistic reality are those classifications that reflect the semantic properties of particles. However, analysis of the semantics of particles is impossible without taking into account the specifics of their functioning. According to the main classification criterion - semantic, particles are divided into eleven categories. Modal particles expressing different types of subjective relations. With the help of such particles, meanings associated with two types of modality are expressed: reality/irreality and reliability/unreliability.

The meanings “possibility”, “desirability”, “necessity” associated with the opposition reality/irreality correspond to the particular meanings of expectation expressed by particles (simple, and, precisely, nevertheless, after all; for example, And you agreed!), surprise (well, look how), motivations, encouragements, demands, wishes (come on, well, so that, otherwise, let, if, when, it would be good; for example, I wish I was alive!; So that I would be good meeting!), reminders/memories (tea, more, same; e.g., Take some candy! - I can’t see the candy!; Do you remember her: she also sang a song to you!), assumptions (perhaps, as if, exactly, as if, like , definitely, not at all; e.g., As if someone came in?), fears (unequal); Associated with the opposition of reliability/unreliability are the particular meanings of confirmation (yes, exactly), assumption (albeit, well, good), doubt, distrust [yes, no, directly, perhaps; eg: I'll find you a book! -Yes, you will find it! (meaning “you won’t find it”); I stay. No, really? (meaning “I can’t believe it”)]. Emotionally expressive particles expressing various emotional characteristics (threat, surprise, dissatisfaction, annoyance, irony, ridicule): well, see, see, simply, directly. Some researchers classify these words (except simply, directly) as interjections as words serving the sphere of emotions. They come close to particles when they function as a modal component of a sentence.

Addressative particles expressing semantics associated with the social sphere. This semantics can be reduced to the oppositions superior/inferior/equal; yours/someone else's. This category includes particles: -ka, -s (obsolete). In the meanings of a particle, the sign of categorical/non-categorical is revealed, which leads to the sphere of modal meanings. Contextual particles that serve to identify authorial behavior and to draw attention to certain components of a statement or text. Contextual particles can be associated with the organization of speech activity (yes, and, yes, no, here, there; for example, Yes, another piece of news; Yes, I almost forgot, I have a letter for you), with various kinds of clarifications regarding the chosen expressions, filling “emptiness” in speech (or that, namely), and with indications of the transmission of someone else’s speech (they say, de, they say, supposedly). Quantitative particles expressing a quantitative characteristic of a component of propositional content from the point of view of the speaker (only, only, like this).

Negative particles specialized in expressing negation (no, no). A phase particle (was), which modifies the propositional semantics of a verbal predicate, expressing that the action began or was assumed, but did not take place or was interrupted. Excretory particles expressing the meaning of inconsistency or correspondence between the assumed, expected and actual (only, only, even, even, precisely, and).

Identifying particles [same, and; for example, He was born here and lives here all his life; I have the same book (like the one on the display)], which serve to express anaphoric relations in the text (relations of coreference or equilexicality). Gradational particles expressing an increase in a characteristic (even). Replica particles and capable of functioning in dialogue as a replicating component (yes, okay, okay). Semantic classification covers this entire class of words, but does not reflect all the properties of this class. The second classification feature is the features of the functioning of the particle: some of them can function in a relatively closed statement (well, ek, only, there, you), others can bring the statement into a wider text, being non-union indicators of connection in the text (like, and, an Well, only, even, exactly). Particles can also be classified according to their correlation with the type of speech act: a question - is it possible, is it possible, is it possible; by impulse - let it, give it, well, so that, otherwise; statement - all other particles. This classification does not cover the entire class - some words in this regard are neutral, indefinite, not marked (only, even, total). Particles, being words that have a wide variety of parameters, can simultaneously be included in several classifications. Thus, the particle is even excretory, textual, not marked from the point of view of its relevance to the speech act; particles ek - emotional-expressive, functions in isolated statements and in statements; Is the particle modal, textual, interrogative (in relation to the speech act).

Separate writing of particles

The particles would be (b), same (g), whether (l) are written separately: would read, if, here, which, however, however, hardly, hardly.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when the specified particles are part of the word: so that, also, also, really, or, etc.

Hyphenated spelling of particles

Particles (suffixes) are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, koe- (koy-), (-kas - dialect), -or, -ni, -s, -tka, -tko, -to: you-de, she -here, here, here, look, someone, someone, someone, some, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look, somewhere , once upon a time, something. Note. The particle -de (colloquial) is used when conveying someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they speak) and in the meaning of particles they say, they say; Wed: And if I see that his execution is too small, I will immediately hang all the judges around the table (Kr.). - My fellow countryman turned to the commander at a rest stop: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, it’s an expensive occasion, they say, since I’m a local resident, it’s just a stone’s throw from the yard (Tv.). The particle say (colloquial) was formed by merging two words: de and say.

General properties of particles

The particle class combines unchangeable non-significant (functional) words that

• express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: incentive, subjunctiveness, convention, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
• participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation;
• characterize an action or state by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.

The listed functions of particles are grouped:

• in the function of shaping
• as a function of the various communicative characteristics of the message.

What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain

• meaning of attitude,
• the relationship (relatedness) of an action, state or whole message to reality,
• the speaker's relationship to what is being communicated,

Moreover, both of these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.

The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.

Particle discharges

In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:

1. formative particles(let, let, let, yes, let, would, b, happen):
   • word forms;
   • forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(not, nor, not at all, far from, not at all);
3. particles characterizing a sign(action or state) by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
4. modal particles:
   • interrogative particles(whether, really, really);
   • demonstrative particles(here, there);
   • clarifying particles(exactly, just,);
   • excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, solely);
   • exclamation particles(what for, how);
   • enhancing particles(even, not, after all, after all);
   • relaxation of the requirement(-ka give it, pour it)-That (the milk has run out); the word -с is also used for these purposes (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated address “sir”;
   • doubt(hardly, hardly);
   • incentive particles(let be).

