It is a subject with a long history. Centuries ago, people marked the right to own a thing using a stamp. Since then, manufacturing technologies have stepped far forward; now entrepreneurs face a difficult choice: what to place on the surface of the print, what requirements the legislation puts forward for products of this kind.
The stamp seal must meet the following requirements:
- Have maximum degree protection.
- Fully comply with the requirements of current legislation.
- Reflect the character of the company.
What types of corporate seals exist?
In the presented catalog, each potential customer can familiarize himself with standard types products. Each of them, if desired by the client, can have varying degrees protection starting from basic level, ending with multi-layer coatings that change color under certain lighting. Samples of organization seals are quite diverse, there is always the opportunity to develop an individual product design so that it is original and maximally corresponds to the specifics of the company’s activities.
If it is not possible to provide a ready-made print, it can be developed by specialists from the company where the company will place the order. It is possible to combine several templates and impose degrees of protection. For sample stamps of organizations, there are certain deadlines for order fulfillment. If the client requires the product immediately, it can be produced within 1 hour.
If we talk about cost, it is largely regulated by what organization seal requirements nominated by the customer. Now there are many templates, among which anyone will find exactly what they need.
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What requirements does the organization's seal satisfy?
Currently, a stamp is equated to a means of individualization; now entrepreneurs have the right, but are not obliged, as was previously customary, to use round stamps. Now the manufacturing procedure itself distinctive sign has been significantly simplified - the company is no longer obliged to notify government bodies when making prints. Almost always, organization stamp contains:
- Owner's company name/official's name.
- Symbols or logo.
- Place of registration of the company
These types of fingerprints serve to confirm the authenticity of documents and official identification. In addition to the mandatory information, the imprint may contain additional information of an arbitrary nature. Nowadays, modern equipment is used to produce prints, which allows us to produce additional seals of the organization. Such production does not take much time.
- number system large gaps time, based on frequency visible movements celestial bodies
The most common solar calendar is based on the solar (tropical) year - the period of time between two successive passages of the center of the Sun through the point spring equinox.
A tropical year has approximately 365.2422 average solar days.
TO solar calendar include the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar and some others.
The modern calendar is called the Gregorian calendar ( a new style), it was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 and replaced the Julian calendar (old style), which had been in use since the 45th century BC.
The Gregorian calendar is a further refinement of the Julian calendar.
In the Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar, the average length of a year in an interval of four years was 365.25 days, which is 11 minutes 14 seconds longer than the tropical year. Over time, the onset seasonal phenomena By Julian calendar accounted for more and more early dates. Particularly strong discontent was caused by the constant shift in the date of Easter, associated with the spring equinox. In 325, the Council of Nicaea decreed a single date for Easter for all christian church.
© Public Domain
© Public Domain
In subsequent centuries, many proposals were made to improve the calendar. The proposals of the Neapolitan astronomer and physician Aloysius Lilius (Luigi Lilio Giraldi) and the Bavarian Jesuit Christopher Clavius were approved by Pope Gregory XIII. He issued a bull (message) on February 24, 1582 introducing two important additions to the Julian calendar: 10 days were removed from the 1582 calendar - October 4 was immediately followed by October 15. This measure made it possible to preserve March 21 as the date of the vernal equinox. In addition, three out of every four century years were to be considered ordinary years and only those divisible by 400 were to be considered leap years.
1582 was the first year of the Gregorian calendar, called the new style.
Gregorian calendar different countries was introduced at various times. The first countries to switch to the new style in 1582 were Italy, Spain, Portugal, Poland, France, Holland and Luxembourg. Then in the 1580s it was introduced in Austria, Switzerland, and Hungary. In the 18th century, the Gregorian calendar began to be used in Germany, Norway, Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden and Finland, and in the 19th century - in Japan. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Gregorian calendar was introduced in China, Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Turkey and Egypt.
