Introduction
1. Essence and characteristics social anomie
2. Basic theories of social anomie
2.1 Theory of anomie according to E. Durkheim
2.2 The theory of anomie according to R. Merton
3. Features of anomie in modern Russian society
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The topic of the test is “Social anomie: essence and signs.”
The concept of anomie expresses the historically determined process of destruction of the basic elements of culture, primarily in the aspect ethical standards. With a sufficiently sharp change in social ideals and morality, certain social groups cease to feel their involvement in a given society, their alienation occurs, new social norms and values (including socially declared patterns of behavior) are rejected by members of these groups, and instead of conventional means of achieving individual or social their own goals are put forward (in particular, illegal ones). The phenomena of anomie, affecting all segments of the population during social upheavals, have a particularly strong effect on young people.
According to the definition of Russian researchers, anomie is “the absence of a clear system of social norms, the destruction of the unity of culture, as a result of which life experience people no longer conform to ideal social norms.”
The purpose of the test is to determine the essence and characteristics of the concept of social anomie.
1. The essence and signs of social anomie
Control social processes due to many factors, including special place Anomie occupies. The latent influence of social anomie on controllability in society has led to the fact that this problem often remains in the shadows. Meanwhile, social anomie reduces the efficiency of management, the effectiveness social institutions and organizations. This was especially evident in the context of the political and socio-economic crisis in which Russian society in the 90s. Economic reforms in some regions caused an increase in unemployment and a sharp decline in living standards, leading to socio-political instability and high social tension. Destruction familiar image life, deterioration of social infrastructure, weakening of the role of social institutions negatively affected all aspects of the life of the population. Political and socio-economic reforms were accompanied by a change value orientations and radical changes in legislation. The coexistence of the past normative value system and the emerging new moral and legal system norms was accompanied by conflicts, moral conflicts, and disorganization in society. Here one can find all the signs of deep social anomie.
The concept of “anomie” arose more than twenty centuries ago. The ancient Greek concept "anomos" means "lawless", "unruly". It is found even in Euripides and Plato. In modern times we find the concept of anomie in the works of English XIX historian century William Mabeird, French philosopher and sociologist of the 19th century J.M. Guyot. This term was introduced into sociology by the outstanding French sociologist Emile Durkheim, and later significantly developed by the American sociologist Robert Merton.
Anomie (from the French anomie - literally “lawlessness, lack of norms”; from the Greek a - negative particle and nomos - law) is a state of society in which a significant part of its members, knowing about the existence of binding norms, treats them negatively or indifferently.
The phenomenon of social anomie was first described by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim. Anomie is the absence of law, organization, norms of behavior, their insufficiency. E. Durkheim noted that anomic conditions in society arise especially often in conditions of economic crises and dynamic reforms. “At the moment of social disorganization,” he believes, “whether it will occur due to a painful crisis or, conversely, during a period of favorable, but too sudden social transformations, society turns out to be temporarily unable to exert the necessary influence on a person...” 1
The concept of anomie characterizes a state of society in which disintegration and collapse of the system of norms that guarantee social order occur (E. Durkheim). Social anomie indicates that norms of behavior are seriously violated and weakened. Anomie causes a psychological state of the individual that is characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life, which occurs when a person is faced with the need to fulfill conflicting norms. “The old hierarchy has been broken, and the new one cannot immediately be established... For now social forces, left to their own devices, will not reach a state of equilibrium, their relative value cannot be taken into account and, therefore, for some time any regulation turns out to be untenable.”
Later, anomie is also understood as a condition in society caused by an excess of norms, and contradictory ones at that (R. Merton). Under these conditions, the individual is lost, not knowing which norms to follow. Unity is being destroyed regulatory system, systems for regulating public relations. People are socially disoriented, experiencing a feeling of anxiety and isolation from society. This naturally leads to deviant behavior, marginality, crime and other asocial phenomena.
E. Durkheim considers anomie as part of his historical-evolutionary concept, based on the opposition of “traditional” and modern industrial society. The problem of anomie is generated by the transitional nature of the era, the temporary decline in the moral regulation of new capitalist economic relations. Anomie is a product of an incomplete transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, since the objective basis of the latter - the social division of labor - progresses faster than it finds moral support in the collective consciousness.
