Conformal behavior of an individual in society. Psychological characteristics of individual behavior in a crowd

The problem of behavior as a special form of activity of an organism mastering the environment was discovered in Russia and. P. Pavlov.
And. P. Pavlov introduced the term “behavior”, with the help of which it became possible to reflect the sphere of relations of an individual integral interacting organism with the environment in the depths of which it exists and with which it actively interacts. The behavior of individuals in an organization is determined by the rules and restrictions that apply in it to achieve its goals.
Quite roughly, we can give a formula for behavior:
P = f (I, E),
where P is behavior, a function of the natural properties of the individual, conditioned by the external environment as a result of socialization; I - characteristics of the individual, his natural properties and characteristics; E - the environment surrounding the individual, those organizations where the process of his socialization takes place
Behavior has its own characteristics: causality, purposefulness, motivation. Behavior has reasons, that is, any behavior is determined by the events that preceded it and caused a specific form of manifestation. Behavior is purposeful - any behavior is determined by a goal, to achieve which the individual performs a certain type of action. Behavior is motivated - in any behavior there is a motive that determines exactly this form of its manifestation. In addition, the characteristics of behavior that can be observed are measurable - individual components of behavior can be measured, for example, how quickly we speak, perform a certain type of work, or are present or absent from the workplace
STAFF COMPETENCE
The behavior of employees is decisive in the activities of the organization and is an integral part of such a general performance indicator as personnel competence. The concept of “competence” is used in modern management to denote the characteristics of personnel necessary for the successful implementation of the chosen strategy of the organization. Competence is a combination of the following factors: knowledge (the results of an individual’s education), skills (the results of work experience and training), behavioral and communication skills (the ability to behave in an organization, communicate with people and work in a group) of personnel. Competence acquires practical meaning only in relation to to action, relates to a specific situation, combines and connects its constituent elements in a dynamic way to adapt to the requirements of the position.

To determine the content of competence, it is necessary to: conduct a detailed analysis of all types of activities carried out in a given position and identify the various components of the required knowledge and skills; build a hierarchy of competence taking into account the development of all its components; identify components of competencies common to various areas of activity
Maintaining competence at the required level determines the need to manage it. Competency management is the process of developing and maintaining competencies at the level required by the organization to implement its main objectives in accordance with the development strategy. If control influences are not introduced, the competence will go from the stage of effective use to the stage of extinction, and the specialist may become uncompetitive, and the organization will begin to incur losses (Fig. 8.6). In this regard, it is necessary: constant development of competence (upgrading qualifications, maintaining work skills, communication skills); expansion (change) of the type of activity, transition to a new type of activity and acquisition of additional competencies.
Personnel behavior management is a system of measures to form competency models of an organization’s employees, which allows the organization to achieve its goals within a given time frame and at acceptable costs.
The implementation of the goals of the organization’s activities involves the development of a certain system of influence on employees, that is, managing their behavior. Another factor that largely determines the behavior of an individual in society is the concept of “Perception”.

Rice. 8.6. Employee competency life cycle

PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDES
Perception is the process by which an individual attaches meaning to elements and phenomena of the external environment. Perception occurs on the basis of sensation. Perception includes the following stages (Fig. 8.7):
reflection or registration of objects or phenomena (information) in the human mind; interpretation - the formation of a picture of reality in the mind of an individual, which may differ significantly from reality. establishing feedback, shaping actual behavior or personality attitudes

Rice. 8.7. Stages of individual perception

Perception is used by the individual to select, store and interpret information into a meaningful and logical picture of the world. The same information is perceived differently by each individual depending on the characteristics of perception, and its interpretation will determine the further behavior of the individual. What matters is not what happens, but how it is perceived (see Fig. 8.7).
Another factor that determines behavior is the individual’s internal image of himself, his “I-image,” his self-perception. The essence of this concept is that each person realizes his individuality, uniqueness, his “I”, how the individual sees himself in the past, present and future.
The self-concept was proposed by the American psychologist C. R. Rogers (1902-1987). It is formed in the process of interaction of the individual with the environment and is an integral mechanism of self-regulation of behavior. The self-concept defines a relatively stable, more or less conscious, experienced as a unique system of ideas of the individual about himself, on the basis of which the individual builds his relationships with other people (Fig. 8.8)
The stability of the “I-image” is a prerequisite for the consistency and stability of human behavior. The individual strives to establish and constantly maintain a certain set of properties that characterize, as he thinks, his essence. In accordance with the set of these ideas, the individual builds his relationships with others, makes self-esteem and evaluates other people. In some cases, people can ignore objective information if it does not correspond to their ideas, and agree with erroneous or even false data if they correspond to the prevailing “ I-image"
The human consciousness contains psychological mechanisms for protecting one’s image, one’s real “I”; they are necessary to maintain psychological balance and psychological “comfort” of the individual. At the same time, these same