In Rus', along with the adoption of Christianity (10th century), the Julian calendar was established. Because the new religion was borrowed from Byzantium, the years were counted according to the Constantinople era “from the creation of the world” (5508 BC). By decree of Peter I in 1700, it was introduced in Russia European chronology- "from the Nativity of Christ."
December 19, 7208 from the creation of the world, when the reformation decree was issued, in Europe corresponded to December 29, 1699 from the Nativity of Christ according to the Gregorian calendar.
At the same time, the Julian calendar was preserved in Russia. The Gregorian calendar was introduced after October revolution 1917 - from February 14, 1918. Russian Orthodox Church, preserving traditions, lives according to the Julian calendar.
The difference between the old and new styles is 11 days for the 18th century, 12 days for the 19th century, 13 days for the 20th and 21st centuries, 14 days for the 22nd century.
Although the Gregorian calendar is quite consistent with natural phenomena, it is also not completely accurate. The length of the year in the Gregorian calendar is 26 seconds longer than the tropical year and accumulates an error of 0.0003 days per year, which is three days per 10 thousand years. The Gregorian calendar also does not take into account the slowing rotation of the Earth, which lengthens the day by 0.6 seconds per 100 years.
The modern structure of the Gregorian calendar also does not fully meet the needs public life. Chief among its shortcomings is the variability of the number of days and weeks in months, quarters and half-years.
There are four main problems with the Gregorian calendar:
— Theoretically, the civil (calendar) year should have the same length as the astronomical (tropical) year. However, this is not possible because tropical year does not contain an integer number of days. Because of the need to add an extra day to the year from time to time, there are two types of years - ordinary and leap years. Since the year can begin on any day of the week, this gives seven types of ordinary years and seven types of leap years—for a total of 14 types of years. To fully reproduce them you need to wait 28 years.
— The length of the months varies: they can contain from 28 to 31 days, and this unevenness leads to certain difficulties in economic calculations and statistics.|
- Neither ordinary nor leap years do not contain an integer number of weeks. Half-years, quarters and months also do not contain the whole and equal amount weeks
— From week to week, from month to month and from year to year, the correspondence of dates and days of the week changes, so it is difficult to establish the moments of various events.
In 1954 and 1956, drafts of a new calendar were discussed at sessions of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), but final decision the issue was postponed.
In Russia, the State Duma was proposing to return the country to the Julian calendar from January 1, 2008. Deputies Viktor Alksnis, Sergei Baburin, Irina Savelyeva and Alexander Fomenko proposed to establish transition period from December 31, 2007, when for 13 days chronology will be carried out simultaneously according to Julian and Gregorian calendar. In April 2008, the bill was rejected by a majority vote.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
Calculation: what is it? Chronology is a system of counting time (in days, weeks, months, years), started from certain event. The chronology could differ among different peoples and religions. This can be explained by the fact that various events were taken as the starting point. However, today one chronology system has been officially established throughout the world, which is used in all countries and on all continents.
The chronology in Rus' was carried out according to the calendar adopted by Byzantium. As you know, after the adoption of Christianity in the tenth century AD, the year of the creation of the world was chosen as the starting point. To be more precise, this day is the day when the first man, Adam, was created. This happened on the first of March 5508 AD. And in Rus', the beginning of spring was long considered the beginning of the year.
Reform of Peter the Great
The old chronology “from the creation of the world” was changed by Emperor Peter the Great to the chronology from the Nativity of Christ. this was done from the first of January 1700 (or in 7208 "from the creation of the world"). Why did they change the calendar? It is believed that Peter the Great did this for convenience, to synchronize time with Europe. European countries have long lived according to the system “from the Nativity of Christ.” And since the emperor did a lot of business with Europeans, this step was quite appropriate. After all, the difference in years in Europe and in Russian Empire at that time was 5508 years!
The Old Russian chronology, thus, differed from modern point countdown. And the chronology before the Nativity of Christ was called the chronology “from the creation of the world.”
How it all began
When did chronology begin? There is evidence that in 325 AD the first council of Christian bishops took place. It was they who decided that chronology should be carried out from the creation of the world. The reason for this countdown was the need to know when to celebrate Easter. The date of creation of the world was proposed based on considerations and reasoning about the life of Jesus Christ.