A necessary condition for the emergence of anomie is the contradiction between two series of socially generated phenomena (the first is needs and interests, the second is the possibility of satisfying them). Prerequisite whole personality serves, according to Durkheim, a stable and cohesive society. Under traditional social orders, human abilities and needs were provided relatively simply, since the corresponding collective consciousness kept them at a low level, preventing the development of individualism, the liberation of the individual and establishing strict principles (boundaries) to what an individual could legally achieve in a given social position. Hierarchical traditional society(feudal) was stable because it set different goals for different social strata and allowed everyone to feel their life meaningful within a narrow, closed layer. The course of the social process increases “individualization” and at the same time undermines the power of collective supervision, the firm moral boundaries characteristic of the old times. In the new conditions, the degree of individual freedom from traditions, collective mores and prejudices, and the possibility of personal choice of knowledge and methods of action are sharply expanding. But the relatively free structure of industrial society no longer determines the life activity of people and, as if with natural necessity and constantly reproduces anomie in the sense of the absence of solid life goals, norms and patterns of behavior. This puts many in an uncertain position, depriving them of collective solidarity, a sense of connection with a specific group and with the whole society, which leads to the growth of deviant and self-destructive behavior in it.
social anomie law norm desire
2. Basic theories of social anomie
2.1 Theory of anomie according to E. Durkheim
According to Durkheim, crime is insignificant in a society where human solidarity and social cohesion are sufficient. As a result social change, which can go either towards economic collapse or towards prosperity, are created favorable conditions for the division of labor and greater variety of life, and the integrating forces are weakened. Society is falling apart and splitting. Its individual fragments are isolated. When the unity of society is destroyed and the isolation of its elements increases, socially deviant behavior and crime increase. Society finds itself in a state of anomie. Durkheim argues for this position in the following way. French society in the last 100 years, it has deliberately eradicated the factors of self-government by human instincts and passions. Religion has almost completely lost its influence on people. Traditional professional associations such as craft guilds (guilds and corporations) were liquidated. The government firmly pursued a policy of freedom of enterprise and non-interference in the economy. And the result of this policy was that dreams and aspirations were no longer restrained. This freedom of aspiration has become driving force French industrial revolution; but she gave birth chronic condition anomie with its accompanying high level suicides.
To explain deviant behavior (suicidal tendencies, apathy, disappointment, illegal behavior).
According to Durkheim, anomie is a state of society in which decomposition, disintegration and collapse of the system of values and norms that guarantee social order occur. Prerequisite the emergence of anomie in society - a discrepancy between the needs and interests of some of its members, on the one hand, and the possibilities of satisfying them, on the other. It manifests itself in the form of the following violations:
- vagueness, instability and inconsistency of value-normative prescriptions and orientations, in particular, the discrepancy between the norms defining the goals of activity and the norms regulating the means of achieving them;
- low degree of influence of social norms on individuals and their weak effectiveness as a means regulatory regulation behavior;
- partial or complete absence regulatory regulation in crisis, transitional situations, when the old value system is destroyed, and the new one has not taken shape or has not established itself as generally accepted.
Further development of the concept of anomie is associated with the name of Robert Merton.
The concept of anomie expresses a historically determined process of destruction of the basic elements of culture, primarily in terms of ethical standards. With a sufficiently sharp change in social ideals and morality, certain social groups cease to feel their involvement in a given society, their alienation occurs, new social norms and values (including socially declared patterns of behavior) are rejected by members of these groups, and instead of conventional means of achieving individual or social their own goals are put forward (in particular, illegal ones). The phenomena of anomie, affecting all segments of the population during social upheavals, have a particularly strong effect on young people.
According to the definition of Russian researchers, anomie is “the absence of a clear system of social norms, the destruction of the unity of culture, as a result of which people’s life experience ceases to correspond to ideal social norms.”
Notes
Literature
- Vazha Gorozia, Shorena Turkiashvili The concept of anomie and attempts to modify it
- Kovaleva A.I. Anomie // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. - 2005. - No. 4. - P. 155-156.
- Merton R.K. Social structure and anomie // Sociology of crime (Modern bourgeois theories). - M.: Progress, 1966. - P. 299-313.