mechanisms can make it difficult to perceive, for example, critical remarks, since they violate the unity of the created internal image, self-image.
Component of the “I-image”

Rice. 8.8. Components of self-concept

Based on perception, an individual forms his attitudes. Attitude is a constant tendency to feel or behave in a certain way in relation to some object, person, situation. Employees do not always come to an organization with attitudes that correspond to its goals and objectives: they are late, do not complete assigned tasks effectively enough, are engaged in personal matters during working hours, etc. There is a need to develop ways to influence employees to change their attitudes. There are a number of ways to influence the attitudes of employees: providing new information, exposure to fear (medium level), bringing attitudes and behavior into line (eliminating dissonance), attracting cooperation, influence of colleagues, compensation, etc. The effectiveness of these methods varies and depends on the significance of the interests of the employees on which it is based

Psychological characteristics of individual behavior in a crowd.

· Anonymity. A member of the crowd appears to be anonymous in it. This creates a false sense of independence from the organizational ties by which a person, wherever he is, is included in the work collective, family and other social communities.

· Instinctivity. In a crowd, an individual gives himself over to instincts that he never gives free rein to in other situations. His ability to rationally process perceived information, his ability to observe and criticize decreases.

· Unconsciousness . The conscious personality disappears and dissolves in the crowd. The predominance of the unconscious personality, the same direction of feelings and ideas determined by suggestion, and the desire to immediately transform inspired ideas into action are characteristic of the individual in the crowd.

· State of unity (association). In a crowd, an individual feels the power of human association, which influences him with its presence. The influence of this force is expressed either in support and strengthening, or in restraining and suppressing individual human behavior. G. Le Bon notes the most striking fact observed in a crowd: whatever the individuals that make it up, their way of life, occupations, characters, minds, their mere transformation into a crowd is enough for them to form a kind of collective soul that makes them feel, think and act completely differently than each of them felt, thought and acted individually. G. Le Bon notes the most striking fact observed in a crowd: whatever the individuals that make it up, their way of life, occupations, characters, minds, their mere transformation into a crowd is enough for them to form a kind of collective soul that makes them feel, think and act completely differently than each of them felt, thought and acted individually.

· A state of hypnotic trance. An individual, having spent some time among the active crowd, falls into a state that resembles the state of a hypnotized subject. He is no longer aware of his actions. In him, as in a hypnotized person, some abilities disappear, while others reach an extreme degree of tension.

· A feeling of irresistible strength. An individual in a crowd acquires the consciousness of an irresistible force due to sheer numbers.

· Infectivity. In a crowd, every action is contagious to such an extent that the individual very easily sacrifices his personal interests to the interests of the crowd. Such behavior is contrary to human nature itself, and therefore a person is capable of it only when he is part of the crowd. A crowd person is also characterized by increased emotionality in the perception of everything that he sees and hears around him.

· Amorphous. In a crowd, the individual traits of people are completely erased, their originality and personal uniqueness disappear. The psychic superstructure of each personality is lost and an amorphous homogeneity is revealed and comes to the surface. The behavior of an individual in a crowd is determined by the same attitudes, motivations and mutual stimulation. Without noticing shades, an individual in a crowd perceives all impressions as a whole and does not know any transitions.

· Irresponsibility . In a crowd, a person completely loses his sense of responsibility, which is almost always a limiting factor for an individual.

· Social degradation. Becoming a part of the crowd, a person seems to fall several steps lower in his development. In an isolated situation - in ordinary life he was most likely a cultured person, but in a crowd - he is a barbarian, i.e. an instinctive creature. In a crowd, an individual exhibits a tendency toward arbitrariness, violence, and ferocity. A person in a crowd also experiences a decrease in intellectual activity.