After the Council of Bishops, the Roman Empire adopted this chronology. And after a couple of hundred years, it was proposed to switch to chronology from the Nativity of Christ. This idea was expressed by Dionysius the Small, a Roman monk, in 532. It is not known exactly when Jesus was born, but it happened around the second or fourth year of our era. It was from this year that the countdown of time began, which is now called from the Nativity of Christ. This point separates the new era (ours) from the past (designations AD and BC, respectively).
But the world took a long time to switch to new option countdown. This took about half a millennium, and for Russia - more than a thousand years. The transition was gradual, so often the year “from the creation of the world” was also indicated in brackets.
Aryan chronology and Slavic chronology
The chronology of the Aryans was carried out from the creation of the world, that is, different from what existed in the world. But the Aryans did not believe that the world was created precisely in 5508 BC. In their opinion, the starting point was the year when peace was concluded between the Slavic-Aryans and the Arima (ancient Chinese tribes). Another name for this chronology is the Creation of the World in the Star Temple. 
After the victory over the Chinese, a symbol appeared - a rider on a white horse killing a dragon. Last in in this case symbolized China, which was defeated.
The Old Slavic chronology was carried out according to the Daariysky Krugolet of Chislobog. You can read more about this calendar in the corresponding article. After the reform of Peter the Great, they began to say that “he stole 5508 years from the Slavs.” In general, the emperor’s innovation was not found positive feedback from the Slavs, they opposed him for a long time. But the chronology of the ancient Slavs and their calendar were prohibited. Today, only Old Believers and Ynglings use them.
The chronology according to the Slavic calendar had its own interesting features:
- The Slavs had only three seasons: spring, autumn, winter. By the way, the ancient Slavs called the whole year “summer”.
- It was nine months.
- There were forty or forty-one days in the month.
Thus, the chronology of the ancient Slavs, who were pagans, ran counter to the generally accepted Christian one. After all, many Slavs, even having accepted the Christian faith, continued to remain pagans. They were faithful to their worldviews and did not accept chronology “from the Nativity of Christ.”
The chronology became a reflection of religion, which occupied and continues to occupy a dominant position in the state, in society, in the world. Christianity today is practiced by more than thirty percent of the world's population. It is not surprising that the Birth of Christ was chosen as its beginning. It has also become convenient to distinguish the past era from the new. Peter, having changed the chronology system in Rus', made it possible to coordinate all the activities of the country with the rest of the world. It is difficult to imagine that today there would be a gap between countries of more than five and a half thousand years! Also positive thing What common to all chronology is convenience in the study of history and other sciences.
One of the most famous reformers of Russia, Tsar Peter 1, in 1699, issued a decree abolishing the old chronology that existed at that time in Rus', and instead introduces one brought from Western Europe new. In addition to this, he approved a decree that from January 1, 1700, it was necessary to introduce the celebration of the New Year everywhere. This is publicly available information listed in many history textbooks. I want to talk about the calendar that was cancelled, for me personally it turned out to be a discovery.
It turns out that at the time Peter introduced a new chronology with the starting point from the Nativity of Christ in Rus', chronology was carried out from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple, according to which the year 5508 was running. Many “competent” people believe that the introduction of a new calendar was progress for Russia, introducing it to European culture. But by doing so, Tsar Peter I not only changed one calendar for another, he stole from Slavic peoples Russia has five and a half thousand years of native ancient History.
The calendar in force before the reform was called Kolyada Dar (shown in the figure). With its help, it was possible to use the Ancient Slavic chronology system of Chislobog's Krugolet, built on the ancient hexadecimal system. 16 Years of Circulation pass through nine Elements, creating the Circle of Life, which has 144 Years. IN modern understanding the analogue of the Circle of Life (a period of 144 years) is a century (a period of 100 years).