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Synonyms:See what “Anomie” is in other dictionaries:
anomie- (gr. a negative particle, nomos law) a concept introduced by E. Durkheim to explain deviant behavior (suicide, apathy and disappointment) and expressing a historically determined process of destruction of the basic elements of culture... Big psychological encyclopedia
- (French anomie, absence of law, organization, from Greek - negative particle and law), the concept of bourgeois. sociology. Expresses the attitude of individuals to the norms and moral values of the social system in which they operate, and means: 1)… … Philosophical Encyclopedia
Anomie- (French anomie – zan, ұyimdasudyn zhoktygy) – қоғамнѣ құндиліктар зүесінді үбегилі и ғадиторы ілірірінін ңғым. Anomia asіrese otpelі қоғamрада зійі кіздіді. Buryngy adetke ainalgan bagdarlar zhana talaptarga sәikes kundylyktarmen zhyldam… … Philosophy terminerdin sozdigi
- (from the French anomie, absence of law, organization), a concept denoting the moral and psychological state of the individual and public consciousness, which is characterized by the decomposition of the value system caused by the crisis of society... Modern encyclopedia
- (Greek). Iniquity. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. anomia and many others. no, w. (... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
anomie- and, f. anomie f. absence of law c. Philosopher The moral and psychological state of individual and social consciousness, characterized by the decomposition of the system of moral, social, etc. values. Krysin 1998. The concept introduced by E... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
Anomie- (from the French anomie, absence of law, organization), a concept denoting the moral and psychological state of individual and social consciousness, which is characterized by the decomposition of the value system caused by the crisis of society... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Mental disorders of the individual, expressed in low social self-esteem and non-compliance with legal norms. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Dictionary of business terms
- (from the French anomie the absence of a law of organization), sociological and social psychological concept, denoting the moral and psychological state of individual and social consciousness, which is characterized by the decomposition of the system... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Greek a negative particle, nomos law) a concept introduced by E. Durkheim to explain deviant behavior (suicide, apathy and disappointment) and expressing its own ... Psychological Dictionary
Today there is no single definition of the concept of “anomie”. This is due to the multi-level nature social phenomenon anomie:
- - micro-, macro- and average (meso level);
- - cognitive, affective (“subjective” aspect) and conative (“objective” aspect) levels.
Their intersection alone gives eight meanings, and the heterogeneity of social processes doubles this number.
The main attention should be paid not so much to attempts to modify the concept of anomie, but to fundamental changes in its content. These changes do not always flow from theoretical dialogue. For example, we cannot claim that E. Fromm is familiar with Merton’s version of the concept of anomie and seeks to clarify its content, but in a number of cases his views on such a concept similar to conformism, such as bureaucracy, make us think that Merton’s recognition of conformity as a form of deviation , i.e. the source of the anomic circumstance is not entirely convincing. This is confirmed by Fromm’s opinion about the so-called. "herd conformism" Fromm believes that as long as a person does not deviate from the norm, he is the same as others, is recognized by others as one /257/ of them and feels like “I”. The feeling of a person’s own “self-identity” in this situation is equated to a feeling of conformity.
Of great value is the analysis according to which individual anomie is caused by social anomie, although it does not exclude the role of imperfect moral or legal norms and laws in the emergence of anomie. On the contrary, this was noted by Jean Marie Guyot, Herbert Spencer and others. For example, Spencer is so critical of legislators and the state that he essentially excludes their role in progress social organization and society as a whole. Spencer's views have great importance not only for theoretical solution problems of anomie, but also for practical solution problems of deepening the anomic processes of our time. And, indeed, it is quite painful, from the point of view of the moral or legal strength of society, for the legislators and moralists themselves to ignore norms and laws, even at the parliamentary level. This creates and spreads mass disrespect for norms and laws, condones deviations from them, giving rise to a transition from the facts of individual anomie to a system of social anomie, or, on the scale of the entire society, to the unity of multiple expressions of social anomie.
Anomie, as a phenomenon reflecting social vices, is of serious concern to non-sociological thinkers. For example, K. Wolf notes: “Durkheim’s ideas about anomie ... are only a minor but ominous prelude.” According to R. Gilbert, “anomie is a tendency to social death; in its aggravated forms it means the death of society.”
Fromm, in his views on a “sick society,” points to the global danger of anomie. The idea of Fromm's main humanistic work is that the main indicator of the disease of society is indifference to human personality. In this regard, one can also evaluate the anomic results presented by Fromm in the concepts of “narcissism”, “necrophilia”, “sadism”, “masochism”, etc. It is clear that the foundations of these psychopathological /258/ deviations are not in the people themselves, but in public structures. (Here it should be noted that the grounds for deviations should not be sought in violations of mental, moral or legal norms, their shortcomings or imperfections. For example, the basis for theft as an anomic phenomenon is not the weakness of the law acting against it, but those social conditions that give rise to theft) .