3.7.5. Motives of behavior in a crowd.

· Superstition - a strengthened false opinion that arises under the influence of fear experienced by a person.

· Illusion - a type of false knowledge entrenched in public opinion. Social illusion is a kind of ersatz resemblance to reality, created in a person’s imagination in place of genuine knowledge, which for some reason he does not accept.

· Prejudice - false knowledge that has turned into belief, or more precisely, into prejudice. Prejudice is active, aggressive, assertive, and desperately resists genuine knowledge. This resistance is so blind that the crowd will not accept any argument contrary to prejudice. The psychological nature of prejudices lies in the fact that a person’s memory captures not just an opinion (knowledge), it also preserves the feeling, emotion, and attitude that accompanies this knowledge. As a result, memory is very selective. Facts and events that contradict a certain opinion are not always analyzed at the level of consciousness. And, of course, they are discarded under the influence of emotions that usually overwhelm the crowd. In cases where widespread stereotypes of public opinion are oversaturated with emotions, mass psychosis may occur, during which people are capable of committing the most reckless acts and cease to be aware of all the consequences of their actions.

Individual properties represent the natural basis or prerequisite for the existence of a person as a biological species. If he were not a person and did not live in human society, then his life and behavior would be entirely subject to biological laws and mechanisms. In this regard, he would not be much different from animals, as evidenced by the results of a study of children “raised” among animals.

Let's consider some distinctive features of individual and personal behavior. The behavior of animals and small children corresponds to the principle of a dominant need, and not to the principle of “need”, which is typical for a mature personality. Relationships between animals are based on the principle of force, while among people they are regulated by social norms. The behavior of animals is subject to the principle of situationality, which is expressed in increased dependence on the current situation and in impulsiveness. Personal behavior is supra-situational, arbitrary and conscious.

Human society lives in accordance with certain generally accepted social norms and rules that balance the interests and desires of each individual member. The existence of social norms is the main condition for the existence of society and each individual representative. Therefore, life in society presupposes strict adherence to social norms, which in principle excludes any possibility of following the laws and rules on which animal behavior is based. For example, you cannot build relationships with other people on the basis of force: steal, take away, kill, rob, etc. Violation of relevant norms is punishable by law. Consequently, in order to be a full-fledged member of society, a person must be able to subordinate his individual behavior to the requirements of social norms, that is, to be an individual. A person is a person to the extent that he has mastered social norms and socially accepted modes of behavior and, accordingly, his individual (natural) essence. At the same time, he develops more or less stable personal qualities (beliefs, character traits, self-esteem, sociogenic needs, etc.), in which corresponding modes of behavior are recorded. They are what make a person a fairly stable system. Personal essence is especially clearly manifested in situations of contradiction between a person’s individual (natural) desires (“I want”) and the requirements of social norms (“I must”).

The process of personality formation is quite long, it begins literally from the birth of a child. Parents and educators organize the assimilation of social norms and rules of behavior in various life situations, that is, they raise the child. This process is quite difficult and requires a lot of effort from the child. By the age of 17-18, a person assimilates most social norms and becomes a mature personality. Depending on the extent to which a person assimilates social norms and behavior patterns, several stages of development and levels of personal maturity are distinguished.

The first level represents a state when a person has become familiar with social norms and knows how to structure his behavior, but he has not developed a need for such behavior, therefore, depending on the situation, he can behave differently. At the highest level of personal maturity, a person not only knows social norms, but he has a need for socially normative behavior. Only by reaching this level does a person become a formed personality. Personal maturity is characterized by the presence of beliefs and mechanisms of conscience that exclude any possibility of violating social norms. At this level of maturity, a person himself becomes a bearer of social norms and strives to actively establish them in real life. Critical for testing (testing) a person’s personal maturity are situations of temptation in which his individual (biological) and personal (social) essence collides.

Personality represents the highest stage of human development as an integral system. The formation of personality presupposes a change in a person in all his guises and dimensions. His psychological essence undergoes a particularly serious restructuring. Absolutely all mental functions are subject to the process of socialization and “personalization”: perception, attention, needs, etc. At the same time, they undergo the following transformations.
1. From spontaneous (involuntary), they become arbitrary, that is, subordinate to the will of man. In this form, they can be considered as instruments or instruments of personal existence and as structural units of personality.
2. From unconscious, they are transformed into conscious, that is, a person begins to highlight them as a very important part of himself, constituting the inner spiritual world.
3. From natural (natural) they become social (cultural). This means that the methods, principles and laws of their work are changing. From direct functions they turn into processes mediated by social norms and rules. For example, a socialized need differs from a natural one primarily in the way of satisfaction brought from society through education. This is what makes them personal. Socialization of mental functions significantly increases their effectiveness and raises them to a higher level. A well-known domestic psychologist called them the highest.