The beginning of the Years of Circulation falls on the day of the autumnal equinox. On this day, the great ancient holiday of Ramha-Ita (New Year) began. The Full Solar Circle, from Ramha-Ita to Ramha-Ita, was divided into three periods of time - Autumn, Winter and Spring, and when united together they gave - Summer. From this definition such concepts as Chronicles, Chronicles, etc. appeared. Each period of time of Summer was divided into three parts, which were called the month: Ramhat, Aylet, Beylet, Geylet, Daylet, Elet, Veylet, Heylet, Taylet, each of which carries figurative meaning, corresponding to the Summer season. The even months of Summer contain 40 days, and the odd months contain 41 days. The Ancient Calendar, instead of 12 month tablets, contains only two tablets - an odd and an even month. Since in any Summer all odd months begin on the same day of the week, even months begin on a different day of the week. In addition, there was an even finer division of the month into Weeks, which contained nine days each. Each day of the Week, except the last, corresponded to a numeral name: Monday, Tuesday, three-day, four (Thursday), Friday, six, seven, eight and the Week itself, the day on which they do nothing, but rest from righteous labors.
The day is divided into 16 hours (the old hour is equal to 1½ new) and begins in the evening at 19:00 (for Flight Time). The hour lasts 144 parts. Part - 1296 beats (1 part = 37.56 seconds). Share = 72 moments (1 second = 34.5 beats). An instant = 760 instants (1 second = 2484.34 instants). Mig = 160 whitefish (1 sec. = 1888102.236 migs). There are 302,096,358 sigs in one second, and 1 sig is approximately equal to 30 vibrations electromagnetic wave cesium atom, taken as the basis for modern atomic clocks.
There is also a difference in the time frame: a day to modern calendar start at midnight (24:00 or 00:00), and alternate: night, morning, day, evening. A day according to the Slavic calendar begins with Evening (18:00 or 19:00 when switching to summer time), and alternate: evening, night, morning, day.
In modern chronology, the celebration of the New Year (New Year) falls on the first 20th of September, on the day of the autumn equinox, an important astrological event. For example, this year 2009 it will fall on September 20th.
Each of the 16 Years had its own name (the modern analogue of the Zodiac symbols): 1 - Wanderer (Path); 2 - Priest; 3 - Virgo (Priestess); 4 - World (Reality); 5 - Scroll; 6 - Phoenix; 7 - Fox (Nav); 8 - Dragon; 9 - Serpent; 10 - Eagle; 11 - Dolphin; 12 - Horse; 13 - Dog; 14 - Tour (Cow); 15 - Mansions (House); 16 - Kapishche (Temple).
As mentioned above, every summer passed through 9 elements: 1 - Earth; 2 - Star; 3 - Fire; 4 - Sun; 5 - Tree; 6 - Svaga; 7 - Ocean; 8 - Moon; 9 - God.
So it was 144 different options names Years For example, 2009 is the Summer of the Moon Dog.
Now about the main thing, the beginning modern chronology is the Nativity of Christ, the event is quite understandable to the vast majority modern people. But what kind of event marked the beginning of the Ancient Slavic chronology, what is the Creation of the World in the Star Temple. It turns out that in the modern understanding this means the conclusion of a peace treaty in such and such a year. A few sources claim that a "peace treaty" was concluded between two countries: Arimia ( modern descendant China) and Rusenia (modern descendant of Russia). It is this event that is immortalized in ancient history. The white horseman slaying the Dragon with a spear has survived to this day in a plot known as “St. George the Victorious slaying the Dragon with a spear.”
For anyone who is interested in the content of the article, you can understand the Ancient Slavic chronology in more detail here.
Since by this time the difference between the old and new styles was 13 days, the decree ordered that after January 31, 1918, not February 1, but February 14. The same decree prescribed, until July 1, 1918, after the date of each day according to the new style, to write in brackets the number according to the old style: February 14 (1), February 15 (2), etc.
From the history of chronology in Russia.