It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in negative, interrogative particles that characterize an action in its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.

Classification of particles by origin

Antiderivatives

The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, which in modern language do NOT have living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.

Non-primeval

All other particles are nonprime.

Classification of particles by composition

Simple

Particles consisting of one word are called simple. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, display living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: conjunction (part of speech) | a, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, in fact, in (simple), at all, there, that’s it, it seems, that’s all , all, where, look, yes (not as part of the command form), give (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, also, know, and, or, exactly, how, what , where, okay, is it (particle) | is it better, in no way (simple, questioning), nothing, nothing, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, perhaps , decisively, evenly, to oneself, rather, as if, completely, thank you (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, only, exactly, at least, what, purely (simple), that, so that , eh, this. (but, contrary to popular belief, it is not included in their composition!) non-negative particle untruth, enemy, misfortune, impossible

As already said, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meaning to varying degrees

• adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, yet, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, absolutely, so, there, good),
• pronominal words (everything, everything, which, it, most, yourself, you, what, this),
• verbs (it happens, happened, was, come on, give, look, know),
• unions (and, fortunately, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, precisely, at least, that, so that, to),
• comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: He would rather die than agree; He would rather have a vacation!),
• prepositions (like: Is someone calling?),
• interjections (ek, thank you: It’s so hot! You can’t find a place for them. Thank you, I took a little nap in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the closeness and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particle and pronoun, particles and interjections are so close that opposing such meanings to each other as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be unlawful, and the word must qualify as “particle-conjunction”, “particle-adverb”, “particle-pronoun”, etc.;

Composite

Particles formed from two (less often more) words:

• two particles
• particles and unions,
• particles and prepositions,
• particles and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.

Compound particles can be indivisible - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or disjunctive: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished: these are several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in the modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.

Dismemberable

Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dismemberable particles:

If only there was some rain!; If only there was some rain!); here it is (Here’s a friend for you!; Here’s the result for you!; Did you believe him? So trust people after that!); like this (Those are the orders!); these are the orders!; Here we have a garden! That's how friendly he was!); almost (almost were late; almost broke my head); almost (It was almost the first time in his life that he lied); how not (How can I not understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); if only (If only it wouldn’t rain!); little not (simple) (He began to ring the bell, but didn’t cut off the little. Dos.; Out of fear, he didn’t even fall to the ground. Lesk.); let him (Let him sing to himself!); sooner (spring sooner!; spring sooner!); so (and it emanates peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just not to be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (At least I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke my leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).

Particles are always dismembered

Isn’t it (Shouldn’t we rest?), isn’t it (We shouldn’t spend the night here!).

Phraseologized particles:

No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he’ll come to visit; No, no, he’ll remember his grandfather); what the (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (what) (What of his promises to me!; what now of the fact that he has returned?).

One should distinguish from composite particles the various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; For example:

really- well, well, so, so, well... well; How- yes, how, well, how, yes, how, well; like- it seems, it seems, it seems, and, it seems;

Not dismemberable

their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.

And then (- Aren’t you afraid? - Otherwise I’m afraid!; Will they let you spend the night? - And then suddenly they won’t let you in); without that (He’s already a silent man, but here he’s completely withdrawn. Field.; There’s no time to wait, anyway we’re already late); it would have been (simple) (If only I had not stayed, but gone home!); hardly; just (Only an hour of time); yet; lo and behold (colloquial) (Waited and waited, lo and behold, and fell asleep); far from (far from confident of success; far from beautiful); divi (simple) (divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s ignorant!); how good (How good the forest is! How tired you are!); it would be good; if (If not for the war!); Of course (They don’t touch you. - If only you would have touched!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- He didn’t recognize it, apparently? - He didn’t recognize it and exists. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is there. Fad.); and so (Don’t be angry, I already repent; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They’re not allowed to go to the skating rink; I saw it a long time ago, and then only briefly; Talk to him. - I’ll talk about that too); as it is (simple) (You said everything as it is correctly. Bazhov; - Cold? - Cold as it is); how; just (I came just in time; I’m afraid of the service: you’ll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Farewell. - How so farewell?); somehow; where is it (How much fun!); okay; for what (for what is cunning, but even then he was mistaken); no way; unlikely; not at all (not at all a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so-and-so (So-and-still didn’t show up?); so much (- I have all the tobacco. - So all of it?); or not (Or not life!); so-and-so (So-and-so glad!; So-and-so I see he’s calmed down); to the same place (To the same place from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom; The boy, and argues there too); already (They did it themselves. - They did it themselves?; It’s a disease. - It’s a disease!); grab and (While they were getting ready, grab and the rain began); well (- Shall we go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (Call, or something?; Help or something!; Are you deaf?);

Phraseologized particles (phraseologism particles)

Several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.

Not otherwise - not otherwise than - (No other than that a thunderstorm will gather in the evening, no that - no that - (What a fur coat has rotted! No, not to think: somewhere is the master's fur coat? Nekr.); or something (Ivan Ilyich made a stupid decision; whether it’s just you and me. L. Tolstoy); that’s the same and that’s it (that’s it, just like that he’ll die; he’ll be forgotten just like that), that’s what you’re waiting for - (simple) (The stove is just waiting for him to fall down. P. Bazhov) ; that - look at that - (that and look at that) (After all, there is too much trot; look at that, that will break your neck! N. Gogol); exactly; whatever is - whatever is (simple. ) (This is his favorite song).

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.