Taking these considerations into account, personality should be understood not simply as an additional property or dimension of a person, but as a system-forming quality, in accordance with which his entire psychological nature is transformed.

Individual is a separate individual that combines a unique set of innate qualities and acquired properties. From the perspective of sociology, an individual is a characteristic of a person as a separate representative of the biological species of people. An individual is a single individual of representatives of Homo sapiens. That is, it is an individual human being that combines the social and the biological and is determined by a unique set of genetically programmed qualities and an individual socially acquired set of traits, characteristics, and properties.

The concept of individual

An individual is a carrier of the biological component in a person. People as individuals represent a complex of natural genetically dependent qualities, the formation of which is realized during the period of ontogenesis, the result of which is the biological maturity of people. It follows that the concept of individual expresses the species identity of a person. Thus, every person is born an individual. However, after birth, the child acquires a new social parameter - he becomes a person.

In psychology, the first concept with which the study of personality begins is the individual. Literally, this concept can be understood as an indivisible particle of a single whole. Man as an individual is studied not only from the point of view of a single representative of the human race, but also as a member of a certain social group. This characteristic of a person is the simplest and most abstract, saying only that he is separated from others. This remoteness is not its essential characteristic, since all living beings in the Universe are fenced off from each other and in this understanding “individuals”.

So, the individual is a single representative of the human race, a specific bearer of all the social characteristics and psychophysical traits of humanity. The general characteristics of the individual are as follows:

— in the integrity of the psychophysical organization of the body;

- stability relative to the surrounding reality;

- in activity.

Another way to define this concept is the phrase “specific person”. Man as an individual exists from his birth until his death. An individual is the initial (initial) state of a person in his ontogenetic development and phylogenetic formation.

The individual, as a product of phylogenetic formation and ontogenetic development in specific external circumstances, however, is by no means a simple copy of such circumstances. It is precisely a product of the formation of life, interaction with environmental conditions, and not conditions taken by themselves.

In psychology, the concept of “individual” is used in a fairly broad sense, which leads to a distinction between the characteristics of a person as an individual and his traits as a person. It is their clear distinction, therefore, that underlies his delimitation of such concepts as individual and personality, and is a necessary prerequisite for the psychological analysis of personality.

Social individual

Unlike young animals, the individual is practically devoid of innate adaptive instincts. Therefore, for survival and further development, he needs communication with his own kind. After all, only in society will a child be able to realize his innate potential and become an individual. Regardless of what society an individual is born into, he will not be able to do without the care and teaching of adults. For full development, a child needs a long time so that he can absorb all the elements and details that he will need in independent life as an adult member of society. Therefore, from the very first days of life, a child needs to be able to communicate with adults.

The individual and society are inseparable. Without society, an individual will never become an individual; without individuals, society simply will not exist. In the initial period of life, interaction with society consists of primary facial reactions, body language, with the help of which the baby informs adults about his needs and shows his satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The responses of adult members of a social group also become clear to him from facial expressions, various gestures and intonations.

As the child grows up and learns to speak, the language of gestures and facial expressions gradually fades into the background, but never throughout the adult life of the individual it completely loses its significance, transforming into the most important tool of nonverbal communications, which expresses feelings sometimes no less, and sometimes and more than ordinary words. This is due to the fact that gestures, facial expressions and postures are less controlled by consciousness than speech, and therefore, in some cases, are even more informative, telling society what the individual wanted to hide.

So, we can confidently say that social qualities (for example, communication) should be formed only in the process of interaction with society in general and communication with other people in particular. Any communication, verbal or non-verbal, is a necessary component for a person to become socialized. The social qualities of an individual are his abilities for social activity and the process of socialization. The earlier the socialization process begins, the easier it will be.