It can be noted that fans of the teachings of R. Merton, comparing the views of these two thinkers, give a clear advantage to Merton (for example, N. Pokrovsky), but Fromm, with no less force than G. Spencer and the same Merton, denounces the anti-human depravity of a sick society.
Finally, Fromm’s contribution to the expansion of the concept of anomie can be considered the development of its psychopathological aspect, thanks to which he continued the Durkheim tradition of searching psychological aspect the concept of anomie, which, in essence, was rejected by R. Merton.
If this view is acceptable, then we can conclude that E. Fromm paid attention to the natural aspect of anomie, while Merton and his associates focused more on the fact of the existence of anomic deviations caused by subjective activity, i.e. on deviations from moral and legal norms. Moral and legal norms, as is known, are not only a product of implementation objective need society, but also the result of the creativity of subjects - legislators and moralists.
The management of social processes is determined by many factors, among which anomie occupies a special place. The latent influence of social anomie on controllability in society has led to the fact that this problem often remains in the shadows. Meanwhile, social anomie reduces the efficiency of management and the effectiveness of social institutions and organizations. This was especially evident in the context of the political and socio-economic crisis in which society found itself in the 90s. Economic reforms in some regions caused an increase in unemployment and a sharp decline in living standards, leading to socio-political instability and high social tension. The destruction of the usual way of life, the deterioration of social infrastructure, and the weakening of the role of social institutions have negatively affected all aspects of the life of the population. Political and socio-economic reforms were accompanied by a change in value orientations and radical changes in legislation. The coexistence of the past normative value system and the emerging new moral and legal system of norms was accompanied by conflicts, moral conflicts, and disorganization in society. Here one can find all the signs of deep social anomie.
A necessary condition for the emergence of anomie is the contradiction between two series of socially generated phenomena (the first is needs and interests, the second is the possibility of satisfying them). A prerequisite for a holistic personality, according to Durkheim, is a stable and cohesive society. Under traditional social orders, human abilities and needs were provided for relatively simply, since the corresponding collective consciousness kept them at a low level, preventing the development of individualism, the liberation of the individual and establishing strict principles (boundaries) for what an individual in a given social position could legitimately achieve. The hierarchical traditional society (feudal) was stable because it set different goals for different social layers and allowed everyone to feel their life meaningful within a narrow, closed layer. The course of the social process increases “individualization” and at the same time undermines the power of collective supervision, the firm moral boundaries characteristic of the old times. In the new conditions, the degree of individual freedom from traditions, collective mores and prejudices, and the possibility of personal choice of knowledge and methods of action are sharply expanding. But the relatively free structure of industrial society no longer determines the life activity of people and, as if with natural necessity and constantly reproduces anomie in the sense of the absence of solid life goals, norms and patterns of behavior. This puts many in an uncertain position, depriving them of collective solidarity, a sense of connection with a specific group and with the whole society, which leads to the growth of deviant and self-destructive behavior in it.
Causes and main types of deviant behavior
Deviant behavior and forms of its manifestation
Basic elements of social control
The essence of social control
Topic 10. Social control and deviant behavior
1. Revealing the essence of social control, it is important to understand that the presence in society of certain cultural institutions and requirements, social expectations does not in itself guarantee their implementation by everyone social actors. Most people and groups without external pressure conscientiously and constantly observe public order, norms and rules of work and community life. However, this happens primarily thanks to their successful socialization and the social regulation carried out through it, and also because people realize that society and the state are monitoring their behavior and, in the event of a serious deviation from regulatory requirements, are ready to give an appropriate assessment and apply adequate sanctions.
No society can function and develop successfully without a system of social control.
Social control is a system of ways that society influences individuals or groups in order to regulate their behavior and maintain social order.
Social control can be external and internal.
External control is a set of institutions and mechanisms that guarantee compliance generally accepted norms behavior and laws. It is divided into formal and informal.
Formal control based on approval or perception from official authorities and administration, and informal control is limited to a small group of people. IN large group people it is ineffective.
Internal control called self-control. IN in this case the individual independently regulates his behavior and coordinates it with generally accepted norms. In the process of socialization, norms are internalized so firmly that when people violate them, they experience a feeling of embarrassment or guilt.