The ancient Slavs, like many other peoples, initially based their calendar on the period of change lunar phases. But already by the time of the adoption of Christianity, i.e. by the end of the 10th century. n. e., Ancient Rus' I used the lunisolar calendar.
Calendar of the ancient Slavs. It was not possible to definitively establish what the calendar of the ancient Slavs was. It is only known that initially time was counted by seasons. Probably, the 12-month period was also used at the same time moon calendar. In more late times The Slavs switched to a lunisolar calendar, in which an additional 13th month was inserted seven times every 19 years.
The most ancient monuments of Russian writing show that the months had purely Slavic names, the origin of which was closely related to natural phenomena. Moreover, the same months, depending on the climate of the places in which different tribes lived, received different names. So, January was called where sechen (the time of deforestation), where prosinets (after winter clouds appeared blue sky), where is the jelly (since it was becoming icy, cold), etc.; February—cut, snowy or severe (severe frosts); March - berezozol (there are several interpretations here: the birch begins to bloom; they took sap from birches; they burned the birch for coal), dry (the poorest in precipitation in the ancient Kievan Rus, in some places the earth was already dry, the sap (a reminder of birch sap); April - pollen (blooming of gardens), birch (beginning of birch flowering), duben, kviten, etc.; May - grass (grass turns green), summer, pollen; June - Cherven (cherries turn red), Izok (grasshoppers chirp - “Izoki”), Mlechen; July - lipets (linden blossoms), cherven (in the north, where phenological phenomena are delayed), serpen (from the word “sickle”, indicating the time of harvest); August - sickle, stubble, roar (from the verb “to roar” - the roar of deer, or from the word “glow” - cold dawns, and possibly from “pasori” - polar lights); September - veresen (heather blossoms); Ruen (from Slavic root a word meaning wood that produces yellow dye); October - leaf fall, “pazdernik” or “kastrychnik” (pazdernik - hemp buds, the name for the south of Russia); November - gruden (from the word “heap” - frozen rut on the road), leaf fall (in the south of Russia); December - jelly, chest, prosinets.
The year began on March 1, and around this time agricultural work began.
Many ancient names of months later moved into the series Slavic languages and largely held in some modern languages, in particular in Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish.
At the end of the 10th century. Ancient Rus' adopted Christianity. At the same time, the calendar used by the Romans came to us - the Julian calendar (based on solar year), with Roman names of months and a seven-day week. It counted years from the “creation of the world,” which allegedly occurred 5508 years before our chronology. This date - one of the many variants of eras from the “creation of the world” - was adopted in the 7th century. in Greece and has been used by the Orthodox Church for a long time.
For many centuries, the beginning of the year was considered March 1, but in 1492, in accordance with church tradition, the beginning of the year was officially moved to September 1 and was celebrated this way for more than two hundred years. However, a few months after, on September 1, 7208, Muscovites celebrated their next New Year, they had to repeat the celebration. This happened because on December 19, 7208, a personal decree of Peter I on the reform of the calendar in Russia was signed and promulgated, according to which a new beginning of the year was introduced - from January 1 and new era- Christian chronology (from the “Nativity of Christ”).
Peter's decree was called: "On the writing henceforth of Genvar from the 1st day of 1700 in all papers of the year from the Nativity of Christ, and not from the creation of the world." Therefore, the decree prescribed that the day after December 31, 7208 from the “creation of the world” should be considered January 1, 1700 from the “Nativity of Christ.” In order for the reform to be adopted without complications, the decree ended with a prudent clause: “And if anyone wants to write both those years, from the creation of the world and from the Nativity of Christ, freely in a row.”