There are various forms of learning through which an individual is socialized, but they should always be used in combination. One of the methods that adults consciously use to teach a child to socially correct and approved behavior is reinforcement learning. Consolidation is realized through the targeted use of the method of rewards and punishments in order to demonstrate to the child which of his behaviors will be desired and approved, and which will be disapproving. In this way, the child is taught to comply with the elementary requirements of hygiene, etiquette, etc. that apply in society.

Some elements of an individual’s everyday behavior can become quite a habit, which leads to the formation of strong associative connections – the so-called conditioned reflexes. One of the channels of socialization is the formation of conditioned reflexes. Such a reflex, for example, could be washing your hands before eating. The next method of socialization is observational learning.

An individual learns how to behave in society by observing the behavior of adults and trying to imitate them. Many children's games are based on imitating the behavior of adults. Role-based social interaction of individuals is also learning. An adherent of this concept, J. Mead, believes that mastering social norms and rules of behavior occurs through interactions with other people and through various games, especially role-playing games (for example, playing mother and daughter). Those. learning occurs through interaction. By participating in role-playing games, the child brings to life the results of his own observations and his initial experience of social interaction (visiting a doctor, etc.).

Socialization of an individual occurs through the influence of various agents of socialization. The most important and first such agent in the process of social formation of an individual is the family. After all, it is the first and closest “social environment” of the individual. The functions of the family regarding the child include caring for his health and protection. The family also satisfies all the basic needs of the individual. It is the family that initially introduces the individual to the rules of behavior in society and teaches communication with other people. In the family, he first becomes acquainted with gender role stereotypes and undergoes gender identification. It is the family that develops the primary values of the individual. However, at the same time, the family is the institution that can cause the greatest harm to the process of socialization of the individual. For example, the low social status of parents, their alcoholism, conflicts in the family, social alienation or single-parent families, various deviations in the behavior of adults - all this can lead to irreparable consequences and leave an indelible imprint on the child’s worldview, his character and social behavior.

School is the next agent of socialization after family. It is an emotionally neutral environment, which is fundamentally different from the family. At school, the child is treated as one of many and in accordance with his real characteristics. In schools, children learn practically what success and failure are. They learn to overcome difficulties or get used to giving in to them. It is the school that forms an individual’s self-esteem, which, most often, remains with him throughout his adult life.

Another important agent of socialization is the environment of peers. During adolescence, the influence of parents and teachers on children weakens, along with this, the influence of peers increases. All academic failures and lack of parental attention are compensated by the respect of peers. It is among his peers that the child learns to resolve conflict issues and communicate as equals. And in school and family, all communication is built on hierarchy. Relationships in a peer group allow an individual to better understand himself, his strengths and weaknesses.

The needs of the individual are also better understood through group interaction. The social environment of peers makes its own adjustments to the value ideas instilled in the family. Also, interaction with peers allows the child to identify with others and, at the same time, stand out among them.

Since groups of different affiliations interact in the social environment: family, school, peers, the individual faces some contradictions. For example, an individual’s family values mutual assistance, but at school the spirit of competition dominates. Therefore, an individual has to feel the influence of different people. He tries to fit into different surroundings. As an individual matures and develops intellectually, he learns to see such contradictions and analyze them. As a result, the child creates his own set of values. The formed values of an individual allow them to more accurately define their own personality, outline a life plan and become an proactive member of society. The process of forming such values can be a source of significant social change.

Also among the agents of socialization it is necessary to highlight the media. In the process of their development, the individual and society continuously interact, which determines the successful socialization of the individual.

Individual behavior

Behavior is a special form of activity of the human body, which masters the environment. In this aspect, behavior was considered by I. Pavlov. It was he who introduced this term. With the help of this term, it has become possible to display the sphere of relationships between an individual interacting individual and the environment in which he exists and interacts.

Individual behavior is the individual’s reaction to any changes in external or internal conditions. It can be conscious or unconscious. Human behavior develops and is realized in society. It is also associated with speech regulation. The behavior of an individual always reflects the process of his integration into society (socialization).

Any behavior has its reasons. It is determined by the events that precede it and cause a certain form of manifestation. Behavior is always purposeful.

An individual's goals are based on his unmet needs. Those. any behavior is characterized by the goal that it seeks to achieve. Goals perform motivating, controlling and organizational functions and are the most important management mechanism. To achieve them, a number of specific actions are performed. Behavior is also always motivated. Whatever the behavior, challenging or detached, it necessarily contains a motive that determines the immediate form of its manifestation.