About 70% of social control is achieved through self-control. The more self-control is developed among the members of a society, the less this society has to resort to external control and vice versa, the weaker the self-control, the stricter the external control should be. However, strict external control often inhibits the development of self-awareness and muffles internal volitional efforts. Thus, a dictatorship arises. Please note that the probability of establishing democracy in society is high only with developed self-control, and with undeveloped self-control, the probability of establishing dictatorship is high.
When considering the concept of social control, it is necessary to pay attention to a number of fundamental points.
Social control – component a more general and diverse system of social regulation of human behavior and social life. Its specificity lies in the fact that such regulation here is orderly, normative and quite categorical in nature and is ensured by social sanctions or the threat of their application.
The problem of social control is a certain section of the main sociological question about the relationship and interaction of personality, social group(community) and society as a whole. Analyze various ways the implementation of social control and through the socialization of the individual with the primary social group, its culture (group control) and through the interaction of the group with society as a whole (social control through coercion).
Social control presupposes constant and active social interaction, in which not only the individual experiences the impact of social control, but also social control undergoes a reverse influence on the part of the individual, which can even lead to a change in his character.
The direction, content and nature of social control are determined by the nature, nature and type of a given social system. Determine how social control differs in a totalitarian society and in a democratic one, as well as in simple, primitive societies in comparison with social control in complex modern ones industrial societies. Use in the latter case criterion for the formalization of control.
2. Social control includes two main elements - social norms and social sanctions.
Social norms are rules of behavior, expectations and standards that regulate people’s behavior and social life in accordance with the values of a particular culture, aimed at strengthening the stability and integrity of society.
The repetition, stability and regularity of certain social interactions create in society a need to consolidate such general rules, norms that would uniformly determine the actions of people and the relationships between them in relevant situations. Thanks to this, subjects social interaction gain the opportunity to anticipate the behavior of other participants in social relations and build accordingly own behavior, and society - to control and evaluate everyone's behavior.
In terms of the scope of application, social norms vary by following types:
1) Norms that arise and exist only in small groups (youth, friendly companies, families, work teams, sports teams). These are called "group habits."
2) Norms that arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole. These are called "general rules".
“General rules” include customs, traditions, mores, laws, etiquette, and manners of behavior. Each social group has its own manners, customs and etiquette (secular etiquette, behavior patterns of young people, etc.).
Compliance with standards is regulated by society with varying degrees rigor. If we arrange all the measures in ascending order, depending on the measure of punishment, then taboos and legal laws are punished most severely, followed by morals, traditions and customs, and then habits (individual and group).
However, there are group habits that are highly valued and the violation of which is followed by severe sanctions. These are the so-called informal group norms. They are born in small rather than large social groups, and the mechanism that controls compliance with such norms is called group pressure.
Please note that social norms are classified on various grounds, but their division into legal and moral is especially important for the value-normative regulation of social life. Legal norms manifest themselves in the form of a law, other state or administrative normative act, contain clear dispositions that define the conditions for the application of this legal norm, and sanctions carried out by the relevant authorities. Their implementation is ensured by the power of state coercion or the threat of its use. Compliance with moral standards is ensured by force public opinion, moral duty personality.
Compliance with norms is ensured in society usually through the use of social rewards and social punishments, i.e. positive and negative sanctions, acting as the most specific, direct and immediate element in the structure of social regulation.
Social sanctions – This is an operational means of social control aimed at ensuring the proper implementation of social norms.
Social norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If any norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.
When analyzing the nature of social sanctions, it should be borne in mind that they can be legal, moral, religious, political, economic, spiritual-ideological, etc.; in content - positive (positive, encouraging) and negative (negative, condemning, punishing); according to the form of consolidation - formal, i.e. enshrined, for example, in a law or other legal act, and informal; in scale - international and domestic. The application of legal sanctions is ensured by state coercion; moral - by the force of moral encouragement or condemnation from society or a social group; religious - the authority of religious dogmas and church activities. Different kinds social sanctions and the norms themselves are interconnected, interact and complement each other. Thus, if a legal law or other legal act, the legal sanctions contained in it, are based on the moral principles and requirements of society, then their effectiveness increases significantly.