Celebrating the first civil New Year in Moscow. The day after the announcement of Peter I’s decree on calendar reform on Red Square in Moscow, i.e. December 20, 7208, a new decree of the tsar was announced - “On the celebration of the New Year.” Considering that January 1, 1700 is not only the beginning of a new year, but also the beginning of a new century (Here a significant mistake was made in the decree: 1700 is last year XVII century, and not the first year of the XVIII century. New Age occurred on January 1, 1701. An error that is sometimes repeated today.), the decree ordered that this event be celebrated with especially solemnity. It gave detailed instructions on how to organize a holiday in Moscow. On New Year's Eve, Peter I himself lit the first rocket on Red Square, giving the signal for the opening of the holiday. The streets were illuminated. The ringing of bells and cannon fire began, and the sounds of trumpets and timpani were heard. The Tsar congratulated the population of the capital on the New Year, and the festivities continued all night. Multi-colored rockets took off from the courtyards into the dark winter sky, and “along the large streets, where there is space,” lights burned—bonfires and tar barrels attached to poles.
The houses of the residents of the wooden capital were decorated with needles “from trees and branches of pine, spruce and juniper.” For a whole week the houses were decorated, and as night fell the lights were lit. Shooting “from small cannons and from muskets or other small weapons,” as well as launching “missiles,” were entrusted to people “who do not count gold.” And “poor people” were asked to “put at least a tree or branch on each of their gates or over their temple.” Since that time, our country has established the custom of celebrating New Year's Day on January 1 every year.
After 1918, there were still calendar reforms in the USSR. In the period from 1929 to 1940, calendar reforms were carried out in our country three times, caused by production needs. Thus, on August 26, 1929, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution “On the transition to continuous production in enterprises and institutions of the USSR,” which recognized the need to begin systematic and consecutive translation enterprises and institutions for continuous production. In the fall of 1929, a gradual transition to “continuity” began, which ended in the spring of 1930 after the publication of a resolution of a special government commission under the Council of Labor and Defense. This decree introduced a unified production timesheet and calendar. IN calendar year 360 days were provided, i.e. 72 five-day periods. It was decided to consider the remaining 5 days as holidays. Unlike the ancient Egyptian calendar, they were not located all together at the end of the year, but were timed to coincide with the Soviet memorable days and revolutionary holidays: January 22, May 1 and 2, and November 7 and 8.
The workers of each enterprise and institution were divided into 5 groups, and each group was given a day of rest on every five-day week for the whole year. This meant that after four working days there was a day of rest. After the introduction of the “uninterrupted” period, there was no longer a need for a seven-day week, since weekends could fall not only on different numbers month, but also on different days of the week.
However, this calendar did not last long. Already on November 21, 1931, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution “On the intermittent production week in institutions,” which allowed the People's Commissariats and other institutions to switch to a six-day intermittent production week. Permanent days off were established for them. the following numbers months: 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30. At the end of February, the day off fell on the last day of the month or was moved to March 1. In those months that contained 31 days, the last day of the month was considered the same month and was paid specially. The decree on the transition to an intermittent six-day week came into force on December 1, 1931.
Both the five-day and six-day periods completely disrupted the traditional seven-day week with a general day off on Sunday. The six-day week was used for about nine years. Only June 26, 1940 Presidium Supreme Council The USSR issued a decree “On the transition to an eight-hour working day, to a seven-day working week and on the prohibition of the unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions." In development of this decree, on June 27, 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution in which it established that "in addition to Sundays non-working days also are:
January 22, May 1 and 2, November 7 and 8, December 5. The same decree abolished the existing rural areas six special days of rest and non-working days March 12 (Day of the Overthrow of the Autocracy) and March 18 (Paris Commune Day).
On March 7, 1967, the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions adopted a resolution “On the transfer of workers and employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations to a five-day work week with two days off,” but this reform did not in any way affect the structure of the modern calendar."
But the most interesting thing is that passions do not subside. The next revolution is happening in our new time. Sergey Baburin, Victor Alksnis, Irina Savelyeva and Alexander Fomenko contributed to the State Duma a bill on the transition of Russia from January 1, 2008 to the Julian calendar. IN explanatory note the deputies noted that “there is no world calendar” and proposed establishing a transition period from December 31, 2007, when, for 13 days, chronology would be carried out simultaneously according to two calendars at once. Only four deputies took part in the voting. Three are against, one is for. There were no abstentions. The rest of the elected representatives ignored the vote.