In the process of technological progress in modern science, another term has appeared - virtual behavior. This type of behavior combines theatricality and naturalness. Theatricality is due to the illusion of natural behavior.

The behavior of an individual has the following characteristics:

— level of activity (initiative and energy);

— emotional expressiveness (and intensity of manifested affects);

- pace or dynamism;

- stability, which consists in the constancy of manifestations in different situations and at different times;

— awareness based on understanding one’s behavior;

- arbitrariness (self-control);

— flexibility, i.e. changes in behavioral reactions in response to environmental transformations.

individual personality individuality

An individual is a living being that belongs to the human species. A person is a social being who is included in social interactions, participates in social development and performs a specific social role. The term individuality is intended to emphasize the unique image of a person. This is how a person's image differs from others. However, with all the versatility of the concept of individuality, it still, to a greater extent, denotes the spiritual qualities of the individual.

Individual and personality are not identical concepts; in turn, personality and individuality form integrity, but not identity. The concepts of “individuality” and “personality” contain different dimensions of a person’s spiritual nature. A personality is more often described as strong, independent, thereby highlighting its active essence in the eyes of others. And the individuality is bright and creative.

The term “personality” is distinguished from the terms “individual” and “individuality”. This is due to the fact that personality develops under the influence of social relationships, culture, and environment. Its formation is also determined by biological factors. Personality as a socio-psychological phenomenon presupposes a specific hierarchical structure.

The personality is the object and product of social relationships, feels social influences, and refracts them, transforming them. It acts as a set of internal conditions through which the external influences of society are modified. Such internal conditions are a combination of hereditary-biological qualities and socially determined factors. Therefore, personality is a product and object of social interaction, and an active subject of activity, communications, self-knowledge and consciousness. The formation of personality depends on activity, on the degree of its activity. Therefore, it manifests itself in activity.

The role of biological factors in the development of personality is quite large, but the influence of social factors cannot be neglected. There are certain personality traits that are particularly influenced by social factors. After all, you cannot be born a person, you can only become a person.

Individual and group

A group is a relatively isolated collection of individuals who are in fairly stable interaction and also carry out joint actions over a long period of time. A group is also a collection of individuals who share socially defined characteristics. Collaborative interaction in a group is based on a specific common interest or is associated with the achievement of a specific common goal. It is characterized by group potential, which allows it to interact with the environment and adapt to the transformations that occur in the environment.

The characteristic features of the group are the identification of each member of himself, as well as his actions with the group as a whole. Consequently, in external circumstances, everyone speaks on behalf of the group. Another feature is interaction within the group, which has the nature of direct contacts, observation of each other’s actions, etc. In any group, along with the formal division of roles, an informal division of roles will necessarily develop, which is usually recognized by the group.

There are two types of groups: informal and formal. Regardless of the type of group, it will have a significant impact on all members.

The interaction between the individual and the group will always be of a dual nature. On the one hand, the individual, through his actions, helps solve group problems. On the other hand, the group has a huge influence on the individual, helping him satisfy his specific needs, for example, the need for security, respect, etc.

Psychologists have noticed that in teams with a positive climate and active intra-group life, individuals have good health and moral values, they are better protected from external influences, they work more actively and efficiently than individuals who are in an isolated state or in groups with negative climate, which are plagued by intractable conflict situations and instability. The group serves for protection, support, training and problem solving skills, and the required norms of behavior in the group.

Development of the individual

Development can be personal, biological and mental. Biological development is the formation of anatomical and physiological structures. Mental – natural transformations of mental processes. Mental development is expressed in qualitative and quantitative rearrangements. Personal – the formation of personality in the processes of socialization and education.

The development of an individual leads to modifications in personality properties, to the emergence of new qualities, which psychologists call new formations. Personality transformations from one age to another occur in the following directions: mental, physiological and social development. Physiological development consists of the formation of skeletal muscle mass and other body systems. Mental development consists of the formation of cognitive processes such as thinking and perception. Social development consists of the formation of morality, moral values, the assimilation of social roles, etc.

Development occurs in the integrity of the social and biological in man. Also through the transition of quantitative transformations into qualitative rearrangements of the mental, physical and spiritual qualities of the individual. Development is characterized by unevenness - each organ and organ system develops at its own pace. It occurs more intensely in childhood and puberty, and slows down in adulthood.