In conclusion, to summarize, determine what the role and significance of social control is. Please note that it:
1) makes a significant contribution to ensuring reproduction social relations And social structure;
2) plays important role in stabilization and integration of the social system in strengthening social order;
3) aims to make a habit of standards of behavior in certain situations, not causing objections from a social group or the whole society;
4) is designed to ensure that a person’s behavior corresponds to the values and norms of a given society or social group.
3. Even in a highly organized and civilized society, it is not possible to achieve a position where absolutely all of its members strictly and strictly follow the norms and rules established in it. As a result, more or less serious violations of these norms and rules occur. Such social deviations called deviant behavior.
Deviation (deviant behavior) (from the Latin deviatio - deviation) is deviating from generally accepted norms social action(behavior) of people or their groups, causing an appropriate response from society or a social group.
IN in a broad sense the concept of “deviant behavior” covers any deviations in behavior from social norms - both positive (heroism, self-sacrifice, etc.) and negative (crimes, violations of moral norms, traditions, alcoholism, drug addiction, bureaucracy, etc.). However, most often this concept is used in more in the narrow sense, How negative deviation from established legal, moral and other norms. This is due to the fact that it is negative deviation that threatens to undermine social stability, and therefore sociologists and psychologists pay special attention to it.
Exist various shapes manifestations of deviation:
Hidden, latent(for example, bureaucracy, careerism, etc.) and open, obvious(for example, hooliganism, crime, etc.).
Individual, When separate individual rejects the norms of his subculture, and the group, considered as conformist behavior a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture.
Primary, when deviations are insignificant and tolerable, and secondary, i.e. deviation from existing norms in a group, which is socially defined as deviant.
Based on the goals and direction of deviant behavior, its destructive, asocial and illegal types are distinguished. TO destructive type They classify deviations that cause harm to the individual (alcoholism, suicide, masochism, etc.) as the asocial type; they include commands that harm primary groups and communities (violation of labor discipline, petty hooliganism, etc.). The illegal type of deviant behavior is associated with serious violations of not only moral, but also legal norms and leads to serious negative consequences for society (robberies, murders, terrorism, etc.).
Thus, we can conclude that the boundaries of deviations are mobile, and they themselves are capable, one way or another, of modernizing and adapting to changes in social conditions and even reproduce in new generations. The assessment of deviant behavior occurs from the standpoint of the culture accepted in a given society.
4. Considering the main types of deviant behavior, it is necessary to emphasize that the causes of deviant behavior are determined ambiguously. Regarding the identification and study of the main causes of deviations, there are three types of theories:
1) Theory physical types (C. Lombroso, E. Kretschmer, V. Sheldon), according to which people with a certain physical constitution tend to commit social deviations that are condemned by society. However, practice has proven the theories of physical types to be untenable;
2) Psychoanalytic theory (S. Freud), based on which deviation is caused by intrapersonal conflicts and disturbances in the structure of the human self. But diagnosing such disturbances is extremely difficult and, moreover, not every person experiencing internal conflict becomes a deviant;
3) Sociological theories (E. Durheim, R. Merton, etc.), who analyze social and cultural factors, which are the cause of deviation. Thus, E. Durkheim associated deviant behavior with the weakness and inconsistency of social norms and values, and R. Merton with the gap between sociocultural goals and socially approved institutionalized means of achieving them.
It is important to note that most researchers proceed from the fact that the appearance and existence of deviant behavior is usually caused not by any one reason, but by a diverse set of conditions and factors, both objective and subjective.
The main types of deviant behavior are crime, alcoholism, drug addiction and suicide. Analyze social factors that contribute to the emergence and development of such deviations, and determine the danger of their manifestation for the individual, group and society as a whole.
5. The development and spread of deviations, social upheavals lead society to an abnormal state - social anomie, and this in turn becomes the ground for new deviations. T. Parsons defined anomie as “a condition in which a significant number of individuals find themselves in a position characterized by a serious lack of integration with stable institutions that is essential to their own personal stability and successful functioning social systems. The usual reaction to this condition is unreliability of behavior."
Social anomie (from the French anomie - lawlessness, disorganization) is crisis state social life, in which the majority or a significant part of its subjects violates established social norms or is indifferent to them, and the normative social regulation turns out to be sharply weakened due to its inconsistency, inconsistency and uncertainty.
This concept was introduced into sociology by the famous French sociologist E. Durkheim, who considered social anomie as a manifestation of the absence of “organic solidarity” in society. Anomie, according to E. Durkheim, is a state in which a person does not have a strong sense of belonging, reliability and stability in choosing a line of normative behavior. The development of the concept of anomie was continued by the American sociologist R. Merton. He viewed anomie as a state of consciousness that is associated with the inability to achieve individual goals through legitimate institutionalized ways and means, which leads to an increase in deviant behavior. R. Merton used this concept to characterize the corresponding state not only of society, but also of the individual, when he is disorganized, experiencing feelings of anxiety and alienation from society. R. Merton developed a typology of personal behavior in their relation to goals and means and identified the following main types of behavior:
1. Conformism(when a person accepts both normative goals and normative means);
2. Innovation(when there is a positive attitude towards goals and denial of restrictions in the choice of means);
3. Ritualism(in which goals are denied and the main emphasis is placed on means);
4. Retreatism(when any goals and means are denied);
5. Mutiny(the rejection of normative goals and means is accompanied by their simultaneous replacement with new goals and means).
It is important to know that today the concept of social anomie is most often used to characterize the state of society in transitional, crisis situations when the alienation of the individual from society, disappointment in life, crime and other negative phenomena sharply increases. Modern Russian society has the following features of social anomie:
1. many old values, norms and ideals have collapsed, and new ones have not yet been defined and established,
2. ideas about what is permissible and what is not permissible are seriously shaken,
3. there is a sharp surge social tension And social conflicts,
4. the growth of shadow and criminal business, crime, drug addiction, corruption, prostitution and many other types of deviant behavior.
Deviant behavior
Even in the most highly organized society it is not possible to achieve a position where all its members strictly follow the norms and rules established in it, strictly fulfilling the social obligations prescribed to them. roles. As a result, there is a violation of these norms, which society cannot tolerate and uses a control mechanism for this. Such social deviations, such behavior in sociology is called deviation (the concept was introduced by Durkheim, suicide is the most striking example).
Deviant behavior is one that deviates from generally accepted norms and causes an appropriate response from society or social circles. group behavior.
In a broad sense, the concept of deviant behavior covers any deviation from social life. norms – both positive (heroism) and negative (crime). Most often, this concept only means a negative deviation from established legal, moral and other norms, because It is precisely this behavior that threatens to undermine social life. stability. In real life, it is almost impossible to ensure full compliance with all social networks. normal Therefore, deviations are allowed within certain limits that do not violate the functioning and integrity of social networks. systems It is one thing when it manifests itself in an offense, a crime, a violation of not only moral but also legal norms, and another when it comes to deviation only from moral norms.
Deviations can manifest themselves both in obvious, open form (hooliganism) and in hidden form (bureaucracy). They can be individual and group, primary and secondary, etc. Deviations have many faces, their boundaries are flexible and often correlate with changes in social life. values. Able to modernize and adapt to changes in social media. conditions. The assessment of deviation occurs from the position of culture accepted in a given society.
The causes of deviation are determined ambiguously: it is associated with the weakness and inconsistency of social. norms and values; with a gap between sociocultural goals and socially approved institutionalized means of achieving them. Deviation is usually caused not by any reason, but by a combination of conditions and factors of an objective and subjective nature. The development and spread of deviation leads society to a state of social anomie, which becomes the basis for new deviations.
The development and spread of deviation leads society to an anomalous state - social. anomie, and this latter in turn becomes the basis for new deviations.
Social Anomie is a negative, painful, crisis state of social life, in which the majority of subjects violate established social norms. norms or treats them indifferently, and normative social. regulation is sharply weakened due to its inconsistency, inconsistency and uncertainty.
Durkheim, who introduced this concept into sociology, considered social. anomie as a manifestation of the lack of organic solidarity in society, and one of its clearest expressions is wide use suicides. The number of suicides is inversely proportional to the degree of integration of those social networks. groups to which the individual belongs.
Merton on social media anomie understood a state of consciousness that is associated with the impossibility of achieving individual goals through legal ways and means, which leads to an increase in deviant behavior. Having highlighted social in his theory. anomie, the problem of the relationship between social goals and means of achieving them as different phases of social. structures, Merton shows that social. anomie grows out of a state of balance between them.
Today the concept of social anomie is most often used to characterize the state of society in transitional, crisis situations, when the alienation of the individual from society, disappointment in life, apathy, crime sharply increases - zB. modern Russian society.