Development is determined by internal and external factors. Environmental influence and family upbringing are external factors of development. Inclinations and drives, the totality of feelings, anxieties of an individual arising under the influence of external conditions are internal factors. The development and formation of an individual is considered the result of the interaction of external and internal factors.

The problem of behavior as a special form of activity of an organism mastering its environment was discovered in Russia by I. P. Pavlov. He introduced the term “behavior”, with the help of which it became possible to reflect the sphere of relations of an individual integral interacting organism with the environment in the depths of which it exists and with which it actively interacts.

In the USA in 1929, at the 1X International Psychological Congress, a stormy ovation was given after I. P. Pavlov’s presentation.

The behavior of individuals in an organization is determined by the rules and restrictions that apply in it to achieve its goals.

Interesting experience

Milicom is an international telecommunications company. The company is engaged in cellular communications, Internet, telephony. Currently, Milikom has 15 enterprises that belong to it either wholly or partially. There are several levels of management in the company structure: regional offices, second-level administration (five people), world level, which includes five more people (president, vice president of finance, vice president of human resources and four more employees who deal with other questions). Thus, the representative office in Moscow employs 25 people, the manager is located in Luxembourg, he is responsible for Africa, the Middle East, and the countries of the former Soviet Union. His deputy is in charge of marketing, the other is in charge of finance. At Milikom, the management is actually scattered all over the world: the person who runs operations is in Buenos Aires, the vice president of finance is in London, the vice president of human resources is in Singapore, and their main staff is scattered around the world . All management contacts are carried out via the Internet. Real organizations with similar sales volumes may have a significant number of employees. Otis employs more than 300 people at its headquarters3.

Quite roughly, we can give formula (1) of behavior:

where: P – behavior, a function of natural personality traits, conditioned by the external environment as a result of socialization; I – characteristics of the individual, his natural properties and characteristics; E- environment surrounding the individual; These are the organizations where the process of his socialization takes place.

Behavior has its own characteristics: causality, purposefulness, motivation.

Behavior has reasons, that is, any behavior is determined by the events that preceded it and caused a specific form of manifestation. Behavior is goal-directed - any behavior is determined by the goal to achieve which the individual performs a certain type of action. Behavior is motivated - in any behavior there is a motive that determines exactly this form of its manifestation.

In addition, the characteristics of behavior that can be observed are measurable - it is possible to measure individual components of behavior, for example, how quickly we speak or perform a certain type of work.

With the advent of the Internet, such a new concept as virtual behavior (VP) arose. VP can be presented as a complex type of behavior that combines signs of natural and theatrical behavior. In theatrical behavior, the basis for the illusion of natural behavior is created. VP uses the possibility of theatrical behavior to achieve the goal of natural behavior through the creation of illusion. Thus, VP is a projection from virtual reality onto reality, which determines its dual nature. The inner layer of VP is natural behavior, which is hidden, and the outer layer is theatrical behavior, which as such is also hidden, being an illusion of natural behavior necessary to achieve the goal of hidden natural behavior. In other words, VP is behavior in virtual reality.

VP is located at the intersection of natural and theatrical behavior and exists due to the possibility of mistakenly mistaking theatrical behavior for natural behavior.

In EP and natural behavior there is an external goal that connects behavior with reality, which distinguishes them from theatrical behavior.

VP is a special type of communication and is always intended for the viewer. It is this viewer (counterparty) that the illusion is intended for. The counterparty can be either an individual or a different type of community. The meeting of counterparties with each other is realized using channels for broadcasting virtual behavior.

The conditions for the existence of VP is the counterparty’s perception of the existence of “genuine” behavior.

VP can also be considered as a way to control real behavior. The goal of the VP is to achieve a certain natural behavior from the counterparty, to achieve a real goal.

VP is based on certain information about the rules of natural behavior of the counterparty and about his typical reactions to the behavior of other people.

VP Features:

The illusion of natural behavior to achieve a real goal;

VP exists in the gap between the authentic and the inauthentic;

The law of VP is the law of illusions;

VP is a way to control real behavior;

The nature of VP is dual.

The concept of “virtual behavior in a virtual organization” is even more complex: the characteristics of behavior are combined with the restrictions that such an organization imposes on the behavior of an individual or a group.